Mixed Marriages Research Articles

What’s behind the Attitudes of the Ethnic Bulgarians in Reproductive Age towards Interethnic Marriages with Members of Bulgaria’s Turkish Community?

This piece of research investigates the determinants of ethnic Bulgarians’ attitudes towards interethnic marriages with members of Bulgaria’s Turkish community. A statistical analysis was conducted to examine the role of socio-demographic factors in shaping these attitudes. It discusses many factors but focuses on the statistically significant educational attainment, settlement type, family status, and net income. Higher levels of education do not necessarily lead to more tolerant attitudes towards interethnic marriages. Settlement type and family status emerge as influential determinants. Income is important in shaping attitudes, with the better-off households exhibiting higher approval rates to interethnic mixed marriages. These and other findings contribute to understanding interethnic attitudes and provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders working towards fostering social cohesion and inclusion.

THE IMPACT OF POSTNUPTIAL AGREEMENT ON HUSBAND AND WIFE'S OWNERSHIP IN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

<p>Husband and wife who do not enter into a marriage agreement cannot establish a limited liability company with just the two of them, because in terms of ownership of assets, their assets constitute as one unit of joint property. Therefore the provision that a limited liability company is a capital association is not fulfilled. They then invite third parties, whether it's their own children or other third parties to become shareholders. Third parties like this are generally only invited to comply with statutory provisions and the number of shares they have in a company is usually also very small. The decision of the Constitutional Court number 69/PUU-XIII/2015 has an impact on many husbands and wives who are not also in mixed marriages to also make the marriage agreement. This study aims to see the impact of the shares owned by husband and wife if they then make a postnuptial agreement, whether the presence of a third party in the company still needed or not considering that between them there has been a separation of assets. The method used in this research is normative juridical. The result of this research is that if the husband and wife enter into a postnuptial agreement, then the participation of third parties is no longer necessary because they are already separate property owners, and shares previously owned by third parties can be transferred to one or both of them.</p>

Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 2580 K/Pdt/2016 on Divorce from Mixed Marriage between Indonesian and French Citizen

This research examines the legal aspects related to divorce in mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA). In the context of marriage, which is a fundamental event in human life, the issue of mixed marriage is becoming increasingly relevant as interactions between countries increase. This research focuses on analyzing the Supreme Court's decision in Decision Number 2580 K/Pdt/2016, which dealt with a divorce between an Indonesian citizen and a foreigner from France. Using normative legal methods, this research explores the legal norms governing divorce in mixed marriages and assesses the consistency of the applicable law in Indonesia. The findings show that there are legal complexities at hand, especially regarding jurisdiction and children's rights, where the Supreme Court's decision has the potential to influence the handling of similar cases in the future. This research is expected to provide insight into the challenges of the Indonesian judicial system in dealing with international divorces as well as the legal implications resulting from the decision.

Silent shadows in the rebirth of Czech nation: Unveiling the role of rape and sexual violence in the ethnic cleansing of post‐WWII Czech lands

AbstractThe article explores the harrowing use of sexual violence as a tool in the ethnic cleansing of Germans in post‐World War II Czechoslovakia. By examining the grim realities of internment camps, prisons, and border regions, it reveals a disturbing pattern of abuse aimed primarily at German women by Czech men. This violence was not isolated but integral to the broader project of national cleansing, laying bare the patriarchal foundations of Czechoslovak society. State policies, including the differential treatment of mixed marriages, reinforced a male‐dominated ethos. By stripping Germans of their citizenship and legal protections, Czech authorities fostered a climate of impunity, allowing a wave of sexual violence to persist through the ‘German transfers’. The article sheds light on this dark chapter, exposing how rape was used to reaffirm Czech men's dominance in the nation's postwar rebirth.

The Military Function of the Pastoral Colonization. In Search of the Byzantine Institutional Patterns in a Venetian Administrative Environment

The main research question of this study is the imitation of a Byzantine institutional model by the Venetians, that of the stratiotes. The research area concerns the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea and the Venetian possessions in the Greek peninsula. During the 14th–15th century, the lack of cultivators and defense needs forced the Venetians to settle Albanian and Vlach nomads in exposed coastal areas and near fortified locations; the Byzantines have used both legislation and settlement practices while coping corresponding problems. In reference to relevant Byzantine sources, the Venetian documents help us determine the nature of the relationship of the military units camped in rural areas with their pastoral inhabitants and/or newcomers and moreover, whether we could argue for a Byzantine model or a Byzantine background while forming this relationship. We comment on the typology of choices available to the Venetians, and their attempt to convert the local peasants into a cavalry militia through legislation ‒ such as the replacement of a domestic tax or tax exemptions ‒ or integration practices, such as land concession, land reparcelling, concession of hereditary rights and mixed marriages’ license.

Kajian Hukum Penyelesaian Kasus Stateless di Indonesia (Studi Kasus di Kemenkumham Yogyakarta)

Legal Study of Settlement of Stateless Cases in Indonesia (Case Study at the Yogyakarta Ministry of Law and Human Rights). Thesis. Yogyakarta. Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. PGRI University Yogyakarta. 2024. This research aims to find out about the legal study of resolving stateless cases in the Yogyakarta Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Data collection uses interviews, documentation, and observation techniques. The data analysis used is descriptive data analysis, which is data that is organized and interpreted so that the data can provide answers to problems that are the background to the problems in writing this thesis, and conclusions can be drawn. From the results of research on the resolution of stateless cases, it was found that children born to parents of different nationalities over the age of 18 (eighteen) years or already married and a maximum of 21 (twenty-one) years must have clear citizenship status by making an application by the provisions of the Law. Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship and Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation Number 2 of 2007 concerning Procedures for Obtaining, Losing, Cancelling, and Regaining Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia was passed on May 31, 2022, and this regulation is only valid until 31 May 2024. Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022 is a form of legal protection and certainty for children resulting from mixed marriages

Ethnic Relations between Lithuanians and Poles in the Eastern and South-Eastern Part of Lithuania 1960–1985

The article explores the manifestation of the Soviet national policy in the eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania during the Khrushchev Thaw period and the Brezhnev Era of stagnation by focusing on the ethnic relations between Lithuanian and Poles who, in terms of numbers, dominated in the region. The situation in the eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania (multi-ethnic population, geographical location, historical heritage, etc.) was very favourable for the implementation of the Soviet national policy. Based on the slogans of “friendship between nations” and “internationalism”, the concept of the convergence of the nations was realised. It manifested in closer relations between various ethnic groups, soviet republics and their population. As far as eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania was concerned, relationships were promoted with neighbouring republics, firstly with Belarus, rather than with other regions of the Republic of Lithuania. Such policy led to the formation of a specific situation in Vilnius region. A certain part of the inhabitants of the region more often identified themselves with the Belarusian population and had a poor understanding of the life of other regions in Lithuania. This determined segregation between the Lithuanian and Polish communities, and alienation of the Poles. The Soviet authorities controlled ethnic relations between Lithuanians and Poles; any potential ethnic tension was immediately repressed and hardly ever surfaced. Ethnic disagreements between Lithuanians and Poles (due to different interpretation of historical past, etc.) were frozen for several decades and broke out only at time of the decline of the Soviet period. The position of the Polish population in the region was fuelled by attention and support from the Polish authorities and society. However, only relationships sanctioned by the Soviet authorities were allowed. Therefore any nationalist ideas from Poland were immediately stifled. Seeking faster indoctrination of the population, the Soviet authorities used the Polish language factor in the eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania. The Polish population in this region was provided an opportunity to develop education and culture in their mother tongue, yet this was controlled and Sovietised. The support for nurturing the Polish ethnic identity by the Soviets formed a stereotype among Lithuanians that Poles were protected and the eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania was deliberately Polonised. In the 1970s, when attempts to consolidate the society in the USSR were made on the basis of the Russian language and culture, assimilation efforts (Russification) strengthened in Lithuania. This process particularly affected the position of the Poles in the eastern and south-eastern part of Lithuania (Polish schools became Russian schools, the number of mixed marriages increased, the Russian language was increasingly used for communication, etc.). Such policies led to the assimilation of certain part of the Polish population in the region.

Miscegenation Madness

Abstract In this article, I examine how the fear of miscegenation developed as a raison d’être for the construction and maintenance of apartheid. I argue that despite its efficacy at reproducing racial-caste formations, miscegenation taboo ultimately undermined its own hegemonic mythology by constructing contradictory erotic desires and subjectivities which could neither be governed nor contained. I consider how miscegenation fears and fantasies were debated in public discourse, enacted into law, institutionalized through draconian policing and punishment practices, culturally entrenched, yet negotiated and resisted through everyday intimacies. While crime statistics show that most incidences of interracial sex involved White men and women of color, the perceived threat to “White purity” was generally represented through images of White women—volks-mothers and daughters—in the Afrikaner nationalist iconography. White women’s wombs symbolized the future of “Whiteness.” This article offers a critique of the prevailing South African “exceptionalism” paradigm in apartheid studies. Detailed analyses of government commission reports (1939, 1984, 1985) and parliamentary debate records (1949) reveal considerable American influence on South Africa’s “petty apartheid” laws, and especially the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and Immorality Amendment Act (1950). While these “cornerstone” policies of apartheid developed from local socio-political conflicts and economic tensions, they were always entangled in global racial formations, rooted in trans-oceanic histories of slavery, dispossession, and segregation. This historical anthropological study of race/sex taboo builds on interdisciplinary literatures in colonial history, sociology, postcolonial studies, literary theory, art history, cultural studies, feminist theory, queer studies, and critical race theory.

MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN TENTANG ASPEK HUKUM PERKAWINAN CAMPURAN BEDA KEWARGANEGARAAN: BERDASARKAN HUKUM INDONESIA DAN JEPANG

Mixed marriages between spouses of different nationalities present a number of legal issues. As mixed marriages involve two different legal systems, it is important to understand which system applies. This understanding is important for the diaspora of Indonesians in Japan, given that the number of Indonesian citizens in Japan continues to increase, according to data from the Japanese Ministry of Home Affairs and Communications. This situation increases the potential for mixed marriages between Indonesian and Japanese citizens. This community service activity aims to provide legal insight on how to determine the applicable law and the conditions for mixed marriages. The method employed in this legal counselling is descriptive. Answers to questions asked are based on legislation and principles of private international law. Legal counselling on the legal aspects of mixed marriages for the Indonesian diaspora community in Japan can be said to be effective and appropriate. The participants indicated that there had been no previous legal counselling on the subject of mixed marriages, particularly in the context of comparing Indonesian and Japanese laws. They expressed hope that further legal counselling activities could be conducted via Zoom facilities on other legal issues.

Legal Protection of Land Rights in Mixed Marriages Ending in Divorce

General Background: Mixed marriages in Indonesia face legal complexities, especially regarding property division upon divorce due to differing national laws. Specific Background: Conflicts between the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) complicate land ownership rights in these marriages. Knowledge Gap: Few studies address the protection of Indonesian citizens’ land ownership rights in mixed marriages ending in divorce. Aims: This study analyzes the legal protection of these rights and identifies existing obstacles. Results: Key challenges include legal jurisdiction complexities and a lack of prenuptial agreements, leading to legal uncertainties. Novelty: This research focuses on the interplay between national land ownership laws and international marital dissolution. Implications: The study suggests the necessity for stronger prenuptial agreements and reforms to better protect land ownership rights post-divorce, enhancing legal certainty and fairness. Highlights: Legal Conflicts: Highlights how discrepancies between the UUPA and KUHPerdata complicate land ownership rights. Prenuptial Agreements: Emphasizes the critical need for robust prenuptial agreements in mixed marriages. Legal Reform: Calls for reforms to improve legal protections for land ownership rights post-divorce. Keywords: Mixed Marriage, Land Ownership, Divorce, Legal Protection

"It is endless … It is definitely challenging … But we experience growth out of it": negotiation patterns of Jewish Israeli women living in mixed families

ABSTRACT Mixed marriages challenge ethnic, racial and religious belonging. However, over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of mixed marriages in the Western world, as well as in Israel. The present study focuses on women living in mixed families in Israel – Jewish women who are married to Muslim Arab-Palestinian men. The study examines the negotiation patterns that these women use in order to shape their identities as women, partners and mothers during their daily family life. To examine how these women negotiate their multiple intersectional identity, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 Jewish women married or previously married to Muslim Arab-Palestinian men, and who raised children with them. Using a multilayered theoretical perspective, we analyze how these women negotiate with themselves and others in their circles of belonging regarding issues related to couplehood and child rearing. The negotiations conducted by these women take place on two levels (the personal level and the level of external-social relations), where different women are placed on the range between a Jewish-national identity, a hybrid identity, and a Muslim-Arab-Palestinian identity, depending on their intersectional locations and resources, including education, employment and place of residence. The intersectional locations of the women may leverage or limit their negotiation. The identification of these multilayered negotiation patterns contributes to the literature regarding the daily experience of women living in mixed families, particularly in deeply divided societies.

The Bidayuh Cultural Identity “Issues” of the Progeny of Mixed Marriages

The Bidayuh Cultural Identity “Issues” of the Progeny of Mixed Marriages

Многоязычие добровольное, естественное или принудительное

The article describes different types of multilingualism of Poles in Chisinau. The author comes to the conclusion that the voluntary multilingualism among the Poles in Chisinau was caused by several factors, first of all, it was inspired by the language policy implemented in school education, in administration. Polyakov Chisinau also characterizes the natural multilingualism that arose as a result of mixed marriages. Among the Poles of Chisinau, we also encounter a kind of imposed multilingualism, when the authorities introduced the Moldovan language into schools, state-administrative institutions, but the Russian language was also imposed, as mentioned by the respondents. As a result, a language conflict arose not only in Chisinau, but also in the Republic of Moldova as a whole. The language conflict is thus a consequence of political conflicts in the state.

Mixedness in conflict: The impact of Yugoslav wars on intermarriages in the Western Balkans

AbstractThis paper examines the phenomenon of intermarriages in the Western Balkans, shedding light on their intricate relationship with the region's tumultuous history, ethnic diversity, and socio‐political dynamics. Through a comprehensive exploration of interethnic unions across different areas, the study delves into how these marriages have historically served as symbols of coexistence and integration, particularly during the mid‐20th century, when they were encouraged by the newly‐formed states to unite the different nations living in them. However, the rise of ethno‐nationalism and the Yugoslav Wars significantly impacted these marital patterns, underscoring the complex interplay between politics, culture, and traditional norms. The paper highlights the decline in mixed marriages post‐war, persistent ethnic tensions, and varying dynamics in different locales, suggesting that comprehensive approaches are needed for sustainable peace and unity in the Western Balkans. Through this lens, intermarriages emerge not just as personal unions but as potent symbols and potential catalysts for broader societal transformations, albeit within a context of considerable challenges and the need for nuanced, multifaceted approaches to fostering lasting interethnic harmony.

Legal Certainty for the Execution of Arbitration Decisions on Marriage Agreement Disputes for Foreign Citizens In Indonesia

With this type of normative juridical research and using a statutory approach and a case approach by studying and analyzing all legal aspects, this research examines the legal certainty of the execution of Alaska state arbitration decisions regarding marriage agreements between foreign citizens who have assets in Indonesia. Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution that is in great demand by many parties. However, in Indonesia itself the execution of international arbitration awards only revolves around trade disputes. On this basis, the international arbitration award regarding the marriage agreement dispute cannot be executed in Indonesia. Indonesia needs to make improvements to expand its authority so that international disputes do not only revolve around trade disputes, but also family disputes with the possibility of mixed marriages which then give rise to disputes such as property or custody as a result of mixed marriage divorce.

Mixed Marriages in Indonesia and Citizenship Issues: a Call for Dual Citizenship Reform For Children From Mixed Marriages

Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage Article 57 defines mixed marriages as marriage between two persons who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is a foreign national and one of the parties is an Indonesian national. While mixed marriages have occurred widely in Indonesia involving two people of different origins, religious beliefs, or ethics, the issue of citizenship arises when married couples involve two people of different nationalities. Some countries in the world allow instant citizenship by marriage. The State Republic of Indonesia acknowledges single citizenship under Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship. The main idea of this journal is to highlight the issues of citizenship of offspring from mixed marriages. While children of mixed marriages may have dual citizenship until the age of 18, what are the implications for their citizenship in the future? In the context of the state, how does the government see this as the nation’s future generation?

The Beginnings of the Secularisation of Marriage in Poland

The incorporation, under the Treaty of Tilsit of 1807, of part of the Polish lands of the Prussian partition into the Grand Empire of Napoleon as the Duchy of Warsaw, opened the way to the implementation of the post-revolutionary provisions of marriage law of the Napoleonic Code in Poland. In 1810, this code was introduced in the lands of the Austrian partition annexed to the Duchy of Warsaw, with its centre in Cracow. The French secular model of marriage, although contradictory to the centuries-old Polish legal culture and the Catholic religion professed by the vast majority of the city’s inhabitants, was nevertheless accepted by the political and legal elites of the time. Not only did it survive the fall of Napoleon, but under the autonomy of the Free City of Cracow it was maintained in 1818 and functioned until 1852, i.e. until the Austrians restored their mixed marriage model regulated by the Abgb.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CUSTODY RIGHTS FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP CHILDREN AFTER THE DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE

The purpose of this research is first to determine the legal consequences of the breakup of mixed marriage on the custody of dual citizenship children and second, to understand the judge's considerations in handing down a decision as legal protection of child custody after the breakup of mixed marriage normative legal research methods. In the era of growing globalization, population mobility between countries has become increasingly common. This often causes mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreigners to occur. Obstacles for people carrying out marriages of different nationalities, both within and outside the country, are regarding legal protection for children if in a marriage in Indonesia, for example, there is a divorce which has an impact on the division of assets, child custody, and so on. The most prominent impact of this kind of marriage is the birth of children with dual citizenship or dual citizenship. These children are citizens of more than one country at birth, and this presents unique challenges regarding their custody when parents divorce. An issue that is vulnerable and often arises in mixed marriages is the issue of the child's citizenship. Even though there are several legal regulations governing child custody, disputes over child custody often become disputes in court that require fair handling by judges. In this research, the judge decided that custody of a dual-citizen child would be given to the biological mother by applying the principle of the best interests of the child.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ДИВНОГОРСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ОКРУГА В 1970–1989 гг.

The paper examines the dynamics of changes in the ethnic composition of the population of two settlements of the Divnogorsk urban District: Divnogorsk itself and the workers' village of Ovsyanka in the period from 1970 to 1989 based on census materials of the corresponding years. Divnogorsk and the Divnogorsk urban District appeared in the Krasnoyarsk Region in 1963. Their emergence was associated with the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station. Its construction was truly of an all-Union nature. The construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, like Divnogorsk, was called an all-Union project, so it was assumed that specialists from all over the country took part in it. But, despite this, according to the 1970 census, the majority of the population, both in the city of Divnogorsk and in the working-class village of Ovsyanka, considered themselves Russians, followed in number by Ukrainians, Belarusians and Germans. Over the next 26 years, the structure of the local population has undergone virtually no changes. The most noticeable dynamics was the increase in the proportion of Russians in relation to all other ethnic groups, which was a consequence of the development of mixed marriages, the children of which most often identified themselves as Russians, who were perceived in the eyes of society as the titular Soviet nation. Moreover, according to the 1989 census, the proportion of the Russian population in Divnogorsk was even higher than the average for the Krasnoyarsk Region, which destroys the idea of an all-Union construction project.

Which Side Are You On? Integration of Two Conflicting Ethnic Identities in Children from Serbo-Croatian Mixed Marriages

Children from Serbian-Croatian mixed marriages face challenges reconciling two potentially conflicting ethnic identities due to implicit and explicit tensions between these two ethnic communities. This article explores the process of reconciling these ethnic identities, focusing on the respondents' narratives about growing up in a Serbian-Croatian mixed marriage. Our sample consisted of 5 male and 3 female respondents born during the 90s, which were marked by brutal conflicts between Serbia and Croatia. The results show that the participants went through the process of forming a coherent ethnic identity, which was marked by distancing from the dominant Serbian influence, and the majority of them opted for a specific identity position: cosmopolitan, Yugoslav, Serbo-Croatian, and a more integral form of the dominant Serbian identity.