Mixed-model Design Research Articles

Do gender stereotype threats have a spillover effect on motor tasks among children? A mixed-model design investigation

ObjectivesThe stereotype threat effect has captivated social and sports psychology researchers for over two decades. However, many questions remain unanswered. This research was designed to explore the spillover effects of stereotype threat in motor tasks. DesignA mixed model design with within-between-subjects was utilized, with soccer performance and throwing scores serving as the dependent variables. MethodForty-two 10-year-old girls without mental or physical disabilities participated in the study and were randomly assigned into two groups: stereotype threat (ST) and nullified stereotype threat (NST). After measuring baseline performance in throwing and soccer tasks, the participants in the ST group received soccer-based stereotype induction. Afterwards, they performed 20 trials of soccer shooting. Half an hour later, the children were asked to perform 10 throws with the non-dominant hand. ResultsOur results indicated that inducing soccer-based stereotypes towards girls led to underperformance in soccer, however, this negative effect did not spill over onto subsequent task (i.e., throwing) which was unrelated to the induced stereotype. ConclusionsOur finding regarding the stereotype threat spillover effect is novel and provides more insight into the range of effects of stereotype threat within the motor domain. The findings encourage the researcher to practice caution regarding the generalizability of the stereotype threat spillover effect, especially in motor tasks.

Online Versus Classroom Training of Auditory-Perceptual Voice Evaluation With the GRBAS-Scale: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of two training modalities for auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice: online training and classroom training. Materials and methodsA 2-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted with 115 first year SLP-students randomly divided in two groups. Group 1 was given access to the online training platform Voice-TT for two weeks, group 2 received a 90 minutes standard classroom training in auditory-perceptual evaluation with GRBAS without access to online training. Two weeks later the training modalities were changed. Before training and two weeks after each training stage a rating experiment was conducted. A mixed models design was used to evaluate the effect of both training modalities on the agreement between student and expert ratings. Percentage agreement was calculated to investigate intra- and interrater reliability. ResultsStudents’ agreement with expert ratings was significantly higher after online training for parameters G, B and A. Students who received classroom training improved for parameter S. Additional classroom training after online training led to better agreement for parameters G and R, while additional online training following classroom training only improved the rating of parameter G. Although intra- and interrater agreement improved after online and classroom training for both groups, the highest improvement was seen in the group that trained online first. There was no correlation between student-expert rating agreement and the duration and frequency of online training. Conclusionin this randomized controlled trial online training with Voice-TT leads to more reliable GRBAS-rating in novice speech and language pathology students. Combined classroom and online training seems to be most effective when online training comes first.

Comparison of muscle activity in school students while carrying backpacks and trolley bags.

Trolley bags have gained popularity among students, but there is limited research comparing them to backpack-style school bags. This study aimed to compare how carrying a backpack versus a trolley bag affects the activity of trunk and lower limb muscles in secondary school students. Electromyographic activity was measured in 25 students (13.4±1.1 years) as they walked on level ground and up/down stairs while carrying both types of bags. The activity of the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus, rectus femoris, lumbar erector spinae, and rectus abdominis muscles was assessed on both the dominant and non-dominant sides. The study found significantly reduced muscle activation in most of the targeted muscles when walking on level ground with the trolley bag and when going up/down stairs with the backpack. Lifting a trolley bag depends on the slope of the walking surface and is more efficient on level ground, while carrying a backpack is more efficient when going up and down stairs. Since it is not practical to switch bags when encountering stairs in schools, a bag with a mixed model design incorporating features of both trolley and backpack may be more beneficial and practical for students to use. Students, parents, and teachers should be aware of the injury risks associated with carrying different types of bags.

Perception of Headteacher's Communication Style and Teachers’ Motivation to Participate in Government Secondary School Activities in Sheema District Uganda

The study investigated the perception of head teachers` communication style and teachers' motivation to participate in secondary school activities in government-aided secondary schools in Sheema District Western Uganda. The study employed a parallel mixed model design for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 head teachers from 10 government-aided secondary schools in Sheema District Western Uganda. 186 teachers out of 371 teachers from the 10 schools in Sheema District Western Uganda participated in the study. Simple Random sampling was used to arrive at teachers. There was a significant and positive relationship between the perception of head teachers' communication style and teachers' motivation to participate in school activities (𝑟=0.386, 𝑝<0.01). This relationship was mediated by Perceived Supervisor Support which presented itself as being positively and significantly related to supervisor communication (𝑟=0.399, 𝑝<0.01) as well as to the intrinsically motivating factors (𝑟=0.408, 𝑝<0.01). The perception of the communication style of the head teacher influences the morals and morale of teachers by 15%. Hence there is a need for head teachers to organize and plan concerning why, what, when, where, and whom to communicate (hence the 5Ws communication rule). Therefore, from the study findings, non-monetary forms of motivation are important factors in motivating teachers. This is because 15% of teachers' motivation is contributed by head teachers' communication style; 16% by Perceived Supervisor Support and 20% by Perceived Organization Support. Thus, the study recommended that head teachers should always recognize the strong points by for example saying "thank you" and avoid evaluating and observing the weak points only.

The Critical Robot: Impact of Performance Feedback on Intrinsic Motivation, Self-Esteem and Psychophysiology in Human–Robot Interaction

Social, anthropomorphic robots are increasingly used in professional work environments to collaborate with humans. However, little is known about how these robots affect human workers in performance-critical aspects, such as feedback. The present study investigates differences between the effects of a robot and a human feedback giver on self-esteem, intrinsic motivation, and psychophysiological reactions. Using a mixed model design for subjective data and a between-subject design for psychophysiological data, we tested 72 participants who performed a cognitive task on working memory, namely the 3-back task. The results indicate that people are more motivated to perform the task when receiving feedback from a robot, but their electrodermal activity and heart rate are higher after receiving positive feedback from a human. There is no difference in electrodermal activity following negative feedback from a human or a robot. Additional analyses show that individuals report feeling less comfortable and perceiving less social warmth when receiving feedback from a robot compared to a human. Furthermore, individuals exhibit higher skin conductance responses when perceiving greater social warmth in their interactions, regardless of whether their interaction partner is a human or a robot. The results suggest that social robots may serve as surrogates for social interaction. However, they seem to have less social presence, which leads to reduced psychophysiological reactions. This knowledge may be used to calibrate arousal in feedback situations.

Effect of Service-Learning Physical Activity Programs on Kinesiology Students’ Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities

Background: Service-learning (SL) programs have been shown to be effective for college students in developing positive attitudes toward people with disabilities (PWDs). Such positive attitudes are particularly important for Kinesiology (KIN) students as they are trained to become future health and fitness professionals. Purpose: The present study investigated the effect of a 10-week in-person versus virtual SL program on KIN students’ attitudes toward PWD. Methodology/Approach: A pre- postintervention, three-way, analysis of variance was utilized. This 3 × 2 mixed model design was utilized to assess students’ attitudes toward PWD with three independent variables (in-person program, virtual program, and control) on two dependent variables (pre and post). Findings/Conclusions: There was significant Group × Time interaction. The between-group comparison showed a significant increase in Attitudes Toward Disabled Person scale score in the in-person SL group ( p < .05) compared to non-SL group. There were no significant differences in the virtual SL group. Implications: These results indicate that in-person SL is effective for improving students’ attitudes toward PWD, whereas virtual programs may not be as effective as in-person. In-person SL programs for KIN students may positively improve their attitudes toward PWD thus ameliorating interpersonal skills and creating more inclusive health and fitness professionals. KIN programs should consider SL programs with an emphasis on PWDs.

Been There, Done That: The Impact of the Novelty of Penile Vaginal Intercourse (PVI) and Participants’ Sex on Delay and Probability Discounting of PVI

ABSTRACT Delay and probability discounting tasks are useful for understanding aspects of decision making. The current study, which employed a mixed-model design to assess discounting of penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI), was conducted online with male and female participants recruited from Prolific (N = 300; mean age = 34.1 years). Results of the novel delay and probability discounting tasks indicated that as the delay to PVI increased, or as PVI became less certain to occur, participants were instead more likely to choose to receive oral sex, the reward initially indicated as less desirable. Having previously engaged in PVI, however, enhanced this reversal of preferences on both tasks, which suggests PVI loses some of its value when no longer novel. Males and females similarly discounted PVI on the delay discounting task, which suggests biological sex may not impact the propensity to wait for a preferred sexual behavior. On the probability discounting task, however, males were more averse to a reduced probability of PVI occurring and instead opted for receiving oral sex. The sexual behavior discounting tasks developed in the current study, and ones like it, may prove useful for identifying preferences in sexual behaviors, and ultimately enhance sexual and relationship satisfaction.

The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding the clinical course of low back pain is essential to informing treatment recommendations and patient stratification. Our aim was to update our previous systematic review and meta-analysis to gain a better understanding of the clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain. To update our 2012 systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the Embase, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases from 2011 until January 2023, using our previous search strategy. We included prospective inception cohort studies if they reported on participants with acute (< 6 wk), subacute (6 to less than 12 wk) or persistent (12 to less than 52 wk) nonspecific low back pain at study entry. Primary outcome measures included pain and disability (0-100 scale). We assessed risk of bias of included studies using a modified tool and assessed the level of confidence in pooled estimates using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. We used a mixed model design to calculate pooled estimates (mean, 95% confidence interval [CI]) of pain and disability at 0, 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks. We treated time in 2 ways: time since study entry (inception time uncorrected) and time since pain onset (inception time corrected). We transformed the latter by adding the mean inception time to the time of study entry. We included 95 studies, with 60 separate cohorts in the systematic review (n = 17 974) and 47 cohorts (n = 9224) in the meta-analysis. Risk of bias of included studies was variable, with poor study attrition and follow-up, and most studies did not select participants as consecutive cases. For the acute pain cohort, the estimated mean pain score with inception time uncorrected was 56 (95% CI 49-62) at baseline, 26 (95% CI 21-31) at 6 weeks, 22 (95% CI 18-26) at 26 weeks and 21 (95% CI 17-25) at 52 weeks (moderate-certainty evidence). For the subacute pain cohort, the mean pain score was 63 (95% CI 55-71) at baseline, 29 (95% CI 22-37) at 6 weeks, 29 (95% CI 22-36) at 26 weeks and 31 (95% 23-39) at 52 weeks (moderate-certainty evidence). For the persistent pain cohort, the mean pain score was 56 (95% CI 37-74) at baseline, 48 (95% CI 32-64) at 6 weeks, 43 (95% CI 29-57) at 26 weeks and 40 (95% CI 27-54) at 52 weeks (very low-certainty evidence). The clinical course of disability was slightly more favourable than the clinical course of pain. Participants with acute and subacute low back pain had substantial improvements in levels of pain and disability within the first 6 weeks ( moderate-certainty evidence); however, participants with persistent low back pain had high levels of pain and disability with minimal improvements over time (very low-certainty evidence). Identifying and escalating care in individuals with subacute low back pain who are recovering slowly could be a focus of intervention to reduce the likelihood of transition into persistent low back pain. PROSPERO - CRD42020207442.

Voices of Leadership

Previous research shows that voice pitch plays a significant role in leadership selection (Mayew et al., 2013) and that moremasculine traits, including voice pitch, are typically associated with successful individuals in leadership roles. The present studyextended prior research by examining how sex and gender characteristics of voices influence the perception of leadershipqualities within a military environment. Specifically, the design of the study was a 2 (sex of voice: male, female) × 2 (gender ofvoice: masculinized, feminized) × 2 (sex of participant; man, woman) mixed model design, with the sex and gender of voiceserving as the within subjects factors, sex of participant as a between subjects factor, and ratings of military leadership potentialserving as the dependent variable. Results from an analysis of variance showed that participants rated men’s voices significantlyhigher than women’s voices for leadership potential. However, feminine voices were rated significantly higher than masculinevoices. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between sex of voice and gender of voice that showed that the masculinefemale voice received the lowest ratings of leadership potential. Male participants also provided lower ratings on average to allvoices when compared to female participants. We discuss these findings in terms of gender role congruity and the influence ofandrogyny and gender norms on perceptions of women’s leadership potential in a male-dominated, hierarchical environment.

Looking more criminal: It's not so black and white.

Prior research regarding the influence of face structure on character judgments and first impressions reveals that bias for certain face-types is ubiquitous, but these studies primarily used decontextualized White faces for stimuli. Given the disadvantages Black men face in the legal system, this study aimed to investigate whether the criminal face-type presented in the context of crime influenced different legal system-type judgments as a function of perpetrator race. In a mixed-model design, participants saw Black and White computer-generated faces that varied in criminality presented with either violent or nonviolent crime scenarios. At test, participants attempted to identify the original perpetrator from a photo array, along with providing penalty severity judgments for the crime committed. Results indicate that when crimes were violent, participants meted harsher penalties overall to Black faces or to high-criminality faces identified as the perpetrator. Furthermore, for violent crimes, participants were more likely to select a face from the photo array that was higher/equally as high in criminality rating relative to the actual perpetrator when memory failed or when the perpetrator was Black. Overall, the findings suggest that when people are making judgments that could influence another's livelihood, they may rely heavily on facial cues to criminality and the nature of the crime; and this is especially the case for Black faces presented in the context of violent crime. The pattern of results provides further support for the pervasive stereotype of Black men as criminal, even in our racially diverse sample wherein 36% identified as Black.

Do they see what he experiences? Objectification and sexual harassment

AbstractTwo studies tested the hypothesis that men who are sexually objectified during an interview will experience a negative emotion, rate the experience as harassing, and perform badly on tasks compared to un‐objectified controls. However, observers who watch videos of objectified experiencers and predictors who read about the interaction will demonstrate stronger effects, with women showing the strongest. In Study 1, 90 undergraduates (60 men) were interviewees or watched a video of a mock job interview in a 2 (objectification: objectifying interview vs. non‐objectifying interview) × 3 (perspective: experiencer who was a man vs. observers, some men and some women) mixed model design with repeated measures on the second factor. In Study 2, 71 undergraduates read about a job interview in a 2 (objectification: objectifying vs. non‐objectifying interview) × 2 (gender: man vs. woman) between‐subjects design. Results showed that while objectified experiencers (men) showed no objectification effects, observers and predictors anticipated a reasonable person would experience more harassment than the experiencers reported, with observers’ enjoyment of sexualization moderating these forecasts. Additionally, the predictors’ forecasted negative emotions mediated the effects of objectification on judgments and task performance. These studies argue for informing Title VII's 2‐prong subjective‐objective test with social fact testimony in same‐sex harassment cases.

149 Increasing intercultural competency in undergraduates through an equine study abroad course

Emphasis on intercultural competency (IC) as a learning outcome drives student engagement in diverse environments, encouraging intercultural effectiveness in communication and collaboration. This study assessed if participation in a short-term instructor-led horse industry study abroad in Ireland increased the IC of students from 3 universities. IC areas of interest were curiosity, empathy, and cultural worldview. A mixed model design was used to assess progress toward these competencies. Quantitative data was collected using the Intercultural Development InventoryR (IDIR): a statistically reliable and cross-culturally valid measure of an individual's actual Developmental Orientation (DO) and Perceived Orientation (PO) intercultural profile. The PO is where the individual thinks they are on the continuum, while the DO is where they actually are based on responses to the items. The stages along the IDIR continuum are Denial (D; misses difference); Polarization (P; judges difference); Minimization (M; de-emhasizes difference); Acceptance (Ac; deeply comprehends difference) and Adaptation (Ad; bridges across difference). The IDIR was administered pre- and post-travel. Qualitative data was collected from blogs and end of course digital story assignments, both utilizing guiding questions to stimulate student reflection. Twenty-two undergraduate students, 2 graduate students, and 3 University facultywere in Ireland on an 18-d study tour learning about the horse industry, history, and culture. Pre- and post-travel mean scores (n = 23) for DO and PO were analyzed using a paired sample t-test in IBM SPSS software. One student did not complete all assignments as was removed. A (P < 0.01) correlation was reported between pre- and post-travel means for DO and PO. The pre-travel students' assessment DO's ranged from D (4.2%) to Ac (4.2%), with 58.3% in M and 33.3% in P. The group mean for the pre-travel IDIR was 89.42, which indicated M. Post-travel student assessment DO's ranged from D(4.3%) to Ac (4.3%), with M being the most prevalent (65.2%). The group mean (90.79 ± 14.16) remained in M. Seven individual students moved up the scale 1 step toward Ac, 5 students moved down the scale one step toward P, and 11 students did not change remaining in M. Qualitative analysis revealed cultural challenges like understanding the Irish accent and traffic norms. Students reported participation in this program increased their knowledge of Irish culture and history, their interest in learning about other cultures and broadened their understanding of employment opportunities in the horse industry.

Erratum: Usable and precise asymptotics for generalized linear mixed model analysis and design

Erratum: Usable and precise asymptotics for generalized linear mixed model analysis and design

Exploring open consonantal environments for at-home testing of vowel perception in advanced L2 speakers

Abstract Recent work has called for increased investigation into methods used to explore second language (L2) speech perception (Flege 2021). The present study attends to this call, examining a common practice for developing listening prompts in the context of at-home administrations. Vowel perception studies have historically used fixed consonantal frames to determine how well participants can discriminate between target L2 vowels, and the present study compares the effects of employing a fixed consonant-vowel-consonant frame (h-vowel-d) with open (phonologically diverse) consonantal environments using real and nonce words. Thirty-eight Mandarin (n = 31) and English (n = 8) first language speakers participated in a listening experiment and a post-experiment question. Data were framed within Best and Tyler’s (2007) Perceptual Assimilation Model-L2. Internal consistency and proportion correct were calculated and a generalised linear mixed model design was used to investigate how well performance with h-vowel-d prompts predicts performance with the more diverse prompt types. Results suggest an inflation of scores for the fixed frame prompt and support the use of diverse words for listening prompt designs. Findings have implications for vowel perception researchers as well as computer (and mobile) assisted language learning developers wishing to inform their designs with relevant empirical evidence.

Gender stereotypes and motor performance: How explicit and implicit stereotypes influence girls standing long jump and anxiety

ObjectivesInducing a negative stereotype toward women usually leads to a decrease in women's motor performance. Given that most studies have focused on explicit stereotype induction among adults, the main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of explicit and implicit gender stereotypes on standing long jump performance in children. The second aim was to investigate the effects of these same manipulations on children’s state anxiety. DesignA mixed model design with within-between-subject was used with standing long jump performance and state anxiety as dependent variables. MethodTwo hundred and four children (Mage = 10.95 years, SDage = 0.85) participated in this study and were randomly assigned, after baseline measurement, into four different groups (i.e., explicit/implicit vs. explicit vs. implicit vs. control). Specifically, participants performed 8 trials of standing long jump (4 trials during the baseline phase and 4 trials during the experimental phase). Children also completed the competitive state Anxiety Inventory at baseline as well as immediately after the trials. ResultsFor motor performance, children in the explicit/implicit group and in the implicit group were negatively affected by the stereotype manipulation during all trials whereas participants in the explicit group were only negatively impacted during the last two trials. However, regarding state anxiety, children were negatively affected after both explicit only and implicit only manipulations and more significantly after explicit/implicit manipulation. ConclusionsThe present research showed that the explicit and implicit manipulations influenced motor performance differently, but that these two manipulations increased state anxiety in the same way. Moreover, the combination of the explicit and implicit inductions leads to a greater significant negative influence on state anxiety but not motor performance.

Perpetrator Blame Attribution in Heterosexual Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Gender and Perceived Injury.

Partner violence resulting in physical injury is more often blamed on men than women for perpetrating the same offence, as men are often perceived to be more capable of inflicting injury. The current study used vignettes in a mixed-model design to examine the influence of perpetrator and observer gender, and weapon presence on observer blame. A split-plot analysis of variance produced a significant effect of perpetrator gender and an interaction effect of perpetrator gender and weapon presence. These findings suggest that perpetrator gender may be more important than weapon presence when examining observer perceptions.

The influence of somatic maturity on the relationship between the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio and vascular health in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia.

Both the triglyceride to HDL cholesterol (TG/HDL) ratio and timing of pubertal maturation have been identified as independent contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between the TG/HDL ratio and measures of vascular health in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia stratified by somatic maturity. We hypothesized that somatic maturity would have a significant interaction with TG/HDL ratio and vascular health. This was a longitudinal analysis of 120 children and adolescents (age 8-14 years) with dyslipidemia recruited from a pediatric preventive cardiology clinic. At baseline and each follow-up visit, a non-fasting serum lipid panel was collected and vascular health (carotid artery intima--media thickness, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index) was assessed. Peak height velocity (PHV) was calculated at each visit, and participants were stratified into groups by maturity offset (pre-PHV, mid-PHV, post-PHV). A mixed model design permitted baseline and follow-up visits to be classified as discrete data points. Of the n=235 data points (pre-PHV=23%, mid-PHV=19%, and post-PHV=58%), we identified no significant interaction between TG/HDL ratio, maturity offset, and measures of vascular structure or function. There was also no significant relationship found between TG/HDL and maturity group. Within the mid-pubertal group, there was weak relationship found between TG/HDL and augmentation index. Despite the well-described relationship between early pubertal maturation and development of cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood, we found that vascular damage resulting from an elevated TG/HDL ratio is not independently associated with somatic maturity.

The arcanum of artificial intelligence in enterprise applications: Toward a unified framework

Disagreement and confusion about artificial intelligence (AI) terminology impede researchers, innovators, and practitioners when developing and implementing enterprise applications. The prevailing ambiguities and use of buzzwords are exacerbated by media and vendor marketing hype. This study identifies several ambiguities within and across AI fields and subfields. Combining a systematic review with a sequential mixed-models design, a total of 26,143 publications were reviewed and mapped, making this the largest conceptual study in the AI field. A unified framework is proposed as an Euler diagram to bring about clarity through a "common language" for AI researchers, innovators, and practitioners.

A validation and acceptability study of cognitive testing using switch and eye-gaze control technologies for children with motor and speech impairments: A protocol paper.

Despite the importance of knowing the cognitive capabilities of children with neurodevelopmental conditions, less than one-third of children with cerebral palsy participate in standardized assessments. Globally, approximately 50% of people with cerebral palsy have an intellectual disability and there is significant risk for domain-specific cognitive impairments for the majority of people with cerebral palsy. However, standardized cognitive assessment tools are not accessible to many children with cerebral palsy, as they require manual manipulation of objects, verbal response and/or speeded response. As such, standardised assessment may result in an underestimation of abilities for children with significant motor and/or speech impairment. The overall aim of the project is to examine and compare the psychometric properties of standardised cognitive assessment tools that have been accommodated for use with either a switch device or eye-gaze control technologies, with the specific aims to: (1) Examine the psychometric properties (measurement agreement and validity) of accommodated assessment tools by comparing the performance of typically developing children on six cognitive assessment tools administered via standardised versus accommodated (switch or eye-gaze control) administration; (2) Describe and compare the performance and user experience of children with cerebral palsy on six accommodated cognitive assessments administered via switch or eye-gaze control technologies. Secondary aims are to: (1) Describe the completion rates and time to complete assessments of participants in each group; (2) Within the group with cerebral palsy, examine the effects of condition-specific characteristics (type of cerebral palsy, functional levels, and pain) and demographics (age, socio-demographic) on participation. This protocol paper describes a two-phase validation and acceptability study that utilizes a mixed-model design. This study will collect concurrent data from 80 typically developing children and 40 children with cerebral palsy, who use switch or eye-gaze control technology as alternate access communication methods. The set of instruments will measure receptive vocabulary, fluid reasoning, sustained attention, vision perception, visuospatial working memory and executive functions. Data analyses will be conducted using SPSS v. 25 and R v 4.1.0. SPSS Sample Power 3 was used for power computation and allows for a 10% drop out rate. Quantitative descriptive statistics, measurement agreement data plotting, bivariate and multiple regressions analysis will be conducted using appropriate methods.

Change in cancer-related fatigue over time predicts health-related quality of life in ovarian cancer patients

ObjectiveThere is limited research examining how change in cancer-related fatigue (CRF) over time predicts change in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and no studies have examined this relationship in ovarian cancer patients, specifically. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and trajectory of CRF over time and examine how change in CRF over time predicts change in HRQOL in ovarian cancer patients. MethodsOvarian cancer patients (N = 202) were recruited from Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada. Consenting participants completed measures at baseline (beginning of study) and again three months later. Data were analyzed using a longitudinal multilevel mixed model design. ResultsFour groups of CRF trajectories emerged. Fifty-four percent reported CRF as always present, 16% reported CRF subsided, 21% reported CRF developed, and 9% reported CRF as never present. As CRF developed, functional and physical wellbeing decreased. As CRF subsided, functional, physical, and emotional wellbeing improved. CRF trajectory was not associated with change in social wellbeing over time. ConclusionsOur findings suggest CRF negatively impacts all domains of HRQOL except for social wellbeing in ovarian cancer patients. Among patients who reported that CRF improved over time, all HRQOL domains impacted by CRF showed recovery to normal endorsement rates. Among patients who reported development of CRF, impacted HRQOL domains significantly declined over time. Implications from this research indicate that fatigue management should be prioritized during and after cancer treatment to ensure optimal physical, functional, and emotional wellbeing.