Mixer Configuration Research Articles

A comprehensive study on active mixer performance using liquid metal droplets: an experimental approach

In this experimental study, we delve into the performance of an active mixer that utilizes liquid metal droplets. Our mixer configuration follows an innovative Y-type design, where two liquid metal-based pumping mechanisms operate within the minichannel inlet branches. By applying alternating current voltage to both sides of the liquid metal, we induce a surface tension gradient, propelling the fluid from the reservoirs toward the minichannel. Notably, the two entering liquids are distinctly colored, allowing us to quantify mixing using a Mixing Index (MI) definition and image processing techniques. Our investigation centers on four key variables governing mixer performance: applied voltage, liquid metal droplet diameter, input angle between the branches, and minichannel width. Given the experimental nature of our research, we employ a central composite design method within the framework of design of experiments (DoE). From our obtained experimental results, we establish correlations between MI and the other variables. Our examination of the four mentioned parameters revealed that liquid metal droplet diameter exerts the most significant influence on the mixing index. Following this, in descending order of impact, we find applied voltage, input angle, and channel width. In the optimal dimensions of our mixer, we achieve a remarkable maximum MI of 0.867.

Synergistic interplay of photobioreactor mixing and static mixer configuration on Rhodoseupdomonas palustris’s growth and biohydrogen production

Inducing light/dark (L/D) cycles through mixing or recirculating the media in a photobioreactor improves light utilization for biohydrogen production during photoferentation. However, the mutual shading effect is a key challenge for photofermentation using purple non-sulphur bacteria (PNSB). In this study, mixing was explored as a mitigating methodology through the investigation of three different static mixer configurations: concentric, spiral, and half-moon, across four laminar flowrates: 1.2 L/min, 0.71 L/min, 0.31 L/min and 0.15 L/min. At 0.15 L/min, the half-moon and spiral static mixers significantly improved specific and cumulative hydrogen production by 11.2-fold and 114 %, respectively. Also, recirculating the fluid via a peristaltic pump resulted in a significant shearing effect, impacting cell viability. Inducing L/D cycles via a static mixer was thus beneficial for hydrogen production over an increased flow rate. Additionally, biomass productivity increased by up to 70 %, reaching a cell dry weight of 7.0 g/L with the spiral static mixer configuration at 0.15 L/min flow rate. Interestingly, this study found that the static mixers only significantly increased specific hydrogen production and light conversion efficiency at the lowest flow rate of 0.15 L/min, beyond which they showed no significant improvement in biohydrogen production. This indicates that high L/D cycling frequencies are unnecessary to alleviate the mutual shading effect for R. palustris, which is advantageous for upscaling. These findings emphasise the potential of static mixers as an alternative to increase light conversion efficiency and industrial hydrogen production.

On the effect of axial inlet angle on the droplet size distribution and mixing uniformity for swirl jet mixer at high phase ratios

The “short pass” problem of liquid-liquid two-phase mixing at high phase ratios limited the development and applications of jet mixer in industrial process. In this study, the effect of the axial inlet angle on the mixing characteristics of a swirl jet mixer was investigated through laser particle size analysis and computational fluid mechanics (CFD) coupled with population balance model (PBM). The result was shown that as the axial inlet angle increased, the dispersed phase droplet sizes decreased, and the droplet size distribution was widened for the fixed mixer configuration. At Re ≤ 3.000×104, tangential inlet was more conducive to improving mixing uniformity. Conversely, the axial inlet angle of 90° was optimal at Re ≥ 3.750×104. Numerical simulations revealed that the tangential inlet effectively intensified liquid-liquid interactions, including streamlines extension, increased vorticity, improved droplet size uniformity. Additionally, the increase of the axial inlet angle resulted in increased turbulence stress and shortened decay period, the reduction in droplet size, and a wide droplet size distribution. The research findings can serve as theoretical basis for the hydraulic design and promoted applications of swirl jet mixers.

Numerical Simulation of a Novel Hydrocyclone Mixer Structurally Optimized for Mixing Performance and Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency of coal‐water slurry mixing determines its application and transportation efficiency. This study compares the hydrodynamic characteristics and mixing performance of five different configurations of hydrocyclone mixers under turbulent flow conditions. Numerical calculations were used to investigate the velocity, pressure, and concentration fields of the mixer. Attempts were made to decrease the tangential inlet size and to design indentation structure to control the velocity and pressure fields inside the hydrocyclone mixer, thereby increasing the degree of mixing (DOM) and reducing mixing energy cost (MEC). The findings indicate that better mixing and dispersion can be achieved while reducing energy costs by designing the indentation structure and decreasing the size of the tangential inlet and outlet. It offers a reliable solution for uniformly mixing and dispersing coal‐water slurry with organic waste liquids and other highly concentrated fuels.

Effect of pressure and supply configuration on mixing efficiency through Venturi effect for co2/h2- ch4/h2 mixtures in Power-To-Gas process: CFD analysis

Introduction: The present article is one of the outcomes of the project “Desarrollo de un sistema “power to gas” (PTG) en el contexto de las fuentes de energía renovables y convencionales disponible en la Guajira” This project was carried out by the University of Antioquia and the University of La Guajira during the period 2019-2023. Problem: Efficiency and uniformity in gas mixing for Power-to-Gas applications are influenced by pressure varia- tions and supply configurations. Objective: To assess the impact of pressure variations and supply configurations on the efficiency of the Venturi mixing process, utilizing indicators such as the Z-factor and the coefficient of variation (CoV). Methodology: Numerical simulations were conducted for four mixer configurations. For CO2/H2 mixtures, pressures of 1 bar (case i) and 4 bars (case ii) were considered; for CH4/H2 mixtures, pressures of 3 bars (case i) and 35 bars (case ii) were studied. Results: As the inlet gas pressure increases, uniformity decreases for both mixtures. Horizontal H2 feeding improves CO2/H2 uniformity, while vertical feeding benefits CH4/H2 mixing. The mixer reduces CoV by an average of 80% for CO2/H2. For CH4/H2 mixtures at 3 bars, there is a 60% reduction, but at 35 bars, coefficients increase by 56%. Conclusion: Pressure and supply configuration significantly influence the mixing process, underscoring the impor- tance of considering these factors in Power-to-Gas applications. Originality: The study explores the Venturi mixing process in specific gas mixtures for Power-to-Gas applications. Limitations: The studied conditions and configurations may not encompass all possible scenarios in Power-to-Gas applications.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY OF THE BLADE MIXER ON THE TURBULENCE AND INTENSITY OF LIQUID MIXING

Turbulent fluid mixing is an important aspect of many industrial and technological processes where efficient mixing of various components is of paramount importance to achieve the desired results. Optimal mixing can improve product quality, ensure the unity of complex reactions, and reduce process lead times. In this regard, the study and understanding of the influence of the geometry of the mixer on the characteristics of the turbulent flow becomes an urgent task of scientific research. The relevance of the study is explained by the wide application of mixers in industrial and technological processes, where the efficiency of mixing is crucial for achieving optimal results. The work used methods of experimental and numerical modeling of turbulent flow in various geometric configurations of blade mixers. Indicators such as turbulence intensity, pressure gradient, and fluid mixing ratio were used to quantify the turbulent characteristics. The obtained results demonstrate that the geometric configuration of the blade mixer has a significant effect on the formation of the turbulent flow. Some geometric parameters of the mixer can contribute to increasing the intensity of liquid mixing, while others can reduce its efficiency. Scientific results can be useful for designing optimal paddle mixers for specific industrial tasks that require intensive liquid mixing. The use of optimized mixers can help increase process productivity, save energy resources, and improve product quality.

Helical Static Mixer Simulations for Its Integration in the Pour Plate Method: Mixing Agar and a Nutrient Solution

In microbiology laboratories, it is essential to obtain high-quality samples where the culture media are completely homogeneous. The pour plate method includes having to melt the culture media—a mixture of agar and a nutrient solution—before seeding. A static mixer is designed for this purpose, employing CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) with the software OpenFOAM to simulate the fluid’s behaviour in a helical static mixer with both internal and external configurations. The objective is to validate the CFD model by comparing it with the literature and provide a first approach to the mixer design. After satisfactory validation of the model, the results of the initial designs for Reynolds number 14 reveal the notably different behaviour of the fluids during mixing due to their differing properties, since agar and the nutrient solution present a high viscosity ratio. While the mixing efficiency is similar for the internal and external mixers, improved performance is demonstrated in the internal mixer, even for a shorter version. The external version of the mixer reaches a value for a mixing efficiency of 0.89 whereas the internal version performs more homogeneous mixing for the same number of mixing elements. This evaluation is based on a simplified internal design for computational simulations, whereas the external mixer is easier to manufacture but more complex to implement computationally. Finally, homogeneous mixing is achieved for the internal mixer configuration when adjusting its dimensions to those available on the market.

A New Approach to Evaluate 3D Flow Fields Using an Off-Axis 2D PIV System: Investigation of a Tubular Reactor Equipped with Kenics Static Mixers

In this work, an off-axis 2D Particle Image Velocimetry system is used to obtain the 3D flow field at the outlet of a tubular reactor equipped with Kenics static mixers. The 3D flow fields are obtained exploiting the out-of-plane velocity component and considering the symmetrical features of the flow generated by the static mixers. The raw results show that the velocity vectors, measured on a cross section perpendicular to the tube axis by 2D-PIV with the camera located at 24° from the measurement plane, are affected by the axial component of the flow. However, taking into account the symmetry of the flow field with respect to the tubular reactor axis and evaluating the effect of the out of plane velocity component, the correct 2D velocity vectors on the plane and also the velocity component in the axial direction can be calculated from the raw 2D PIV data. The consistency of the methodology is demonstrated by comparison of the results with the flow field measured in a smaller tubular reactor of similar geometry and Reynolds number with a symmetrical 2D-PIV system, with the camera located perpendicularly to the laser plane. Then, the 3D features of the flow are analyzed to characterize the effects of the different combinations of static mixer configurations on the fluid dynamics of the system in turbulent conditions. The results show that, as the pressure drop increases, a more uniform velocity distribution is achieved.Graphical

Experimental investigation of two-phase flow regimes in rectangular micro-channel with two mixer types

This study primarily aimed to explore the two-phase flow characteristics in a rectangular channel with a hydraulic diameter of 1.33 mm. High-speed video imaging techniques were used to capture two-phase flow behavior corresponding to different superficial gas and liquid velocities. To examine the effect of the gas–liquid mixer configuration on two-phase flow patterns, experiments were conducted using two types of mixers. The results show that the mixer configuration can affect the flow structure only in the slug flow regime. The present study provides a more detailed classification of flow regimes than previous studies. The flow regimes observed were classified into seven categories: slug, aerated-slug, transition, multiple, wavy-annular, smooth-annular, and dispersed-annular flows. Moreover, the quantitative characterization of flow regimes and transition boundaries in micro-channel flows using the standard deviation of differential pressure fluctuations was attempted. This study comprehensively reviews and assesses previous two-phase flow regime maps for both macro-channels and mini/micro-channels. It is shown that the two-phase flow pattern in mini/micro-channels is influenced by various factors, such as the channel hydraulic diameter, the channel cross-sectional shape, the gas–liquid mixer configuration, the difference in the hydraulic diameters between the mixer outlet and test channel, and the thermophysical properties of the working fluids. The comparison between the present experimental data and predictions of the previous flow regime maps demonstrates the necessity of developing a new flow regime map to accurately predict two-phase flow regimes in micro-channels.

Applied heat exchanger network retrofit for multi-period processes in industry: A hybrid evolutionary algorithm

In Swiss process industry, process integration is often applied to retrofit existing plants with multi-period operation. Such periods may experience a high degree of variation in temperature or mass flow. Some process streams may not exist in every period or are soft streams. The resulting retrofitted network needs to be able to ensure feasible heat transfer in each period by the integration of mixer configurations to control the temperature. These attributes increase the complexity of the solution space. Hence, this work proposes an evolutionary two-level algorithm for heat exchanger network retrofit. Genetic algorithm is used for topology optimization and a differential evolution algorithm handles the heat loads. The algorithm is extended with practical constraints such as a maximum number of heat exchangers. Explicit mixer temperature calculations are implemented using the Lambert W-function. The algorithm was successfully applied to an industrial case study, reducing its total annual cost by approximately 66%.

High-Performance RF Balanced Microstrip Mixer Configuration for Cryogenic and Room Temperatures

A high-performance S-band down-conversion microstrip mixer, for operation from 77 K to 300 K, is described. The balanced mixer combines a 90 degree hybrid coupler, two Schottky diodes, a band pass filter, and a low pass filter. The coupler phase shift drastically improves noise rejection. The circuit was implemented according to the configuration obtained from extensive simulation results based on electromagnetic analysis. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation results, showing a maximum measured insertion loss of 0.4 dB at 2 GHz. The microstrip mixer can be easily adjusted to different frequency ranges, up to about 50 GHz, through the proper choice of microstrip configuration. This novel S-band cryogenic mixer, implemented without resorting to special components, shows a very high performance at liquid nitrogen temperatures, making this mixer very suitable for high-temperature superconductive applications, such as front-ends.

Temperature distributions of internal flow and external jet fields of double serpentine convergent nozzle for turbofan

In order to clarify the temperature distribution of a double-serpentine convergent nozzle wall and the exhaust plume characteristics downstream the nozzle exit based on the real exhaust mixer configuration of a turbofan engine, the temperature distribution of the internal and external jet flow fields of the double-serpentine convergent nozzle are simulated numerically. The simulation results show that the coupling effect between S-shaped circular-to-rectangular profile and the exhaust mixer has a joint influence on the "hot streak" distribution of the double-serpentine convergent nozzle wall and the exhaust plume characteristics downstream the nozzle exit. The "Hot streak" is distributed in the shape similar to several ribbons in the central areas of the upper and lower wall of the second serpentine passage and in the exit area. The maximum value of temperature on the lower wall is 867 K and increases 25.1% compared with that on the upper wall. However, the average value of temperature of the lower wall is merely 7.1% higher than that of the upper wall. The "whale tail" high-temperature core area is formed on the exit plane of the double-serpentine convergent nozzle. It leads to two wide high-temperature jet flow areas in the high-temperature core area downstream the nozzle exit. The low-temperature flow occurs along the two sides of the exhaust plume core area due to the lateral-direction motion towards vortices.

Effect of Geometry Design on Mixing Performance of Newtonian Fluids using Helical Overlapped Mixer Elements in Kenics Static Mixer

The laminar flow pattern and mixing behavior of incompressible Newtonian fluids in different modified mixer ‎configurations were numerically investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in the range of ‎Re=0.15-100. The governing equations were solved by ANSYS Fluent 14 using the second-order finite volume method ‎‎(FVM) and the SIMPLE algorithm scheme. The computational model is assessed by comparing the predicted pressure ‎drop results to empirical correlations in the literature. The effects of incorporated helical overlapped mixer elements and ‎the diameter aspect ratio (C) on the mixing efficiency for different mixer geometries were examined and evaluated by ‎characteristics measures of Intensity of Segregation (IOS), pressure drop, extensional efficiency, and G-factor. The ‎performance of new modified mixers is evaluated via comparison with the standard industrial Kenics static mixer. The ‎static mixers with modified internal geometry achieved fast mixing and better mixing quality than the Kenics mixer. ‎Besides, an increase in diameter aspect ratio C benefited from a decrease in pressure drop within the static. The ‎modified mixer: C=1.5 was found to have the highest mixing efficiency, concerning short mixing length with marginally ‎higher pressure drop than the other mixers. In contrast, the mixer: C=2 is the most efficient based on low pressure drop ‎and energy requirement with slightly greater mixing length‎‎.

A computational study of two-dimensional serpentine nozzle performance with different annular mixer configurations

Serpentine nozzles are widely utilized in many types of military aircraft to maximize survivability due to their ability to suppress infrared radiation emitted from the engine exhaust system. An annular mixer is used in a serpentine nozzle to improve the performance of the nozzle by intensifying the mixing between the ambient air and exhausted gases. Therefore, this study aims to numerically investigate the performance of a two-dimensional single serpentine nozzle with different annular mixer configurations. The performance of the nozzle based on the internal flow behavior and the external jet of different models of an annular mixer is investigated. Herein, different models of annular mixers with different annular diameters of 320 and 340 mm, different annular lengths of 140 and 280 mm, and different mixer shapes are investigated. The simulations are conducted with a 3-dimensional model using commercial STAR CMM+ software. The results demonstrate that a smaller mixer diameter, indicating a higher bypass ratio nozzle, has a lower temperature inside the nozzle and at the external jet compared to a larger mixer diameter, indicating that a lower bypass ratio nozzle can improve the nozzle performance by reducing the infrared radiation. The smaller mixer length can decrease the temperature inside and outside the nozzle but increase the velocity outside the nozzle. Finally, the conical shape of the mixer can reduce the temperature inside the nozzle due to the reduction of the core flow rate but increases the temperature of the exhausted jet due to the lower expansion of flow inside the nozzle compared to the nozzle with a cylindrical shape. This study demonstrates that a mixer with a smaller diameter and shorter length with a cylindrical shape can provide better performance for a nozzle.

Liquid mixing intensification by adding swirling flow in the transverse jet mixer

AbstractIn this study, effect of swirling addition on the liquid mixing behavior of multiorifice‐impinging transverse jet mixer has been investigated by planar laser‐induced fluorescence as well as large eddy simulation (LES). In the case of swirling addition into the jet flow, there exists an optimized swirling jet angle or optimized jet‐to‐cross velocity ratio for the fixed mixer configuration. A larger swirling jet angle will make the flow dominated by the swirling, resulting in a slower mixing process. Interaction of swirling crossflow with no‐swirling‐injected streams, or with swirling‐injected streams in the opposite direction is beneficial for the mixing. LES predictions show that many small vortices are produced homogenously due to intensified impingement in the case of opposite swirling directions, leading to a relative fast mixing process in few milliseconds. Whereas the mixing is restrained when the swirling directions of two flows are the same.

Numerical investigation on flow and mixing characteristics inside a converging-diverging mixing duct of rocket-based combined-cycle engine in ejector mode

The supersonic mixing layers with complex background waves are formed by the rocket jet and the entrained air in the mixing section of rocket-based combined-cycle (RBCC) engine during ejector mode. To achieve mixing enhancement of primary and secondary flows in confined space, a converging-diverging mixing duct was designed in this study. For a typical flight regime of RBCC ejector mode, the effects of the mixer geometry including the contraction ratio, the throat position of mixer and the converging angle on the flow structures and mixing characteristics in the converging-diverging mixing duct under no backpressure condition were numerically investigated. A detailed discussion on the mechanism of mixing enhancement in this mixer configuration was also presented. The results indicate that appropriately increasing the contraction ratio can significantly strengthen the interactions of background shock waves with supersonic mixing layer in the converging-diverging mixing duct, which effectively promotes the rapid and sufficient mixing between primary flow and secondary flow. Besides, shortening the length from the mixer inlet to the throat position can enhance the growth rate of mixing layer and the mixing efficiency of two flows in the upstream region of converging-diverging mixing duct to some extent. However, in the downstream far-field region, the variations of throat position have little impact on the scalar mixing process in supersonic mixing layer. Moreover, it is found that increasing the converging angle has no obvious effect on intensifying the mixing performance of the converging-diverging mixing duct. On the contrary, it may lead to a dramatic decrease in total pressure recovery. Further analysis reveals that the oblique shocks generated at the compression corner and the separation shocks formed in the divergent section interact with the supersonic mixing layer, which contributes to mixing enhancement in the converging-diverging mixing duct.

I/Q Balance-Enhanced Wideband Receiver Front-End for 2G/3G/4G/5G NR Cellular Applications

In this paper, an in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) balance-enhanced wideband receiver RF front-end is proposed using a quadrature sampling passive mixer configuration, which can be applicable to 2G/3G/4G/5G new radio (NR) applications. Compensating mixer switches are additionally utilized in parallel with main mixer switches in a quadrature mixer for quadrature downconversion. As a consequence, gain and phase errors from the mixer can be mutually compensated at the mixer output, and I/Q imbalance characteristics are significantly improved without an extra calibration process. For the verification of I/Q balancing improvement, the receiver front-end is implemented, which consists of a wideband low noise transconductance amplifier, a double-balanced quadrature sampling passive mixer, transimpedance amplifiers, and quadrature local oscillator signal circuitry. The demonstrated design is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process and mainly characterized in long-term evolution (LTE) frequency bands. The implemented design achieves an error-vector magnitude of less than 2% with conversion gains and noise figures of more than 41 dB and less than 4.7 dB for all frequency bands, respectively. Moreover, the design attains in-band and out-of-band IIP3s of higher than −12 dBm and −2.7 dBm for LTE frequency division duplexing test conditions, respectively. The active die area of the implemented receiver front-end is 0.72 mm2. It draws a bias current of 18.2 mA from a nominal supply voltage of 1.2 V.

Mixing and combustion augmentation of the RBCC with different mixer configurations in ejector mode

Achieving mixing and combustion augmentation of air and rocket exhaust gases become a crucial issue in RBCC ejector mode, in which the mixer is an effective way to improve mixing efficiency. In current study, the three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, SST k-ω turbulent model and Eddy-Dissipation Concept (EDC) reaction model are employed to investigate the flow fields with different mixer configurations, namely the lobe, rectangle, triangle, and pentagon. The simulated pressure of the prototype has the same trend with the experimental results. The different grid scales bring only a subtle difference for the simulation results, which prove the validity of the calculation results. Simultaneously, the vortex structure, mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and total pressure loss are investigated. The results show that the lobed mixer and rectangle mixer retain the best mixing combustion augmentation characteristics, and the triangle is the worst. Besides, with the number of lobes decreases, the larger scale vortex structure is induced downstream the mixers. It improves the combustion performance by enhancing the penetration depth. Finally, all mixers only generate the total pressure loss downstream instead of the current location, revealing that mixers have less impact on the friction loss of the inflow.

Optimization of an externally mixed biogas plant using a robust CFD method

Biogas plants have to be continuously or periodically mixed to ensure the homogenization of fermenting and fresh substrate. Externally installed mixers provide easier access than submerged mixers but concerns of insufficient mixing deter many operators from using this technology. In this paper, a new approach to improve homogenization of the substrate mixture is proposed by optimizing external mixer configurations across a wide range of rheological properties. Robust optimization of a biogas reactor is coupled with CFD simulations to improve parameters for the angles of inflow and the position of the substrate outlet in a large-scale fermenter. The optimization objective is to minimize the area in the tank which is poorly mixed. We propose to define this ‘‘dead volume zone'' as the region in which the velocity magnitude during mixing falls below a certain threshold. Different dry substance contents are being investigated to account for the varying rheological properties of different substrate compositions. The velocity thresholds are calculated for each dry substance content from the mixer-tank configuration of a real biogas reactor in Brandenburg, Germany (BGA Warsow GmbH & Co. KG). The robust optimization results comprising the whole range of rheological properties are compared to simulations of the original configuration and to optimization results for each individual dry substance content. The robust CFD-based optimized configurations reduce the dead volume zones significantly across all dry substance contents compared to the original configuration. The outcomes of this paper can be particularly useful for plant manufacturers and operators for optimal mixer placement in industrial size biogas fermenters.

RF Receiver Front-End Employing IIP2-Enhanced 25% Duty-Cycle Quadrature Passive Mixer for Advanced Cellular Applications

This paper proposes a second-order input-referred intercept point (IIP2)-enhanced 25% duty-cycle local oscillator (LO) quadrature passive mixer configuration with developing a wideband radio frequency (RF) receiver front-end, suitable for 4G and 5G new radio (NR) sub-6 GHz applications. By combining mixer switches operated by several combinations of quadrature-phase RF and LO signals, the inherent second-order nonlinear characteristics produced by the asymmetric factors of the mixer are greatly improved without any additional calibration process. This second-order linearity improvement is theoretically analyzed in terms of the 25% duty-cycle mixing operations, and is compared to the linearity characteristic observed in the conventional mixer design. To validate the IIP2 performance improvement, a wideband RF receiver front-end with the proposed mixer design is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The implemented receiver front-end incorporates a wideband low noise amplifier with a polyphase filter, the proposed quadrature passive mixers, wideband transimpedance amplifiers, and 25% duty-cycle LO circuitry. The performance is characterized mainly in the long-term evolution and 5G NR frequency bands, which range from 1800 MHz to 2700 MHz. The demonstrated design achieves approximately 16 dB higher mean values of the out-of-band (OB) IIP2s compared to a conventional design approach without calibration. The design also attains conversion gains greater than 43 dB, double-sideband noise figures less than 4.4 dB, OB IIP3s greater than −1.52 dBm, and OB input P1dB greater than −23.1 dBm, for all measured frequency bands even in the presence of transmitter blockers. The proposed configuration, excluding the LO circuitry, consumes a bias current of 17.4 mA with a nominal supply of 1.2 V. The active area of the proposed implemented design is 0.6 mm2.