Mixed Methods Research Research Articles

Has the use of AI-translated live captions in simultaneous interpreting changed the role of the interpreter? A study based on professional interpreters’ perceptions

ABSTRACT This study employs a mixed methods research approach to examine whether the role of interpreters using AI-translated live captions in simultaneous interpreting undergoes changes. This study posits that the interpreters’ roles change in tandem with modifications in their working modes. A total of 51 professional interpreters (n = 51), each possessing more than five years of experience in simultaneous interpreting and who used AI-translated live captions in simultaneous interpreting, participated in this research. To validate this hypothesis, the research utilised both questionnaires and semi-structured one-on-one interviews. As for the interview data, they were subjected to word frequency analysis, case analysis, and thematic coding. In general, respondents acknowledged that their working modes had indeed been influenced by AI-translated live captions. Despite this, the fundamental roles of interpreters remained largely unchanged. However, when compared to traditional simultaneous interpretation without the aid of AI-translated live captions, the primary role of interpreters had diminished somewhat. Participants in this study commonly hold the belief that the employment of AI-translated live captions diminishes their visibility, primarily because a portion of the target language output is derived directly from AI-translated live captions, rather than their own contributions.

Integrating parent voices into research at the extremes of prematurity: what are we doing and where should we go?

When a baby is born premature, a landscape of potential problems replaces an imagined future. Outcomes become the measures of success. Researchers are recognizing that we need the direct input of parents to select meaningful outcomes. In this article, we describe how researchers and clinicians in neonatology have historically defined outcomes and the limitations of these methods. We chart the integration of stakeholders-patients and parents-into outcomes selection. 'Parent-important outcomes' are those deemed most important by parents, as the voices of their children. We outline a path toward determining parent-important outcomes in neonatology through mixed methods research. We conclude by suggesting how parent-important outcomes can be integrated into neonatal follow up research and clinical trial design. Ultimately, all researchers of prematurity aim in some way to improve outcomes that parents and patients care about. We hope this article will remind us of this beacon.

One day at a time: Life with Glanzmann thrombasthenia - Qualitative results from the GT 360 study.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a platelet function disorder. Symptoms include bruising and bleeding, which may be severe and life-threatening. The day-to-day experiences of those affected remain poorly documented. The Glanzmann's 360 study aimed to better understand the daily realities of living with GT, exploring psychological, social and medical challenges to identify unmet need. People with GT over 18 and caregivers of children with GT participated. Mixed methods research was used, including a survey and in-depth interviews. The interviews, reported here, were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Nineteen interviews were conducted; 14 with people with GT and five caregivers. Mean age of those with GT was 32.9 years (range 2-78 years). Eight themes emerged: Diagnosis, Bleeding and Treatment, Menstruation, Fatigue, Identity, Abuse, Pregnancy, and The Future. Three participants described misdiagnosis. Caregivers reported early recognition and prompt diagnosis of their children. Bruising, the most commonly reported symptom, led to assumption of abuse. Six (32%) participants reported joint bleeds. External bleeding was normalised. Access to home treatment and local care were limited. Fatigue caused by anaemia was described. All women reported heavy menstrual bleeding. Choices around pregnancy were limited by 'medical pessimism'. Nevertheless, participants remained hopeful for the development of improved treatment options. People with GT face significant and often overlooked challenges. There is need for improved medical and psychological treatment and support, increased awareness of these needs amongst healthcare professionals, and research into developing comprehensive care models that address medical and psychosocial needs of people with GT.

Can the time management trap be avoided by time management assistance among graduate students?

ABSTRACT Time management skills may impact all aspects of students’ performance and achievement. This study used mixed method research: a qualitative method together with a complementary quantitative method. The qualitative method study examined student’s preparation plans leading up to the graduate paper. The quantitative method research examined the relationship between time management skills, procrastination, and academic achievement among Master of Education (M.Ed.) students, working on their theses. This is a complex, long-term task calling for effective time management in order to avoid or minimise procrastination. Unexpectedly, time management assistance did not affect the number of on-time submissions (according to the recommended project outline). These skills were significantly positively associated with academic procrastination, indicating that individuals having good time management skills are also low procrastinators. Both variables are negatively associated with the number of on-time submissions and did not mediate the relationship between time management assistance and the number of on-time submissions contrary to the hypotheses. The number of on-time submissions was positively associated with the final mark in that, as expected, the greater the number of on-time submissions, the higher the final mark. This study provides an innovative view that improves understanding of time management assistance for students: time management assistance does not affect each student identically. It is not effective for those students with time management difficulties yet disrupts those students with good time management skills. Such students ignore the plan proposed to them by lecturers and prefer to work independently.

Mental health challenges faced by foreign nurses: a scoping review

Purpose Foreign nurses encounter various challenges that impact their mental health, but there is a lack of comprehensive evidence on these difficulties and the strategies to address them. This study aims to synthesize the available evidence to identify these challenges and the strategies to support foreign nurses. Design/methodology/approach A scoping review framework was used with an exploration of seven databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed and ProQuest Central) to search for primary studies. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods research were considered for inclusion, with manual searches of reference lists for potential additions. Studies published between 2013 and September 2023, and written in English were considered for inclusion. Findings About 22 of 1,077 identified studies were finally included in this review. Three distinct themes were identified as contributors to the nurses’ mental health challenges, and one theme emerged to highlight strategies to overcome the challenges. These contributors included the influences of diverse cultures, dynamics within the work environment, language barriers, separation from family and friends, heavy workloads and pressures, disparities in health-care systems and experiences of discrimination. Strategies identified to overcome the challenges were at individual, organizational and policy levels to support foreign nurses in navigating and mitigating stressors. Originality/value This study highlights the importance of targeted interventions to assist foreign nurses in overcoming challenges that may affect their mental health and well-being. Moreover, strategic interventions are crucial to support them in addressing the barriers they faced.

Student behavior at university: The development and validation of a 10-dimensional scale.

This study proposes the multidimensional concept of 'student behavior at university' and methodology for its quantitative investigation. Unlike previous concepts related to aspects of the student experience, the idea of student behavior considers the combinations and interrelations of individual and environmental characteristics affecting student experience and outcomes. It provides a new lens for viewing student experience at university, highlighting the multifacetedness of this phenomenon and the diversity of possible patterns of student behavior. Based on the conceptual model, a ten-dimensional scale measuring student behavior was developed and validated through mixed-method research with an exploratory sequential design. The following dimensions of student behavior were identified: 1) interaction with course content in class; 2) persistence; 3) self-learning; 4) irresponsible learning behavior; 5) active learning; 6) friendship; 7) study collaboration; 8) obedience; 9) creating a positive self-image; and 10) extracurricular involvement. To develop a survey instrument, we utilized semistructured in-depth interviews with Russian students (n = 119). In the quantitative phase of the study, based on the survey (n = 1,253) carried out at seven highly selective Russian universities, we tested the reliability and validity of the ten-dimensional scale. To test construct-related validity, we utilized the self-determination theory developed by Ryan and Deci and a short version of the Academic Motivation Scale developed by Gordeeva, Sychev, and Osin for the Russian educational context. Our findings are in line with assumptions of self-determination theory and the results of previous studies and can be considered evidence of construct validity. The directions for further development of the methodological approach and its practical implications are discussed.

Implementation of national policies and interventions (WHO Best Buys) for non-communicable disease prevention and control in Ghana: a mixed methods analysis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages all member states to adopt and implement a package of essential evidence-based interventions called the Best Buys to reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To date, little is known about the implementation of national policies and interventions for NCD control in the WHO member states in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study aimed to evaluate the implementation of national policies and interventions (WHO Best Buys) for non-communicable disease prevention and control in Ghana. This was explanatory mixed methods research which started with a document review of Ghana's WHO Best Buys scores from the 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2022 WHO NCD Progress Monitor Reports. Thereafter, we conducted 25 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion (11 participants) with key policymakers and stakeholders in the NCD landscape in Ghana to understand the implementation of the NCD policies and interventions, and the policy implementation gaps and challenges faced. Data from the NCD Progress reports were presented using mean scores whilst the qualitative data was analysed thematically. Ghana has shown some advancements in the implementation of the WHO Best Buys measures. Ghana's implementation scores for 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2022 were 5.0, 9.0, 5.0 and 5.5 respectively, against the mean implementation scores of 7.6/19 for lower-middle-income countries and 9.5/19 for upper-middle-income countries. Efforts to decrease major risk factors such as excessive alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet have been progressing slowly. The most common challenges were related to a) the role of socio-cultural factors, b) stakeholder engagement, c) enforcement and implementation of public health policies, d) implementation guidelines, e) public awareness and education on NCDs, f) financing of NCD prevention and control, g) curative-centered health systems, and h) over-centralization of NCD care. Ghana has made progress in adopting the WHO Best Buys targeting risk factors of NCDs. However, the country faces contextual barriers to effective implementation. With the retrogression of some measures over time despite making progress in some earlier years, further investigation is needed to identify facilitators for sustained implementation of the WHO Best Buys interventions.

Hybrid security in Nigeria–Benin borderlands: Formal and informal security actors’ collaboration and implication for cross-border security (2010–2023)

ABSTRACT In the borderland of Nigeria and the Republic of Benin there are both formal and informal security actors operating to curb trans-border crimes that extant literature is yet to adequately consider. Most empirical studies on the relations between security actors have largely focused on the nature of relations between formal security agencies and the implications of their relations for border security governance. This study fills the gap in the knowledge by investigating the nature of relations between formal and informal security actors. Utilising mixed-method research design and drawing on primary and secondary sources of data, the study contends that non-states security actors of different nomenclature such as Kelebe, Smugglers Association, Night Guards and Aja Custom, Social Safety Orientation Corps (So Safe Corps) exist in the borderland areas of Seme and Idi Iroko between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin. It is also argued that functional, dynamic and interest-based cordial relations between state and non-state security actors significantly contribute to curbing smuggling, drug trafficking, illegal migration with the exception of human trafficking. Thus, the study recommends that the Nigerian government should re-organise the border security order to include non-state security actors in the governance of borders between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin.

Evaluating the implementation of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) gateway for the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund (BHCPF) across six Northern states in Nigeria.

This evaluation research utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the implementation of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) gateway of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) across six states in Northern Nigeria: Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Kano, Sokoto, and Yobe. This was a mixed-method research that utilized longitudinal surveys and Key informant interviews to gather information about the implementation status of the BHCPF-NPHCDA gateway. Checklists were developed based on the BHCPF's national guidelines to gather quantitative data, while simple open-ended questionnaires were used to collect qualitative data from the state BHCPF Program Implementation Unit (PIU) focal persons as key informants. The result revealed that the NPHCDA had accredited these six states to use one Primary Health Care (PHC) facility in each political ward to implement the BHCPF. Factors that contributed to the success achieved in some states included the early completion of contingent start-up activities, well-established coordination structures, strong support from partners, and the availability of established financial management systems. However, the delays in the submission of quarterly business plans by the BHCPF facilities affected timely approval and fund disbursement. Other challenges included staff capacity gaps, inadequate human resources, and poor management and supervision from the state health agency teams. There was suboptimal implementation of the BHCPF in at least one thematic area across all states. Therefore, actions such as government commitment for improved coordination, continuous capacity building, effective monitoring and evaluation, and targeted supportive supervision using innovative approaches should be undertaken to improve the program's implementation. In a broader setting, the insights from BHCPF implementation are valuable for LMICs, offering guidance on overcoming implementation challenges associated with PHC financing. This research provides a resource for enhancing healthcare financing strategies in similar contexts.

Rights-based reproductive services in medical schools in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Chandigarh, India: baseline findings of mixed-methods implementation research.

There is a need to assess and strengthen reproductive rights-based family planning and abortion services in Indian medical schools that play a key role in medical education and service delivery. This study presents the findings of baseline assessment across nine schools in two states and one union territory with objective to assess, identify the gaps and improve the status of reproductive rights and evidence-based family planning and abortion services in Indian medical schools. A convergent parallel mixed methods study was conducted in nine medical schools in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Chandigarh a Union territory in India from October 2018 to June 2019. In-depth interviews with 33 faculty from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology were conducted. The COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation) model of behaviours was used to qualitatively identify barriers and facilitators of reproductive rights-based family planning and abortion services. Reproductive health services provided to 104 women for family planning and abortion were observed quantitatively using a pre-tested checklist. Providers' preference bias in recommending contraceptive methods to specific clients (wherein sterilisation was offered to women with two or more children and IUCD to women with one child) was observed as barrier to reproductive rights. The facilitators of rights based reproductive services included well-informed faculty regarding providing dignified and respectful care. Barriers included infrastructure gaps, high workload, insufficient human resources affecting privacy, and lower awareness and decision-making power of clients. Family planning counselling using the cafeteria approach was offered in 69.4% of cases, 31.6% of women seeking abortion services were offered counselling on both family planning and abortion. Sterilisation or IUD insertion was a pre-condition in 36.8% of women requesting an abortion. Right-based reproductive services around family planning counselling and abortion services were delivered partially despite the medical schools' trained faculty, mainly due to provider bias, high workload, and less autonomy and lower awareness of reproductive rights among women.

Using a hybrid Delphi/nominal group technique to develop a tool for appraising the quality of mixed-method grounded theory research.

Among the many methodological approaches used to generate new knowledge in nursing research are mixed methods and grounded theory. However, it can be challenging for researchers to achieve and demonstrate the philosophically congruent integration required in mixed-method, grounded-theory research. To use a hybrid of Delphi and nominal group techniques to develop a tool to appraise the quality of mixed-method, grounded-theory research. The extant literature informed the construction of an evidence-based checklist and explanatory notes that were discussed and voted upon by experienced mixed-method and grounded-theory researchers. The tool was progressively piloted in three projects employing varying grounded-theory approaches. Experienced mixed-method and grounded-theory researchers discussed and voted on the construction of an evidence-based checklist and explanatory notes informed by the extant literature. The researchers piloted the tool in three rounds, with reference to previous studies that used various grounded-theory approaches. This study reports an effective strategy for gaining consensus to develop a tool demonstrating content, inter-rater and concurrent reliability. Nurse researchers of various levels of expertise can use the tool developed in this study, which will accommodate future advances in mixed-method and grounded-theory research.

Strategies to recruit and retain generation Z in the built environment sector

PurposeGeneration Z built environment (BE) undergraduates and graduates (Zoomers) are the latest cohort entering the job market. Existing research has yet to comprehensively explore approaches for attracting and engaging Zoomer employees within the BE sector. This study aims to identify effective strategies for recruiting and retaining Zoomers in the BE sector.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods research design comprising survey and interviews with Zoomers was employed. Data were collected from Zoomers via an online survey using a structured questionnaire and interviews.FindingsThe first finding, job flexibility, is the most important job motivator. Zoomers seek hybrid work arrangements, and a mix of fieldwork and desk bound work. The second finding, “earned media” (and not “owned media”), is an important way to attract Zoomers. As savvy digital natives, Zoomers rely on reviews about the organization posted on independent online platforms or employees’ own social media accounts. The third finding is the diminishing role of family in Zoomers’ decision-making about their careers.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are limited to Zoomers’ views about recruitment and retention within the BE sector.Practical implicationsRecommendations are offered to organizations on strategic job redesign and increasing “earned media” to attract Zoomers.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to understanding Zoomers’ approach to recruitment and retention based on Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. Herzberg’s hygiene factors, which are essential benefits such as salary and career progression, remain important. The novel finding is the discovery of specific human resource (HR) practices that Zoomers consider to be hygiene factors, whereas older generations view them as “good-to-have” motivators. This underscores the intergenerational divergence in attitudes towards recruitment and retention in the BE sector.

AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROVISION OF LAND USE POLICY FOR BUILDING HOUSES IN RURAL BANGLADESH

The paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the national land use policy in Bangladesh, highlighting the gaps in implementation and the need for strategic improvements for building houses using minimum agricultural land in rural areas of Bangladesh. The main objectives of the policy evaluation research are to explore the extent of the intervention of the National Land Use Policy 2001 that has achieved the objective of minimum use of agricultural land, to determine whether the authority has made the rural people aware of building model houses, multistorey buildings, and planned residential areas in the village and finally to find out the critical factors for effective implementation of national land use policy. It has been used as a mixed evaluation research method with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected online using a semistructured questionnaire and checklist for respondent interviews. The main results of the policy evaluation revealed that the objectives of the policy are not achieved and effectively implemented for numerous reasons as such, the implementers are reluctant to implement and make aware the villagers, responsible implementing agencies are not fully well-defined, people are unaware and do not know about the policy, lack of village development planning and design, overpopulation and segregation of families, poverty, lack of monitoring by the ministry, unorganized urbanization and industrialization, local political influence, absence of land zoning and union parishad are unwilling to enforce their laws, etc. To implement the policy effectively, a joint effort of the local government bodies, local communities, and all local administration departments would be required, and each organization’s role would be well classified, and payment or loan support would be transferred to the rural people of Bangladesh.

Effectiveness of Teachers Training Program in Enhancing Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality, Tanzania

The study aims to investigate the Effectiveness of Teachers Training Program in Enhancing Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality, Tanzania. The problem of this study was answered by the one research questions; TCPD training programs in enhancing teaching competence. The study was guided by the Social Cognitive Theory. The current study employed convergent design under mixed research methods approach. The target population consisted of various stakeholders, including 81 public primary schools, 1,047 teachers, 19 Ward Education Officers, 81 head teachers, and 8 District quality assurers making total number of 1155 population. The sample size for the current study consisted of 16 public primary schools, 192 teachers, 16 head teachers, 6 Ward Education Officers (WEO), and 2 District School Quality Assurers (DSQA), totaling 216 respondents. Questionnaires, interview guides, and document analysis guides were used to collect data from respondents. Data collection instruments were validated by MWECAU research experts. A pilot study was conducted in two public primary schools. The reliability of questionnaires for Likert-type items was estimated using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient whereby r= 0.889 for teachers while that of qualitative established through peer debriefing and triangulation. The study adhered to ethical considerations throughout the research process. Descriptive statistics were analyzed quantitative data using SPSS version 26. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found that the TCPD is highly effective in improving teaching competence through focused training on classroom management, instructional design, differentiated instruction, student engagement, and technology integration significantly improved their teaching skills. The study concluded that Continuing Professional Development (CPD) effectively Enhanced Teaching Competence of Public Primary School Teachers in Ilemela Municipality to the high extent. The study recommended that a similar training program should be implemented regularly to equip teachers with up-date skills and knowledge.

Is driving an electric two-wheeler (E2W) safe? Analysing safety risk factors of E2W considering the quality and reliability criteria

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to identify and analyse the perceived risk factors affecting the safety of electric two-wheeler (E2W) riders in urban areas. Given the exponential growth of the global E2W market and the notable challenges offered by E2W vehicles as compared to electric cars, the study aims to propose a managerial framework, to increase the penetration of E2W in the emerging market, as a reliable, and sustainable mobility alternative.Design/methodology/approachThe perceived risk factors of riding E2Ws are relatively scanty, especially in the context of emerging economies. A mixed-method research design is adopted to achieve the research objectives. Four expert groups are interviewed to identify crucial safety risk E2W factors. The grey-Delphi technique is used to confirm the applicability of the extracted risk factors in the Indian context. Next, the Grey-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique is employed to reveal the causal-prominence relationship among the perceived risk factors. The dominance and prominence scores are used to perform Cause and Effect analysis and estimate the triggering risk factors.FindingsThe finding of the study suggests that reckless adventurism, adverse road conditions, individual characteristics and distraction caused by using mobile phones, as the topmost triggering risk factors that impact the safety of E2Ws drivers. Similarly, reliability on battery performance low velocity and heavy traffic conditions are found to be some of the critical safety factors.Practical implicationsE2Ws are anticipated to represent the future of sustainable mobility in emerging nations. While they provide convenient and quick transportation for daily urban commutes, certain risk factors are contributing to increased accident rates. This research analyses these risk factors to offer a comprehensive view of driver and rider safety. Unlike conventional measures, it considers subjective quality and reliability parameters, such as battery performance and reckless adventurism. Identifying the most significant causal risk factors helps policymakers focus on the most prominent issues, thereby enhancing the adoption of E2Ws in emerging markets.Originality/valueWe have proposed an integrated framework that uses grey theory with Delphi and DEMATEL to analyse the safety risk factors of driving E2W vehicles considering the uncertainty. In addition, the amalgamation of Delphi and DEMATEL helps not only to identify the pertinent safety risk factors, but also bifurcate them into cause-and-effect groups considering the mutual relationship between them. The framework will enable practitioners and policymakers to design preventive strategies to minimize risk and boost the penetration of E2Ws in an emerging country, like India.

Examining Teachers’ Computational Thinking Skills, Collaborative Learning, and Creativity Within the Framework of Sustainable Education

This study seeks to explore the relationship between science teachers’ computational thinking skills, collaborative learning attitudes, and their creativity in the context of sustainable education. The study adopted an explanatory sequential design, which is one of the designs used in mixed-method research. A total of 369 science teachers were included in the quantitative phase of the study. Quantitative data were collected using three different scales. These scales included the “Computational Thinking Scale”, “Online Cooperative Learning Attitude Scale (OCLAS)”, and “Creative Self-Efficacy Scale”. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis were conducted to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative phase of the study consisted of nine science teachers. Data were collected with a semi-structured interview form by considering the scores obtained from the scales. Qualitative data were analyzed through descriptive analysis. It was found that science teachers’ computational thinking skills and collaborative learning attitudes significantly predicted their creativity within the framework of sustainable education. As a result of the interviews conducted, it was concluded that science teachers lacked computational thinking skills. It is critical to provide teachers with guidance on how to integrate computational thinking skills into their subject areas. Science teachers’ knowledge of computational thinking skills can be enhanced, and computational thinking skills can be included in all teacher education programs.

In This Issue: Mixed Methods Systematic Methodological Reviews, Pillar Integration Applications, Mixed Methods Analysis of Video Interaction Data, Intersectional Mixed Methods Research, Mixed Methods Analysis of Witness Statements, and Combining Community-Based Participatory Approaches to Study Neighborhoods

In This Issue: Mixed Methods Systematic Methodological Reviews, Pillar Integration Applications, Mixed Methods Analysis of Video Interaction Data, Intersectional Mixed Methods Research, Mixed Methods Analysis of Witness Statements, and Combining Community-Based Participatory Approaches to Study Neighborhoods

Developing Strategies to Promote Physical Fitness for University Students

Background and Aims: The physical fitness problems of university students must be paid great attention to. As the backbone of training university students, how to guide the students to exercise scientifically and achieve the best physical fitness for effect has become an urgent problem for physical educators in universities and universities. The objective of this research was to develop strategies to promote physical fitness for university students. Methodology: This research is mixed methods research. The population for this research includes 5,275 first-year students enrolled at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies for the 2023 academic year. Using the Taro Yamane formula, the sample size was calculated to be 371 university students. The questionnaire was distributed to 371 university students to investigate the problems and current situation of physical fitness of university students. After that, 7 experts were invited to develop a question framework for a focus group. 10 experts conducted a focus group to develop the question framework for use in the Delphi consensus, and 19 experts were invited to conduct a two-round Delphi consensus, to develop the strategies to promote physical fitness for university students. Finally, a connoisseurship method was used to confirm the developed strategies with 9 experts. The data gathered from the questionnaire were analyzed using the average and standard deviation, while consensus data were evaluated through the median and interquartile range. The established criteria for consensus required a median of ≥ 3.50 and an interquartile range of ≤ 1.50. Results: The strategies to promote physical fitness for university students were organized into 6 key aspects and comprised 51 factors. These 6 key aspects include: (1) Policy and Administrative Support, (2) Physical Education Curriculum and Programs, (3) Facilities and Equipment, (4) Engagement and Motivation, (5) Monitoring and Assessment, and (6) Sustainability of Fitness Programs. Conclusion: The study emphasizes a thorough strategy for improving university students' physical fitness by addressing program sustainability, policy, curriculum, facilities, motivation, and assessment. These six tactical elements guarantee a balanced, encouraging atmosphere for sustained health and fitness.

A tutorial on mixed methods research for policing scholars

This paper offers a tutorial on mixed methods research (MMR) for policing scholars to highlight its potential, encourage its use, and inform best practices, with the aim to enhance the reputation of the field with respect to methodological rigor. We review the design and reporting standards for MMR and include examples from published policing research to showcase quality applications and identify areas for improvement. In this emerging and often misunderstood methodological paradigm, which consists of dynamic research designs and multiple interrelated components, it is crucial that authors follow best practices for design and reporting to ensure their studies meet the criteria for methodological rigor and improve future implementation of mixed methods in policing research.

News Subscription Motivation: Why Audiences Pay for News

In the face of accelerated losses in advertising revenue, news organizations are increasingly interested in strategies to increase subscription sales. Previous studies have found several predictors of paywall success in obtaining and maintaining subscriptions, willingness to pay, and paying for news. But these factors have not been linked together into one clear conceptual framework. This monograph introduces a new construct, News Subscription Motivation, that theoretically links different predictors of paying for news. Mixed-method research was employed to conceptualize and operationalize this new construct. Results of in-depth interviews and online surveys revealed six underlying motivations that drive people to pay for news: support for journalism, journalism quality, triggering by the paywall, community attachment, affordability, and content utility. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to validate the News Subscription Motivation Scale and used multiple regressions to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between subscription motivations and both the number of news subscriptions people report paying for and the types of subscriptions people buy (local vs. national). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of studying news subscription motivation.