Mixed Ethnic Group Research Articles

Risk of psychosis in Yorkshire African, Caribbean and Mixed Ethnic communities

Background: An elevated risk of psychosis in migrant and ethnic minority groups has been frequently reported. Previous UK studies have found an elevated risk in African-Caribbean, African and Mixed Ethnic groups, but risks for these groups in West Yorkshire are not known.<br/> Aim: To carry out a naturalistic study of the relative risk of psychosis in Yorkshire African, African-Caribbean and Mixed Ethnic groups as compared with the British White population.<br/> Method: We used data from Early Intervention for Psychosis services on 15–35 year-olds diagnosed with first episode psychosis (ICD-10, F20-29) in 2013–2015 and local census data to calculate risks.<br/>Results: Risk ratios (RR) are significantly increased in African (RR 3.23: 95% CI, 2.46, 4.25), African Caribbean (RR 3.15: 95% CI, 2.04, 4.85) and Mixed Ethnic group (RR 2.27: 95% CI, 1.77, 2.91).<br/>Conclusion: Risks are elevated but not as much as elsewhere in England. The reasons for this difference require further investigation.

Ethnic Differences in Antipsychotic treatment responses in Early Intervention in Psychosis

Background
 Ethnic variations in pathways to early intervention in psychosis (EIP) have been studied. However, it is important to explore the ethnic variations in response to pharmacological treatment in EIP.
 Aims
 To look at ethnic variation in response to antipsychotics.
 Method
 Electronic patient records in December 2018 were perused for:
 
 Sociodemographic details including ethnicity
 Prescribed antipsychotic and dosage to which the patient had responded
 
 Results
 White, Black and Asian ethnic groups responded mostly to Olanzapine. The largest proportion of the mixed ethnic group responded to Aripiprazole. The White and Asian groups showed the best responses to Lurasidone at 74 mg. There was a slight response in the mixed and other ethnic groups only at the higher dose of 111 mg. The medication has not been used with any benefit in the Black ethnic group.
 Conclusion
 The complex differences highlighted amongst ethnic responses to treatment make a case for multi-centric studies to further explore ethnic differences in early intervention treatments. This will help streamline offered treatments to maximise response in EIP.

Epidemiologic trends of infants with orofacial clefts in a multiethnic country: a retrospective population-based study

Cleft births surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Data are needed in precision medicine to target upstream management for at-risk individuals. This study characterizes Singapore’s population-based orofacial cleft topography by ethnicity and gender, and establishes the cleft cohort’s infant mortality rate. Data, in the decade 2003 to 2012, were extracted by the National Birth Defects Registry. Trend testing by linear regression was at p < 0.05 significance level. Prevalence per 10,000 for population-based cleft live births was 16.72 with no significant upward trend (p = 0.317). Prevalence rates were 8.77 in the isolated cleft group, 7.04 in the non-isolated cleft group, and 0.91 in the syndromic cleft group. There was significant upward trend in infants with non-isolated clefts (p = 0.0287). There were no significant upward trends in infants with isolated clefts and syndromic clefts. Prevalence rates were sexually dimorphic and ethnic-specific: male 17.72; female 15.78; Chinese group 17.17; Malay group 16.92; Indian group 10.74; and mixed ethnic origins group 21.73. The overall infant mortality rate (IMR) was 4.8% in the cohort of 608 cleft births, which was more than double the population-based IMR of 2.1% in the same period. Infants with non-isolated and syndromic clefts accounted for 96.6% of the deaths.

Sonographic Quantification of Ovarian Volume in Adults Attending General Health Checkup and General Out Patient Department in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital

Background Ultrasonography is the easily available, cheap and reliable method for evaluation of ovaries. Ovarian volume is the major factor in the diagnosis of various ovarian pathologies and confusing discrepancies are found in the literature. Objective To determine the ovarian volume among individuals attending outpatient department in tertiary level hospital. Method Descriptive cross sectional study design was used; 305 patients of 16-60 years attending general outpatient department in the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal were included. Ovarian volume was calculated by using transabdominal ultrasonography. Data was collected in the predesigned proforma and analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences software. Result The study showed mean total ovarian volume 5.95 ± 2.44 cc (centimeter cube) with mean right ovarian volume 5.94 ± 2.70 cc and mean left ovarian volume 6.05 ± 2.79 cc. Significant decrease in ovarian volume with age was observed. Height and weight did not show significant correlation with ovarian volumes and no significant variation seen in the volumes of right and left ovaries. Periovulatory ovaries show significantly higher volumes on right side than luteal phase. Similarly, significantly higher volume of left ovary seen in mixed ethnic group than mongoloid group. Conclusion Measurement of ovarian volume is important for evaluation and management of ovarian disorders. Ultrasonography which is readily available, simple and cost effective is better suited for our environment than other imaging modality. Values of ovarian volume from this study may provide a baseline of normal ovarian volume in our community.

Clinicopathological characteristics of gene-positive breast cancer in the United Arab Emirates

IntroductionBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This is the first study to provide data on predisposition of breast cancer susceptibility genes with associated clinical and pathological aspects in the UAE. Material & methodsA retrospective chart review for breast cancer patients undergoing genetic testing from 2016 to 2018. According to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines genetic testing was offered. The analyzed data included; age, ethnicity, family cancer history, pathogenic variant, histopathology, stage, molecular subtype and proliferation. Results309 patients underwent genetic testing with a positive result in 130 patients (11.9%) over a period of 36 months. In 34.6% pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified. BRCA2 was the most common gene identified. The mean age was 42.9 years (±9.01). Positive family history was identified in 66 patients (50.7%). Majority had stage 1 or 2 disease (66.2%), invasive ductal carcinoma (81.5%) and hormone receptor positive cancer (45.3%). ConclusionsThis is the first study in the UAE to describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of hereditary breast cancer in a mixed ethnic group with dominant Arabic population. Further genetic studies will be required in the UAE population, as the prevalence of breast cancer continues to rise.

Особенности идентичности женщин в кризисные и межкризисные возрастные периоды

Introduction. This paper examines the characteristics of identities in women of various ages and ethnic groups in crisis and inter-crisis age periods. The novelty of the research lies in studying the identities of women of Russian, Buryat, and mixed ethnic groups in crisis periods regardless of their age.&#x0D; Methods. The study used the following techniques: (a) the Twenty Statements Test developed by M. Kuhn and T. MacPartland, (b) the Life Line technique developed by A. Kronik, and (c) the SEI test by developed E. L. Soldatova.&#x0D; Results. Regardless of the periodization of crisis and inter-crisis periods in adulthood, the level of achieved identity is higher in the crisis periods. Meanwhile, the level of diffused identity is higher in the inter-crisis periods. Differences in identity statuses are mainly inherent to women of Russian ethnic group. The SEI test results showed no significant differences in women identifying themselves with Buryat ethnic group or those of the mixed ethnic group. Certain age periods are characterized by greatest differences in identity statuses. Differences in the achieved identity statuses refer to the period between the 35th and 46th year of age. Women older than 46 years of age demonstrate differences in the diffused identity statuses. During inter-crisis periods, women represent a great number of events that may happen to them in the future, as well as in the period of life that they subjectively refer to the future. During crisis periods, women with the status of achieved identity are characterized by a more detailed representation of their future. During crisis periods, women of Russian ethnic group plan their future in terms of their unique identities. Women of Buryat ethnic group plan their future being guided by social roles attributed to them.&#x0D; Discussion. The empirical results obtained in this study are compared to those from previous studies in this field. The differences in the results are analyzed in terms of differences in the study samples, cultural aspects, and approaches to studying identity development.

Relation between the facial contour form, the dental arches and the upper central incisors shape in dental students from Universidad del Valle - Cali

SUMMARYObjective: To determine the relationship ifany between the facial contour, the form ofthe dental arches and the morphology of theupper central incisors in dental students ofthe University del Valle.Methods: This is an observational descriptivestudy that determined the relationbetween the facial contour, the dentalarches and the upper central incisorsshapes through digital photographs in 48dental students (24 women and 24 men) atUniversity del Valle belonging to a mixedethnic group predominantly Caucasoid. Thecoefficient of contingency was used to establishthe possible association between theforms of the face, the dental arches and thecentral incisors. A p&lt;0.05 was consideredstatistically significant.Results: The oval form was the mostfrequent facial contour (50%), includingthe upper (77,1%) and lower dental arch(85,4%) and the upper right central incisor(41,7%) were also prevalent. By gender,the facial contour presented significantdifferences, given that in women was moreprevalent the round shape (29,2%) while inmen it was the square form (37,5%); neverthelessthe oval form was present in themajority of cases in both male and female.Conclusions: The oval form was the mostfrequent facial contour, dental arches andthe upper central incisors form. It wasnot possible to determine the form of thepermanent upper central incisors usingthe facial contour type or the form of thedental arches.Keywords: Forensic dentistry, dental identification,facial contour, dental arch, uppercentral incisors shape.

Influence of ethnicity on plantar loading of the paediatric foot: an exploratory analysis

Background: Variance in the morphological characteristics and frequency of pathology in the paediatric foot are thought to exist between ethnic groups. Differences in characteristics have primarily been studied from a footwear perspective with limited research describing the effects of ethnicity on dynamic foot loading. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ethnicity on loading characteristics of the paediatric foot. Methods: Dynamic plantar pressures were measured in 93 children aged 7-11 years (mean age 9.4 +1.6 years) using the MatScan® 3150 pressure platform. Participants were recruited from local schools in East London and stratified into four ethnic groups (white, mixed, black and asian). Mean peak plantar pressure at six different segments across the plantar foot was calculated from three walking trials using the midgait protocol. Multiple linear regression was used to test for ethnic effects, whilst controlling for gender and body mass. Results: Significant differences for mean pressure at the lateral heel (p = ˂ 0.05) and the medial heel (p = ˂ 0.05) were identified. These were principally driven by differences between the mixed ethnic group for loading at the medial heel (p = ˂ 0.05), which showed significantly lower mean peak pressure than the white ethnic group. Significantly lower peak pressures were also identified at the lateral heel for both the mixed (p = ˂ 0.05) and black (p = ˂ 0.05) ethnic groups. Conclusion: Significant differences in peak plantar pressure across the heel were identified in an ethnically diverse sample of children aged 7-11 years from East London. These findings suggest that differences in foot loading characteristics exist between the groups and may be explained by variances in foot position during gait. It is anticipated that this research will increase understanding of typical foot development in different ethnic groups.

Identifying Possible False Matches in Anonymized Hospital Administrative Data without Patient Identifiers.

To identify data linkage errors in the form of possible false matches, where two patients appear to share the same unique identification number. Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in England, United Kingdom. Data on births and re-admissions for infants (April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012; age 0-1 year) and adolescents (April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2011; age 10-19 years). Hospital records pseudo-anonymized using an algorithm designed to link multiple records belonging to the same person. Six implausible clinical scenarios were considered possible false matches: multiple births sharing HESID, re-admission after death, two birth episodes sharing HESID, simultaneous admission at different hospitals, infant episodes coded as deliveries, and adolescent episodes coded as births. Among 507,778 infants, possible false matches were relatively rare (n = 433, 0.1 percent). The most common scenario (simultaneous admission at two hospitals, n = 324) was more likely for infants with missing data, those born preterm, and for Asian infants. Among adolescents, this scenario (n = 320) was more common for males, younger patients, the Mixed ethnic group, and those re-admitted more frequently. Researchers can identify clinically implausible scenarios and patients affected, at the data cleaning stage, to mitigate the impact of possible linkage errors.

Ethnic disparity in body mass index among 5 to 8 year old children in Hawaii

The purpose of this study is to examine disparity in overweight and obesity among children of Asian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups in Hawaii, including the Native Hawaiian‐Asian mixed ethnic group, as compared to White populations in the same Hawaii environment. The study utilizes a cross‐sectional study design and electronic medical record data from Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPHI). The sample includes 4608 children, 5 to 8 years old, with a parent who is a member of KPHI health plan. Overall prevalence of overweight plus obesity was 30% (13% overweight, 17% obese). In a mixed regression model, age (positive), female sex (negative), education level of the residential neighborhood (negative) and ethnic group were significantly associated with child body mass index, BMI (kg/m2). Mean BMI (adjusted for all covariates mentioned above) was higher among Pacific Islanders (18.0 + 0.13 kg/m2), Hawaiians (17.3 + 0.14 kg/m2), and Hawaiian‐Asian mixed ethnicity (17.0 + 0.10 kg/m2) as compared to Asian (16.3 + 0.12 g/m2) or White (16.2 + 0.10 kg/m2) (p = 0.0001). USDA/NIFA Award 2008‐55215‐18821

Ethnic Disparities in Antipsychotic Drug Use in British Columbia: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Ethnic Disparities in Antipsychotic Drug Use in British Columbia: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Comment on: Zhang et al. A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1665–1673

The recent systematic review by Zhang et al. (1) prompted us to examine A1C and risk factor data that were collected in Canada last year as part of a series of CANRISK diabetes screening projects (2). These data include both self-reported risk factors required to calculate the FINDRISC diabetes risk score (2) as well as A1C and standard glucose tests (fasting plasma glucose and 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]). The resulting convenience sample of 1,057 adults (aged 29–75 years) was obtained from a mixed ethnic group from Vancouver, West Toronto, and rural New Brunswick …

Bone Mineral Accrual Across Growth in a Mixed-Ethnic Group of Children: Are Asian Children Disadvantaged from an Early Age?

We investigated the contribution of ethnicity, physical activity, body composition, and calcium intake to bone accrual across 7 years of growth. We assessed 80 Caucasian and 74 Asian boys and 81 Caucasian and 64 Asian girls at baseline and retained 155 children across all 7 years. Ethnicity, physical activity, and calcium intake were assessed by questionnaire; fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS), total proximal femur (PF(TOT)), and femoral neck (FN) were measured using DXA (Hologic QDR 4500). We aligned children on peak height velocity and utilized multilevel modeling to assess bone mineral accrual. Height and lean mass accounted for 51.8% and 44.1% of BMC accrual in children. There was a significant difference in physical activity, calcium intake, and lean mass between Asians and Caucasian boys and girls at baseline and conclusion (p < 0.05). In boys, physical activity and ethnicity significantly predicted BMC accrual at the FN. In girls, Asians had significantly lower PF(TOT) and FN BMC. Calcium was a significant predictor of WB BMC accrual in boys and girls. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for ethnicity in pediatric studies. Physical activity, dietary calcium, and lean mass positively influence bone accrual and are lower in Asian compared to Caucasian children from a very young age.

Correlation of Histological Severity between Genotype 3 and Others in HCV Chronic Hepatitis

Purpose: Genome heterogeneity may be related to the wide variability of clinical and pathological features in hepatitis C virus (HCV) related chronic liver disease. The aim of this study is to see the significance of hepatitis C genotypes in relation to the severity of liver disease and to determine if the histological activity index (HAI) and fibrosis are more severe in genotype 3 than others. Methods: Fifty-one consecutive liver biopsies of naïve patients with hepatitis C were evaluated. Serologic HCV-RNA was verified by RT-PCR and genotyping by direct sequencing. Grading of necroinflammatory and staging of fibrosis were hisologically assessed by Metavir scoring system. The disease activity was graded as minimal (A1), moderate (A2) and severe (A3). The extent of fibrosis was marked as absent (F0), mild (F1), moderate (F2) and severe (F3). Results were analyzed using t-test. Results: 28/51 (51%) were genotype 3 almost all from South Asia and 23/51 (45%) were non-genotype 3 from a mixed ethnic group mostly native born Americans. There were 23/51 (45%) males and 28/51 (55%) females. The mean age of the patients were 45.1 (age range of 26–65). There were 14/28 (50%) males and 14/28 (50%) females in genotype 3 with a mean age of 41. There were 9/23 (39%) males and 14/23 (61%) females in non-genotype 3 with a mean age of 49.2. The mean activity score was 1.178 in genotype 3 and 1.434 in non-genotype 3 (p 0.085). The mean fibrosis score was 1.964 in genotype 3 and 2.000 in non-genotype 3 with a (p 0.46) Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference between histological activity and fibrosis between genotype 3 and others. Genotype 3 is histologically similar to other genotypes in severity. Genotype is not useful in predicting the severity of hepatitis C related liver disease.

Low prevalence of autoimmune diabetes markers in a mixed ethnic population of Singaporean diabetics

Circulating antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) and tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule IA-2 (IA-2ab) are major indicators for auto-immune destruction of pancreatic islet cells. They identify a majority of Caucasians with type 1 diabetes and approximately 50% of Asians, providing evidence of an idiopathic aetiology in the latter. The present study investigated these autoantibodies in a mixed ethnic group. Hospital clinic patients with clinically defined type 1 (n = 93) and type 2 (n = 300) diabetes and representing Singapore's major ethnic groups--Chinese, Indians and Malays--were studied. GADab and IA-2ab frequencies, and association of autoimmunity status with clinical and biochemical profiles were analysed. Radio-immunoprecipitation assays detected either or both antibodies (seropositivity) in 41.9% of subjects with type 1 diabetes. GADab was detected in 36.6% and IA-2ab in 23.7% of type 1 diabetics. Prevalence of IA-2ab showed a reduction in frequency with disease duration (P = 0.026). In clinical type 2 diabetics, seropositivity was 10.0% with higher frequency in Malays (17.5%) than Chinese (9.7%) and Indians (4.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that low fasting C-peptide was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04-0.58). A significant relationship (OR = 13.5; 95% CI = 5.0-36.7) between insulin requirement and duration (>5 years) was also revealed. In patients with type 2 diabetes there was a trend of gradual progression to insulin dependency. However, there was considerable variation in body mass index between ethnic subgroups of type 2 diabetics, particularly for Chinese (mean (SD) = 26.0 (4.7)) and Malays (mean (SD) = 29.2 (5.9); P < 0.001). Presence of both antibodies in our mixed ethnic group of type 1 diabetes patients was much lower than in Caucasians. Significant numbers of patients were seronegative for antibodies. Influences due to ethnicity and adiposity would require further investigations.

CAN CHILDHOOD SPORT PREVENT ADULT OSTEOPOROSIS? - LESSONS FROM SPORT &amp; INTERVENTION STUDIES

2100 The symposium permits active pediatric bone researchers to present the most current results from longitudinal physical activity studies. Dr Vuori's introduction will emphasis the importance of peak bone mass as a determinant of adult bone mineral density, and thus, risk of osteoporotic fracture. Dr Bailey will summarise outcomes of the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study, a 7-yr longitudinal study of normal children that identified the tempo & timing of peak bone mineral content velocity and examined the association between physical activity & bone mineral accrual in normally active children. Dr Haapasalo, from the Bone Research Group at the UKK Institute, will outline the strengths of the tennis model for bone research, illustrate the role of pubertal stage in modulating the effect of loading on bone accrual, and discuss results of detraining studies that suggest pediatric bone gain may provide long-standing benefits. Dr McKay will review the few pediatric intervention studies and report results of the University of British Columbia's School-based Exercise Intervention Study - a 9 month randomized control trial in a mixed ethnic group of prepubertal children - that intervened with an increased loading curriculum within existing physical education classes.

Prevalence of otitis media with effusion in multicultural schools in Hong Kong.

The prevalence of otitis media with effusion (OME) in Asia has only been studied in a limited fashion. This preliminary study forms part of a larger study aiming to establish the prevalence of OME in Hong Kong. One hundred and seventy-seven children (from multicultural schools) between the ages of five and 6.03 years were screened for OME otoscopy and tympanometry. Nine positive screens (5.1 per cent) were obtained for OME. Within this mixed ethnic group, Chinese children had a significantly lower point prevalence (1.3 per cent) than Caucasian children (9.5 per cent) (p < 0.05). Although the point prevalence from this mixed ethnic group of children was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of local Chinese school children (1.95 per cent) by the same group of investigators, the point prevalence in the ethnic Chinese children was comparable. The reason for the lower prevalence of OME in the Chinese population needs further research.

Values of Early Adolescents Compared by Type of School

Early adolescent values profiles were examined in five schools using a modified form of the Values Preference Survey Scale (Form D). The schools were differentiated on four bases: ethnic mix/Caucasian, religiously affiliated/public, urban/rural, and low SES/upper middle SES. Values ranking from 266 students, 10 to 12 years old, confirm the expectation that values profiles or orders of arrangement do differ from school to school and that the differences are significantly related to distinctions between schools on a composite dimension that includes ethnicity, SES, and rural/urban factors. Somewhat fewer significant distinctions were found for religiously affiliated schools compared with public schools. Groups of upper middle SES, Caucasian children in non-urban communities assigned high values to achievement and recognition and balanced their appraisal with lesser weights for family and personal values. The urban, low SES, and mixed ethnic group developed a very different profile, assigning personal satisfactions priority above the values of reputation, achievement, religious faith, and secure country. The groups identified as Catholic ranked religious faith and personal virtues significantly high and prosperity relatively low.

The Ethnic Survey of New London, Connecticut, 1938-44 a Resurvey After Some Twenty Years

The New Survey, like the first one, seeks to ascertain the ethnic derivation of a given population and is a study in method. It corroborates trends noted in 1921 and contains changes in method which reveal more effectively ethnic diversity and change. A technique is presented by which any population, however large, may be described in terms of origin, admixture, and generation in the United States. The Survey notes that all groups in the community are minorities, the mixed ethnic group which is constantly increasing ranks first, and the Italian element second, in numerical importance. "The Ethnic Survey may be an end in itself,.... it may be basic to researches in related fields."