Mixed-race Background Research Articles

Rejecting Multiracial Stereotypes: Parental Socialization Practices at the Intersection of Race and Gender

Stereotypes surrounding multiracial individuals include being viewed as inherently attractive because of their mixed-race background, and, therefore, having a superiority complex, which reinforces racial hierarchies and creates division and tension within communities of color. This superiority complex is often rooted in colorism and proximity to White beauty standards. Drawing upon in-depth, semistructured interviews with 19 sets of interracial parents in the United States, I describe parents’ awareness and perceptions of these stereotypes at the intersection of race and gender. Parents understand that their Black multiracial boys must contend with both multiracial stereotypes and controlling images of Black men and boys. I argue that parents’ understanding of both multiracial stereotypes, like the Biracial Beauty Stereotype, and controlling images of Black boys and men informs their racial socialization practices as they help their child(ren) build a positive racial identity and prepare for discrimination.

Gender, racialisation, and border regimes: reflections on social positions and positioning in research with young people on the move

ABSTRACT This article starts from our experiences as two Western women of Black mixed-race background, undertaking fieldwork among unaccompanied young men on the move in Europe. We add to scholarship on ethnographic accounts of encounters. We do this by reflecting on how our positionality affected the research process along often taken-for-granted social categories and markers of sameness and difference, as they related to our fieldwork and the space created between us and participants. We analyse the ways in which power is infused along multiple intersecting axes such as gender and race, and is imbued with movement in that space, helping people to feel, among other things, safe and unsafe, located and dislocated, and visible and invisible. We find that the social positions and positioning that emerged were tied into vulnerabilities related to gender and age, legal status, dimensions of race, class, and specific histories and imaginaries. We also show how performativity, shifting boundaries, and othering came into play and shaped bordering practices and a sense of belonging.

Ethnoracial differences in cannabis use among native-born and foreign-born high school students in Ontario

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine the association of ethnoracial background and immigrant status to cannabis use among students in Ontario, Canada. Data were derived from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, a school-based, province-wide survey of students in Grades 7–12. The survey utilized a stratified two-stage cluster design. Analyses were based on a pooled subsample of 12,527 students in Grades 9–12 during the 2011 and 2013 survey cycles and included adjustments for the complex sample design. Results indicate that youth who were of South Asian or East/Southeast Asian background were at lower odds of cannabis use than those who were White, Black, or mixed-race backgrounds. Youth who were of mixed-race background (i.e., White and another group) were at higher odds of cannabis use than youth who were of White background. The association between ethnoracial background and cannabis use also varied for some foreign-born and native-born youth. These findings suggest that ethnoracial background should be an important consideration in investigations of cannabis use among foreign- relative to native-born youth.

COMMENT: IS RACE REALLY SO FLUID? REVISITING SAPERSTEIN AND PENNER'S EMPIRICAL CLAIMS.

COMMENT: IS RACE REALLY SO FLUID? REVISITING SAPERSTEIN AND PENNER'S EMPIRICAL CLAIMS.

The Future of Asian America in 2040

Abstract This resource paper analyzes the growth of the Asian American (AA) population over the next quarter century based on projections from the U.S. Census Bureau and supplementary estimates by the authors. The number of Asian Americans will increase from 20.5 million in 2015 to 35.7 million in 2040, making them the fastest-growing racial population in the nation. Like the nation as a whole, the AA population will age over the next quarter century, with youth declining from a quarter to a little more than a fifth of the AA population and the elderly increasing from a tenth to about a sixth. Immigrants will continue to be a majority of Asian Americans, but their share will decline from two-thirds to one half. After 2040, U.S.-born AAs (those who are Asian alone and from mixed-race backgrounds) will comprise a majority of the population. Another significant change will be the growth of multiracial Asian Americans, increasing from a tenth of the population 1990 to a sixth in 2040.

BETWEEN TWO WORLDS: RACIAL IDENTITY IN ALICE PERRIN'S THE STRONGER CLAIM

Like many Anglo-Indian novelists of her generation, Alice Perrin (1867–1934) gained fame through the publication and popular reception of several domestic novels based in India and England. However, within the traditional Anglo-Indian romance plot, Perrin often incorporated subversive social messages highlighting racial and cultural problems prevalent in India during the British Raj. Instead of relying solely on one-dimensional, sentimental British heroes and heroines, Perrin frequently chose non-British protagonists who reminded her contemporary readers of very real Anglo-Indian racial inequalities they might wish to forget. In The Stronger Claim (1903), Perrin creates a main character who has a mixed-race background, but who, contrary to prevailing public opinion of the time, is a multi-dimensional, complex, and perhaps most importantly, sympathetic character positioned between two worlds. Even as Victorian India was coming to an end, many of the problems that had plagued the British Raj intensified in the early decades of the twentieth century. Perrin's novel is one of the earliest attempts to present a sympathetic and heroic mixed-race protagonist, one whose presence asked readers to question the lasting negative effects of race relations and racial identity in both India and England.

Cross-Cultural Study of Facial Beauty

This research studies proportionality, thinness and smooth skin as cross cultural facial beauty attributes. Participants (N =450; males = 216, females = 234) were college students from three cultural areas: Mozambique (N = 150), Brazil (N = 150) and France (N = 150). They evaluated 25 facial images from real people of a mixed-race background (descendants of White and Black: all young females 18–24 years) for proportionality, thinness and smooth skin. The results show agreement between Mozambicans and Brazilians on the salience of proportionality and breadth of face as beauty attributes. The French participants were different in preferring a thinner face profile as a beauty quality.

T-Cell Replete Haploidentical Transplantation Using Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Results in Equivalent Non-Relapse Mortality and Disease-Free Survival Compared to Transplantation From HLA-Identical Sibling and Matched Unrelated Donors: A Stratified Cox Model Analysis of Two Hundred and Sixty Contemporaneous Allogeneic Transplants From a Single Center

Abstract 833HLA-identical siblings (MRD) or 10 of 10 HLA - A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 matched unrelated volunteers (MUD) are considered optimal donors for patients who may benefit from allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). However, many patients, particularly those from ethnic minorities and mixed race backgrounds, will lack such donors.HLA-haploidentical (Haplo) relatives are available for virtually all patients. Traditional approaches to allo-HCT using Haplo donors have entailed stringent ex-vivo T-cell depletion and intense preparative regimens. Such transplants have been associated with slow immune reconstitution and a high-risk of opportunistic infections and non-relapse mortality (NRM). Recently, another approach to haploidentical transplantation using T-replete grafts and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (Cy) to prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD) and rejection has demonstrated promising results (Brunstein et al Blood 2011, vol118, p 282).Forty-Five patients underwent first allografts with a Haplo donor at our center between 02/05 and 08/10 (median age=46, range 20–73; diagnoses were AML 14, ALL 6, CML 4, MDS 4, CLL 7, NHL 4, HD 6; median KPS 90, range 70–90; CIBMTR disease risk score low 14, intermediate 7, high 24; median hematopoietic cell transplant co-morbidity index (HCTCI) score = 1, range 0–5; prior autotransplant = 7). Twenty-seven patients received a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen (RIC): fludarabine 30 mg/m2/d d −6 to −2; TBI 200cGy d-1, Cy 14.5 mg/kg/d on d-6,-5 and 50mg/kg/d on d+3,+4 with a bone marrow graft. Eighteen patients received myeloablative conditioning where the above regimen was modified by replacing low-dose TBI with iv busulfan 110–130 mg/m2/d × 4 days and bone marrow was replaced with G-CSF mobilized PBSC as the graft. Two patients receiving RIC failed to engraft and developed autologous hematopoietic recovery. All other patients engrafted with median 100% donor T-cell chimerism from initial testing at d+30. Outcomes of the Haplo transplants were compared to contemporaneous first allografts from MRD (n=115) and MUD (n=99) at our center. Median follow-up for surviving patients was 36 months (range 9–74.5 months). Cumulative probability of NRM at 36 months was 16%, 19% and 8% for MRD, MUD and Haplo respectively (p=NS) (see Fig). For both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), the effects of patient and disease characteristics were evaluated in Cox models with three transplant groups as strata. HCTCI score, CIBMTR risk category, type of diagnosis were identified as significant covariates on both OS and DFS, while age was significant on DFS only. The adjusted probabilities of OS and DFS were estimated from the stratified Cox models, weighted by the proportions of the significant covariates in the pooled sample. MRD had statistically superior OS to Haplo at 18 months (79% vs. 61%, p=0.033 in point wise comparison). However, adjusted OS was not significantly different between the three types of transplant at 36 months (71%, 58% and 58% for MRD, MUD and Haplo respectively (p=NS)). Adjusted DFS at 36 months was 47%, 46% and 55% respectively (p=NS) (see Fig). Ninety-three patients (35.7%) suffered relapse or progression of their malignancy at a median of 154 days post transplant (range 12–1445 days). Estimated cumulative incidence of relapse at 36 months was 35%, 38% and 36% respectively for MRD, MUD and Haplo (p=NS) (see Fig). The inverse probability of censoring weighted (IPCW) method was used to determine survival following relapse/progression in each group. Estimated survival at 1 year following relapse was 71%, 64% and 15% (p<0.0001 pointwise comparison for MRD vs. Haplo and MUD vs. Haplo).This study demonstrates that excellent NRM and DFS can be achieved using haploidentical donor transplantation with the above regimens. These outcomes are equivalent to those obtained in contemporaneously transplanted MRD and MUD at our center. T-cell replete haploidentical transplant is therefore a valid alternative for patients who lack a conventional donor. Survival following relapse/progression is inferior following haploidentical than conventional donor transplants. This may at least partly be related to the difficulty in using DLI following relapse in haploidentical transplants. Future strategies to improve outcomes following haploidentical transplants should focus on treatment approaches following relapse. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] Disclosures:Bashey:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding. Sizemore:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding. Manion:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding. Brown:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding. Holland:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Research Funding. Solomon:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding. Morris:Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding.

The Feminization and Racialization of Labour in the Colombian Fresh-cut Flower Industry

This article examines the basic features of the working and living conditions of the mostly female labour force of the Colombian flower industry. It argues that in this export industry, critical feminist thought on neo-liberal international trade and the feminization of labour is valid only for workers in the lowest ranks of the industry, the majority of whom are racialized women from low-income, peasant, indigenous, or mixed-race rural backgrounds who face precarious forms of labour. Meanwhile, an elite group of women from urban-middle and upper classes with Western education and European or mixed-race backgrounds work in management, participate in the growers’ associations and oversee the exploitative conditions and health risks that flower production creates for their racialized lower class ‘sisters’. This case emphasizes the importance of considering the intersections of socio-economic status and race, together with gender and other structures, in order to determine who benefits and loses from production for the global market. The article also introduces the concept of ‘racialization of labour’, arguing that the jobs created in the industry are not only feminized but racialized.

Support services for parents and their children who are deaf or hard of hearing. A national survey.

In the spring and summer of 1996, 404 parents of children who are deaf or hard of hearing and were born in 1989 or 1990 completed questionnaires about early services received and the current status of their children's development. The children were enrolled in 137 different programs in 39 states; about one quarter of the programs participating in Gallaudet's Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children and Youth. Children who are deaf comprised 46% of the group for whom responses were provided; those who are hard of hearing comprised 54%. Hearing loss was confirmed at the mean age of 14.5 months for the deaf group, and at the mean age of 28.6 months for the hard of hearing group. Additional conditions place 32% at risk for educational or developmental difficulties. One or both parents are deaf in 13% of responding families. Almost 40% of mothers have some training beyond high school; one third of the children came from non-White or mixed-race backgrounds. (These characteristics of children and families are used in analyzing other data collected from responding parents). Communication approaches used in children's initial programs included: speech alone (24%), sign + speech (66%), sign alone (5%), cues (3%), and sign + cues (3%). Parents gave highly favorable evaluations to intervention programs, and placed teachers at the top of a "sources of help" list. Parents from minority groups and those with no college training reported that their children showed more behavior problems and less language progress, and gave more negative responses to questions regarding the impact of deafness on their families. This suggests that program personnel may need to increase their intervention efforts for these subgroups of special education consumers.