Mixed-effects Model For Repeated Measures Research Articles

Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation targeting the left prefrontal cortex and cerebellum does not affect executive functions in healthy individuals

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia commonly targets the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC). However, the therapeutic effectiveness of rTMS at this site remains inconclusive and increasingly, studies are focusing on cerebellar rTMS. Recently, prolonged intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) has emerged as a rapid-acting form of rTMS with promising clinical benefits. This study explored the cognitive and neurophysiological effects of prolonged iTBS administered to the LDLPFC and cerebellum in a healthy cohort. 50 healthy participants took part in a cross-over study and received prolonged (1800 pulses) iTBS targeting the LDLPFC, cerebellar vermis, and sham iTBS. Mixed effects repeated measures models examined cognitive and event-related potentials (ERPs) from 2-back (P300, N200) and Stroop (N200, N450) tasks after stimulation. Exploratory non-parametric cluster-based permutation tests compared ERPs between conditions. There were no significant differences between conditions for behavioural and ERP outcomes on the 2-back and Stroop tasks. Exploratory cluster-based permutation tests of ERPs did not identify any significant differences between conditions. We did not find evidence that a single session of prolonged iTBS administered to either the LDLPFC or cerebellum could cause any cognitive or ERP changes compared to sham in a healthy sample.

#653 Changes in iron markers and D-dimer levels during enarodustat treatment depends on different iron prescription patterns in hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Iron preparations are commonly administered with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PH inhibitors) in hemodialysis patients to promote hematopoiesis and prevent iron deficiency. A recent study highlighted the causal relationship between thrombosis and upregulated serum transferrin levels due to iron deficiency. Additionally, rapid increase of hemoglobin (Hb) during HIF-PH inhibitor use is also considered a risk factor for the development of thromboembolism. Therefore, monitoring iron parameters and Hb is essential for managing anemia and thrombosis risk. We investigated the impact of practice patterns of iron supplementation on iron metabolism in patients receiving a HIF-PH inhibitor enarodustat. Changes in D-dimer levels, a thrombosis-related factor, were also assessed. Method We performed a post-hoc analysis using pooled data from two phase 3 clinical studies of enarodustat in Japanese maintenance hemodialysis patients, SYMPHONY HD and SYMPHONY HD-Long studies. We divided the subjects into three groups according to practice patterns of iron administration: subjects who did not receive iron at all during the enarodustat administration period (Non-Iron Group), subjects who received intravenous iron at least once (IV Iron Group), and subjects who continuously received oral iron-containing preparations including ferric citrate (Oral Iron Group). The time courses of transferrin saturation (TSAT), serum ferritin, and D-dimer levels were compared across these three groups using mixed effects models for repeated measures (MMRM) (with an unstructured covariance structure for the dependent variables). Results The Non-Iron Group, IV Iron Group, and Oral Iron Group consisted of 60, 69, and 73 cases, respectively. Figures show the time courses of TSAT, serum ferritin levels, and changes in D-dimer levels for each practice pattern. MMRM analysis revealed that TSAT levels in the Non-Iron Group and IV Iron Group during the enarodustat administration period were significantly lower than those in the Oral Iron Group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Similar results were observed for serum ferritin levels (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, the rate of D-dimer increase in the Non-Iron Group was significantly higher than in the Oral Iron Group (p = 0.029). There was a trend toward a higher rate of D-dimer increase in IV Iron Groups compared to the Oral Iron Group (p = 0.11). Conclusion These findings suggest the superiority of continuous oral iron supplementation over intermittent IV iron supplementation or no iron supplementation during HIF-PH inhibitor administration in terms of preventing thrombosis through maintaining TSAT levels. The association between iron-related parameters and the occurrence of thrombosis needs to be analyzed.

A mobile app providing individually-tailored psychoeducation about sleep for older adults with chronic health conditions and low health literacy.

This paper reports on a study of a mobile app that provides tailored information about sleep to individuals aged 40 and older who have chronic health conditions and low health literacy. The sleep module was a part of a multitopic app focused on chronic disease self-management. Participants were randomly assigned to receive sleep psychoeducation at reading levels equivalent to 3rd, 6th or 8th grade. The primary outcome measure was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which was completed at baseline, after the intervention, and again three months later. Outcomes were assessed using repeated measures mixed effects models. Most participants were Black, Indigenous, or Other Persons of Color (BIPOC; 87%); they had average reading level at the 7th grade. Health literacy, socioeconomic status, and number of health conditions were related to the PSQI. The PSQI score decreased over the course of the three study visits for all groups, consistent with a small to medium effect size (d = 0.40). No effect of treatment group was observed. Participants were positive about the usefulness and helpfulness of the app. Results suggest that a brief tailored information intervention may be beneficial for individuals aged 40 and older who have low health literacy and chronic health conditions. Further development of the intervention may enhance its clinical effectiveness.

Association between cooking fuel exposure and respiratory health: Longitudinal evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)

The epidemiological evidences for the association between cooking fuel exposure and respiratory health were inconsistent, and repeated-measures prospective evaluation of cooking fuel exposure was still lacking. We assessed the longitudinal association of chronic lung disease (CLD) and lung function with cooking fuel types among Chinese adults aged ≥ 40 years. In this prospective, nationwide representative cohort of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018, 9004 participants from 28 provinces in China were included. CLD was identified based on self-reported physician diagnosis in 2018. Lung function was assessed by peak expiratory flow (PEF) in 2011, 2013 and 2015. Multivariable logistic and linear mixed-effects repeated-measures models were conducted to measure the associations of CLD and PEF with cooking fuel types. Three-level mixed-effects model was performed as sensitivity analysis. Among the participants, 3508 and 3548 participants used persistent solid and clean cooking fuels throughout the survey, and 1948 participants who used solid cooking fuels at baseline switched to clean cooking fuels. Use of persistent clean cooking fuels (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.73, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.61, 0.88) and switch of solid fuels to clean fuels (aOR = 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.67, 0.98) were associated with lower risk of CLD. The use of clean cooking fuels throughout the survey and switch of solid fuels to clean fuels in 2013 were also significantly associated with higher PEF level. Similar results were observed in stratified analyses and different statistical models. The evidence from CHARLS cohort suggested that reducing solid cooking fuel exposure was associated with lower risk of CLD and better lung function. Given the recent evidence, improving household air quality will reduce the burden of chronic lung diseases.

Abstract P193: Sex Moderates Diet Quality Differences in Integrated Collaborative Care for Comorbid Obesity and Depression: Post-Hoc Analysis of the Research Aimed at Improving Both Mood and Weight Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: High-quality diets, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), are associated with lower risk for obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases. It is unclear whether diet quality improves aside from reduced calories in evidence-based behavioral weight loss interventions. Objective: Leveraging data from the Research Aimed at Improving Both Mood and Weight (RAINBOW) randomized trial, the objective of this post hoc analysis is to investigate (1) whether the study intervention was associated with improved diet quality in adults with comorbid obesity and depression, compared to usual care; and (2) whether the associations were modified by sex. Methods: Participants completed 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Dietary outcomes included the DASH score as the composite measure of diet quality and its components. Between-group differences in dietary outcomes were examined among 409 participants and by sex, using repeated-measures mixed-effects linear models. Results: Changes in DASH scores did not differ between the intervention and usual care control groups through 24 months in both women and men. Compared with controls, men in the intervention group had significantly decreased nut, seed, and legume intake at 6 (mean difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -1.9, -0.3 servings/day; P=0.01) and 12 months (-1.0; -2.0, -0.0 servings/day; P=0.048). Compared with controls, women in the intervention group had significantly decreased fruit and vegetable intake at 18 (-1.8; -2.9, -0.6 servings/day; P=0.002) and 24 months (-1.1; -2.2, -0.1 servings/day; P=0.03), and whole grain intake at 24 months (-0.5; -0.9, -0.1 servings/day; P=0.03), but increased percent calories from fat at 24 months (3.6; 0.6, 6.5; P=0.02). Conclusions: Diet quality not only did not improve in an effective behavioral weight loss intervention but deteriorated in women, in particular. These post-hoc findings warrant confirmation and may suggest that behavior change techniques targeting diet quality that are tailored to women and men need to be an explicit focus of behavioral weight loss interventions aside from caloric reductions.

Urinary acid-base excretion deciphers high acid load from colonic bicarbonate loss in intestinal failure patients with ileocolonic anastomosis – Guidance for composition of parenteral support

Background & AimsAcid-base disturbances are common in short bowel (SB) patients due to increased intestinal bicarbonate loss. However, the resulting systemic acid load has not been quantified. Base excess is used to monitor metabolic acid-base disturbances but inadequately reflects the acid load. Our aim was to investigate the systemic acid/base load in SB-patients to obtain quantitative estimates to guide the composition of parenteral support. MethodsWe calculated total acid load in SB patients by summing 24-hour urinary net acid excretion (NAE) and the provision of base equivalents in parenteral support. We then compared differences among anatomical SB-types: jejunostomy (SB-J), jejunocolostomy (SB-JC), and jejunoileostomy (SB-JIC). 47 urine samples from 34 SB patients were analyzed for bicarbonate (HCO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and titratable acidity (TA) concentrations. NAE was calculated as (TA + NH4+) - HCO3-. Mixed-effects repeated-measures models were used to statistically examine differences between SB-types and associations with parenteral nutrition and NAE. A healthy cohort served as control. ResultsIn comparison to SB-J, SB-JC patients had a 4.1 mmol/l lower base excess (95% CI: -6.3 to -1.8) and an 84.5 mmol/day higher total acid load (CI: 41.3 to 127.7). There were no significant differences between SB-JIC and SB-J regarding base excess, NAE, or total acid load. Higher amounts of infused acetate, sodium, and chloride, but not the acetate/chloride ratio, were associated with lower NAE and higher base excess. ConclusionsDue to increased colonic bicarbonate loss, patients with SB-JC have a ∼4.4-fold higher acid load than healthy controls. The ion transport mechanisms mediating this bicarbonate loss from the remaining colon need further experimental investigation. NAE could be a useful tool to adjust base infusion in SB.

Design and Rationale of Prolonged Nightly Fasting for Multiple Myeloma Prevention (PROFAST): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Obesity is an established, modifiable risk factor of multiple myeloma (MM); yet, no lifestyle interventions are routinely recommended for patients with overweight or obesity with MM precursor conditions. Prolonged nightly fasting is a simple, practical dietary regimen supported by research, suggesting that the synchronization of feeding-fasting timing with sleep-wake cycles favorably affects metabolic pathways implicated in MM. We describe the design and rationale of a randomized controlled pilot trial evaluating the efficacy of a regular, prolonged nighttime fasting schedule among individuals with overweight or obesity at high risk for developing MM or a related lymphoid malignancy. We aim to investigate the effects of 4-month prolonged nightly fasting on body composition and tumor biomarkers among individuals with overweight or obesity with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), or smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia (SWM). Individuals with MGUS, SMM, or SWM aged ≥18 years and a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 are randomized to either a 14-hour nighttime fasting intervention or a healthy lifestyle education control group. Participants' baseline diet and lifestyle patterns are characterized through two 24-hour dietary recalls: questionnaires querying demographic, comorbidity, lifestyle, and quality-of-life information; and wrist actigraphy measurements for 7 days. Fasting intervention participants are supported through one-on-one telephone counseling by a health coach and automated SMS text messaging to support fasting goals. Primary end points of body composition, including visceral and subcutaneous fat (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); bone marrow adiposity (by bone marrow histology); and tumor biomarkers, specifically M-proteins and serum free light-chain concentrations (by gel-based and serum free light-chain assays), are assessed at baseline and after the 4-month study period; changes therein from baseline are evaluated using a repeated measures mixed-effects model that accounts for the correlation between baseline and follow-up measures and is generally robust to missing data. Feasibilityis assessed as participant retention (percent dropout in each arm) and percentage of days participants achieved a ≥14-hour fast. The PROlonged nightly FASTing (PROFAST) study was funded in June 2022. Participant recruitment commenced in April 2023. As of July 2023, six participants consented to the study. The study is expected to be completed by April 2024, and data analysis and results are expected to be published in the first quarter of 2025. PROFAST serves as an important first step in exploring the premise that prolonged nightly fasting is a strategy to control obesity and obesity-related mechanisms of myelomagenesis. In evaluating the feasibility and impact of prolonged nightly fasting on body composition, bone marrow adipose tissue, and biomarkers of tumor burden, this pilot study may generate hypotheses regarding metabolic mechanisms underlying MM development and ultimately inform clinical and public health strategies for MM prevention. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05565638; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05565638. DERR1-10.2196/51368.

Guselkumab provides durable improvement across psoriatic arthritis disease domains: post hoc analysis of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

ObjectiveEvaluate long-term guselkumab effectiveness across Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA)-recognised domains/related conditions of psoriatic arthritis (PsA).MethodsPost hoc analyses used data from DISCOVER-2 (NCT03158285) biologic/Janus-kinase...

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with talazoparib (TALA) plus enzalutamide (ENZA) vs. placebo (PBO) plus ENZA in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Subgroup analysis of patients with novel hormonal therapy (NHT) pretreatment in the TALAPRO-2 study.

116 Background: In TALAPRO-2 (NCT03395197), TALA +ENZA vs PBO + ENZA demonstrated significant improvement in radiographic progression-free survival, a manageable adverse event (AE) profile, and a delay in time to definitive clinical meaningful deterioration in global health status (GHS)/quality of life (QoL) overall and across all pre-specified subgroups. This post hoc analysis evaluated PROs in patients with prior NHT treatment. Methods: PROs were assessed on day 1 and scheduled visits (every 4 weeks until week 53 then every 8 weeks) until radiographic progression using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and its prostate cancer module, QLQ-PR25. PRO analyses, performed in NHT-pretreated/ patients for GHS/QoL functional and symptom scales, included on treatment comparison of overall change from baseline (per longitudinal repeated measures mixed-effects model). Results: Of the 805 men randomized and treated, 49 patients were included in this subgroup analysis (TALA + ENZA n= 22, PBO + ENZA n= 27). A statistically significant and clinically meaningful estimated overall change from baseline favored TALA + ENZA in physical functioning (20.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 8.8, 32.2]; P=0.0007), role functioning (20.4 [95% CI 4.8, 35.9]; P=0.0103), pain (32.9 [95% CI 50.3, 15.5]; P=0.0002), and constipation (12.5 [24.4, 0.6]; P=0.0399). No significant differences disfavoring TALA + ENZA were observed. Conclusions: In these subgroup analyses of NHT pretreated patients, significant differences in PROs favoring TALA + ENZA were observed. Results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample sizes and exploratory nature of this analysis. Clinical trial information: NCT03395197 .

Long-term patient-reported outcomes from monarchE: Abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy as adjuvant therapy for HR+, HER2-, node-positive, high-risk, early breast cancer

BackgroundIn monarchE, abemaciclib demonstrated a sustained benefit in invasive disease-free survival and a tolerable safety profile at 42-months median follow-up. With no expected disease-related symptoms, therapies in the adjuvant setting should preserve quality of life (QoL). With all patients off abemaciclib, we report updated patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for the full 2-year treatment period and follow-up. MethodsPatients completed PROs including FACT-B, FACT-ES, and FACIT-Fatigue at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months during treatment, and 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment discontinuation. Mixed effects repeated measures model estimated changes from baseline within and between arms for QoL scales and individual items. Meaningful changes were prespecified and no statistical testing was performed. Frequencies of responses to items associated with relevant adverse events and treatment bother were summarized. ResultsAt baseline, completion rates for PRO instruments were >96 %. Mean changes from baseline for all QoL scales were numerically similar within and between arms (ie, less than prespecified thresholds). The same was observed for all individual items, except diarrhea. Within abemaciclib arm, meaningful differences for diarrhea were observed at 3 and 6 months (mean increases of 1.19 and 1.03 points on 5-point scale, respectively). During treatment, most patients in both arms (69–78 %) reported being bothered “a little bit” or “not at all” by side effects. Overall, patterns for fatigue were similar between arms. During post-treatment follow-up, PROs in both arms were similar to baseline. ConclusionPRO findings confirm a tolerable and reversible toxicity profile for abemaciclib. QoL was preserved with the addition of adjuvant abemaciclib to endocrine therapy, supporting its use in patients with HR+, HER2-, high-risk early breast cancer.

The effects of treatment with pimavanserin on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease psychosis: a 16-week, single-arm, open-label study.

More than half of patients with Parkinson's disease will experience psychosis symptoms in the form of hallucinations or delusions at some point over the course of their disease. These symptoms can significantly impact patients' health-related quality of life, cognitive abilities, and activities of daily living (ADLs) and function. Clinical assessment of how psychosis impacts these measures is crucial; however, few studies have assessed this sufficiently, in part due to a lack of appropriate scales for comprehensively assessing function. The objective was to assess how symptoms of Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) impact ADLs and function, cognitive function, and health-related quality of life. To address this unmet need, we utilized a modified version of the Functional Status Questionnaire (mFSQ) to measure the impact of psychosis on ADLs and function in patients with PDP treated with pimavanserin, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PDP. Eligible patients entered a 16-week, single-arm, open-label study of oral pimavanserin (34 mg) taken once daily. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to Week 16 on the mFSQ. Secondary endpoints included the Movement Disorders Society-modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) I and II; Schwab and England ADL; Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), and Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I), and were also measured as change from baseline to Week 16 using mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) and least-squares mean (LSM). Our results in a proof-of-concept, 16-week, open-label clinical study in 29 patients demonstrated that an improvement in psychosis symptoms following treatment with pimavanserin was associated with improvements in multiple measures of ADLs and function. Notably, a significant improvement was found on the primary endpoint, change from baseline to Week 16 in mFSQ score [LSM [SE] 14.0 [2.50], n = 17; 95% CI (8.8, 19.3); p < 0.0001]. These findings highlight the potential for improvement in function with improvement of psychosis symptoms in patients with PDP and suggest that the mFSQ may be a measurement tool to evaluate the level of improvement in function. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04292223.

Left atrial strain is reduced following trastuzumab in breast cancer patients.

The effect of trastuzumab therapy on left atrial (LA) function remains largely unknown. Our aim was to assess the changes in LA strain parameters longitudinally in patients treated with trastuzumab. We retrospectively studied 170 patients with stage I-IV HER2+ breast cancer. All patients had baseline echocardiograms and repeat echocardiograms at 3months and after 1year. We measured LA strain at all three time points. Changes in LA strain and strain rate (sr) parameters were evaluated using repeated-measures mixed-effects models. The cohort was stratified according to development of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) during follow-up. The mean age was 52.7±13.8years, 25.3% had hypertension and 16.0% had metastatic disease. Multiple LA strain parameters (predicted delta value, [95%CI]) showed statistically significant declines in patients who developed CTRCD from baseline to the 3-month follow-up after multivariable adjustment; LA reservoir strain (LAεres ): -4.7%; [-8.1% to -1.3%], p=.007; LA conduit strain (LAεcon ): -2.8%; [-5.3% to -.4%], p=.021); and LAεres sr: -.2/s; [-.3/s to -.09/s], p<.001). In patients who did not develop CTRCD, LA strain parameters declined significantly but to a smaller degree than in the CTRCD group (LAεres : -1.7%; [-3.1% to -.3%], p=.020, LAεcon : -2.2%; [-3.3% to -1.1%], p<.001, and LA booster pump strain : -2.4%; [-3.5% to -1.4%], p<.001). LA strain rates did not decline significantly in the non-CTRCD group. Trastuzumab treatment was associated with declines in LA strain parameters in patients with breast cancer. The largest declines were observed in patients who developed CTRCD during treatment.

Contribution of Hypersensitivity to Postureteroscopy Ureteral Stent Pain: Findings From Study to Enhance Understanding of Stent-associated Symptoms

To examine the relationships between preoperative hypersensitivity to pain and central sensitization, and postoperative ureteral stent pain after ureteroscopy (URS) for urinary stones. Adults enrolled in the STudy to Enhance uNderstanding of sTent-associated Symptoms (STENTS) underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) prior to URS and stent placement. Hypersensitivity to mechanical pain was assessed using a pressure algometer. Participants rated their pain intensity to pressure applied to the ipsilateral flank area and lower abdominal quadrant on the side of planned stent placement, and the contralateral forearm (control). Pressure pain thresholds were also assessed. Central sensitization was assessed by applying a pointed stimulator (pinprick) and calculating the temporal summation. Postoperative stent pain intensity and interference were assessed using PROMIS questionnaires. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures mixed-effects linear models. Among the 412 participants, the median age was 54.0years, and 46% were female. Higher preoperative pain ratings to 2 kg and 4 kg mechanical pressure to the ipsilateral flank and abdominal areas were associated with higher postoperative stent pain intensity with the stent in situ. Greater degree of central sensitization preoperatively, manifesting as higher temporal summation, was associated with higher postoperative pain intensity. Factors associated with preoperative hypersensitivity on QST included female sex, presence of chronic pain conditions, widespread pain, and depression. Hypersensitivity to pain and central sensitization preoperatively was associated with postoperative ureteral stent pain, suggesting a physiologic basis for stent symptom variation. QST may identify patients more likely to develop stent pain after URS and could inform selection for preventive and interventional strategies.

Estimating Treatment Effects of Disease‐modifying Drugs: Traditional Methods vs. Accelerated Failure Time Models and Progression Analysis

AbstractBackgroundProgression models for repeated measures (PMRM1) are a class of statistical models that enable estimation of slowing of progression of Alzheimer’s disease, expressed as percentage or time delay. Similarly, accelerated failure time (AFT) models can estimate relative expected time until progression when evaluating disease‐modifying therapies. We compared these methods to mixed‐effects models for repeated measures (MMRM) and Cox time‐to‐event analysis on simulated trial data, evaluating their power and the difference in interpretation when expressing outcomes as a measure of time.MethodPrimary outcomes were Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Sum of Boxes (MMRM and PMRM) and time to progression to dementia as assessed by CDR global (Cox regression and AFT models). Weibull and log‐logistic distributions were assumed for random error distribution in AFT models.Subject‐level placebo arm trajectories were jointly simulated based on estimated CDR mean trajectories and joint temporal correlation structure of 538 amyloid‐positive MCI patients meeting typical disease‐modifying trial inclusion criteria from the ADNI study. Active arm trajectories were simulated to show an average 20% slowing of disease progression vs placebo at each visit. A thousand simulations were conducted across scenarios, varying number of subjects per arm (200‐700) and clinical trial duration (18‐36 months).ResultPower of PMRM was shown to be consistently greater than that of MMRM (Table 1). The AFT and Cox models’ power rarely exceeded 40%.PMRM accurately estimated the underlying 20% slowed progression. With greater sample sizes and at least 2 years of follow‐up, the AFT models indicated a slowing of progression, but the median estimated slowing was 5%. The MMRM and Cox model found median estimated reduction in decline of 25% and median estimated hazard ratios of 0.88‐0.91, respectively.ConclusionsPMRM and AFT models estimate slowing of progression. Compared to the MMRM and Cox model, these time‐based models better capture the effect of disease‐modifying therapies and facilitate translation of results to patients and their care partners. Among all methods studied, the PMRM offered the best combination of interpretability and power.

Autoantibodies to Erythropoietin Receptor and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and CKD: A Post Hoc Analysis of CREDENCE Trial

IntroductionAuto-antibodies to erythropoietin receptor (anti-EPOR antibodies) have been identified in patients with various kidney diseases. However, data in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. We assessed the prevalence of anti-EPOR antibodies and their association with clinical outcomes in this population. MethodsThe CREDENCE randomized patients with T2D and CKD to canagliflozin or placebo. Serum anti-EPOR antibodies, the exposure of interest, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage kidney disease, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox-regression models estimated associations between anti-EPOR antibodies and outcomes. The effects of canagliflozin on hemoglobin and hematocrit stratified by the presence of anti-EPOR antibodies were assessed with a repeated measures mixed effects model. ResultsOf 2600 participants with available biosamples, 191 (7.3%) were positive for anti-EPOR antibodies. Higher baseline anti-EPOR antibodies were associated with increased risk of primary outcome (HR per 1-SD increase 1.12 [95%CI 1.01, 1.24], p=0.04), cardiovascular death (HR 1.27 [1.08, 1.48], p<0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.26 [1.11, 1.43], p<0.01). During follow-up, canagliflozin, compared to placebo, increased hemoglobin and hematocrit by 7.0g/L (6.2, 7.9) and 2.4% (2.2, 2.7), respectively. These effects were consistent across patients with and without anti-EPOR antibodies (P-interaction=0.39 and 0.70). ConclusionIn patients with T2D and CKD, anti-EPOR antibodies were associated with the composite kidney and cardiovascular outcome, as well as cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Canagliflozin increased hemoglobin and hematocrit regardless of anti-EPOR antibodies.

Patient-Reported Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with FLT3-ITD Mutation Receiving Quizartinib Vs. Standard Chemotherapy: Results from the Quantum-First Trial

Introduction: QuANTUM-First (NCT02668653) is a multicenter, global, randomized, double-blind phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of the novel oral fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitor (FLT3i) quizartinib in combination with standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy, and as maintenance monotherapy for up to 36 cycles in patients 18-75 years old with FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Quizartinib demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in overall survival (OS) versus placebo. An exploratory endpoint of the trial was to assess the impact of quizartinib on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). This is the first report of the longitudinal results of the PRO measures (PROMs) collected in the QuANTUM-First trial. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive chemotherapy + quizartinib or chemotherapy + placebo. PROMs were the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and EuroQol EQ-5D-5L. Baseline measurement was collected on day 8 of the first induction cycle, and repeated measurements were collected on day 28 of induction cycles 1-2, day 6 and 28 of consolidation cycles 1-4, and day 1 of continuation cycles 1-34 at 3-cycle intervals. EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L scores were calculated as per their respective scoring manuals and included mean (95% CI, p-value) score for each domain of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L index score, as well as mean change from baseline score at each timepoint. A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) score ≥10 points for each domain of the EORTC QLQ-C30, was considered clinically meaningful. A mixed-effect model for repeated measures (MMRM) and time until definitive deterioration (TUDD) was used to assess the longitudinal impact of treatment on PROs. TUDD was defined as time from baseline PRO score to first deterioration of the score beyond the MCID as compared to the baseline without further improvement of more than one MCID as compared to the reference score or without any further available score. Results: A total of 509 out of 539 patients from the trial (254 quizartinib; 255 placebo) were included for PRO analysis. Patient compliance to questionnaire completion at the beginning of each phase was high and similar for both arms and most scales (Global Health Status [GHS] completion rate (%) on induction cycle 1, consolidation cycle 1, and continuation cycle 1: 99.2, 95.3, 93.4, respectively) Baseline PRO scores were comparable between arms and were lower than the general population norm EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L scores for EU and US (Table 1). Per MMRM, there were clinically meaningful improvements from baseline in GHS (Figure 1) and fatigue in both arms. However, there was no significant difference between arms for the change from baseline score although placebo arm had numerically better scores specifically during the maintenance phase (treatment difference for quizartinib - placebo was -2.0 [95% CI: -4.8, 0.7], p=0.1479 for GHS and 3.0 [95% CI: -0.1, 6.1], p=0.0600 for fatigue). Similar trends towards clinically meaningful improvement in score over time for both arms and no significant differences between arms were observed in most of the functional and symptom scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L index scores. By TUDD analysis, quizartinib arm showed slower deterioration in several scales (specifically GHS, cognitive function, appetite loss, and constipation) but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: QuANTUM-First is the first study to explore the impact of quizartinib on PROs. Quizartinib showed improvement in OS without any detrimental impact on quality of life and symptoms when added to standard chemotherapy followed by maintenance monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD AML.

The Efficacy of Roxadustat in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Renal Insufficiency and Anemia: A Real-World Study

Background: Anemia and renal insufficiency are two common symptoms of multiple myeloma (MM). There are currently few treatment options for anemia in MM. Renal anemia appears to be one of the causes of anemia in MM. Roxadustat is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) that has been proven effective to improve anemia conditions in patients with kidney disease. HIF-PH inhibition with Roxadustat may offer a novel approach to the management of anemia in MM patients with renal insufficiency. This is the first study exploring the efficacy of Roxadustat in multiple myeloma patients with renal insufficiency. Methods: The clinical data of MM patients with renal insufficiency (defined as serum creatinine (Scr) ≥177mol/L) and severe anemia (defined as Hb＜80g/L) in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were analyzed retrospectively in this study. Patients who were treated with Roxadustat complied the drug instructions. Roxadustat was administered three times a week (TIW) at a dose of 100 mg (in patients weighing 45 to 60 kg) or 120 mg (in patients weighing 60 kg) in hemodialysis patients, and 70 mg (in patients weighing 40 to 60 kg) or 100 mg (in patients weighing 60 kg) in patients not receiving hemodialysis. Mann-Whitney U, chi-square test and mixed-effect models for repeated measures (MMRM) were applied to the study. Results: Among a total of 98 MM patients with renal insufficiency (Scr≥177μmol/L) and severe anemia (Hb＜80g/L), 30 MM patients received Roxadustat treatment along with the anti-tumor treatment. The choice anti-tumor therapy was commonly consisted of combination therapy with a bortezomib, cyclophosphamide/thalidomide and dexamethasone or an equivalent regimen. 12 patients in Roxadustat group and 10 patients in control group (40.0% vs. 14.7%, P=0.006) underwent short-term or long-term hemodialysis at the start of the anti-tumor treatment. 25 patients in Roxadustat group and 59 patients in control group (83.3% vs. 86.8%, P=0.655) were newly-diagnosed MM (NDMM). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) baseline hemoglobin (Hb) levels for the Roxadustat and control groups were 62.73 (9.04) g/L and 68.03 (7.32) g/L, respectively. The mean (SD) baseline Scr levels for the Roxadustat and control groups were 441.93 (252.60) g/L and 342.53 (185.38) μmol/L, respectively. The median increase in Hb from baseline to week 4, week 8, week 12 was 5.50 versus 17.00 g/L (P＜0.001), 13.00 versus 30.50 g/L (P＜0.001), and 20.00 versus 41.00 g/L (P＜0.001) in patients from control group and Roxadustat group. Analyzing with mixed models, the interaction of time* Roxadustat was 6.77 g/L (95% CI=4.80-8.73, P＜0.001) in the whole cohort. The proportions of MM patients with Hb increases of ≥10 g/L, ≥20 g/L, and ≥30 g/L at week 12 were 39.7% (n=27) versus 70.0% (n=21) (P=0.006), 61.8% (n=42) versus 93.3% (n=28) (P=0.001), and 66.2% (n=45) versus 100% (n=30) (P＜0.001) in MM patients from control group and Roxadustat group. Roxadustat was well tolerated by MM patients with renal insufficiency and severe anemia. Metabolic acidosis (23.3% vs. 7.4%, P=0.026) and hyperkalemia (33.3% vs. 14.7%, P=0.035) occurred more frequently in the Roxadustat group than in control group. Although there was no significant difference, deep vein thrombosis occurred relatively more frequently in the Roxadustat group than in control group (16.7% vs. 7.4%, P=0.160). Conclusion: This is the first study exploring the efficacy of Roxadustat in multiple myeloma patients with renal insufficiency. According to this study, Roxadustat is well tolerated by MM patients with renal insufficiency and effectively improves their anemia conditions. Metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia occurred more frequently in the Roxadustat group than in control group. The data indicated that Roxadustat could be proved to be a potential, effective therapy for anemia in MM patients with renal insufficiency.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures, Polycystic Kidney Disease Burden, and Outcomes in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Rationale & ObjectiveUsing OVERTURE (NCT01430494) study data on patient-perceived health, healthcare utilization, and productivity in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), this research was conducted to characterize the burden of illness in ADPKD patients and assess whether patient-reported outcomes (PRO) assessment scores predict clinical and health-economic outcomes. Study DesignAnalyses of data from a prospective, observational study. Setting & ParticipantsThe study cohort comprised 3409 individuals with ADPKD in 20 countries, ages 12–78 years, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G1–G5 and Mayo risk subclasses 1A–1E. PredictorsScores on PRO instruments, including disease-specific assessments (ADPKD-Impact Scale [ADPKD-IS], ADPKD-Urinary Impact Scale [ADPKD-UIS]) and generic measures. OutcomesClinical variables (e.g., height-adjusted total kidney volume [htTKV], estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], abdominal girth) and health-economic outcomes. Analytical ApproachAssociations among variables were evaluated using Spearman correlations, logistic regression, and generalized linear mixed-effects repeated-measures models. ResultsBaseline CKD stage and Mayo risk classification showed little correlation with baseline PRO scores, although scores on disease-specific instruments and measures of physical functioning were worse at more severe CKD stages. PRO scores predicted hospitalizations and sick days at 6–18 months, with associations strongest for the ADPKD-IS. Whereas PRO scores were not associated with htTKV and eGFR, worse PRO scores were associated with greater abdominal girth. Poor baseline ADPKD-IS scores were positively associated with occurrence of ADPKD-related symptoms up to 18 months, including kidney pain (odds ratio [OR] 5.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.75–10.24), hematuria (OR 4.58, 95% CI 1.99–10.53), and urinary tract infection (OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.93–10.11; P<0.001 for all). LimitationsMaximum 18 months of follow-up to assess outcomes. ConclusionsPRO scores predicted clinical and health-economic outcomes such as hospitalization and absence from work, underscoring the importance of quality of life assessment of individuals with ADPKD.

Teclistamab Improves Patient-Reported Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Results From the Phase II MajesTEC-1 Study

IntroductionPatients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) report significantly lower HRQoL compared with patients with newly diagnosed MM and experience further deterioration in HRQoL with each relapse and subsequent treatment. Therefore, consideration of the impact of treatment on HRQoL in addition to clinical outcomes is vital. Patients and MethodsIn the phase I/II MajesTEC-1 (NCT03145181, NCT04557098) study, patients with RRMM who received teclistamab, an off-the-shelf, T-cell redirecting BCMA × CD3 bispecific antibody, had deep and durable responses with manageable safety. HRQoL was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire core 30-item and the EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level descriptive questionnaire. Changes over time from baseline were measured with a repeated measures mixed-effects model. Proportions of patients with clinically meaningful improvement after starting treatment and time to clinically meaningful worsening were assessed. ResultsCompliance was maintained throughout the study. Compared with baseline, positive changes were observed for pain, global health status, and emotional functioning with treatment; other assessments were largely unchanged from baseline. Post hoc analysis showed patients with deeper clinical response generally reported improved HRQoL outcomes. Following an initial decline in HRQoL in some scales, the proportion of patients reporting clinically meaningful improvements increased, while the proportion reporting clinically meaningful worsening decreased over time. Clinically meaningful improvements in pain were reported in ≥40% of patients at most assessment time points. ConclusionsThese results complement previously reported clinical benefits and support teclistamab as a promising therapeutic option for patients with RRMM.

The effect of ibudilast on thalamic volume in progressive multiple sclerosis

Background: Thalamic volume loss is known to be associated with clinical and cognitive disability in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). Objective: To investigate the treatment effect of ibudilast on thalamic atrophy more than 96 weeks in the phase 2 trial in progressive(MS Secondary and Primary Progressive Ibudilast NeuroNEXT Trial in Multiple Sclerosis [SPRINT-MS]). Methods: A total of 231 participants were randomized to either ibudilast (n = 114) or placebo (n = 117). Thalamic volume change was computed using Bayesian Sequence Adaptive Multimodal Segmentation tool (SAMseg) incorporating T1, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and fractional anisotropy maps and analyzed with a mixed-effects repeated-measures model. Results: There was no significant difference in thalamic volumes between treatment groups. On exploratory analysis, participants with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) on placebo had a 0.004% greater rate of thalamic atrophy than PPMS participants on ibudilast (p = 0.058, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.008 to <0.001). Greater reductions in thalamic volumes at more than 96 weeks were associated with worsening multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFC-4) scores (p = 0.002) and worsening performance on the symbol digit modality test (SDMT) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In a phase 2 trial evaluating ibudilast in PMS, no treatment effect was demonstrated in preventing thalamic atrophy. Participants with PPMS exhibited a treatment effect that trended toward significance. Longitudinal changes in thalamic volume were related to worsening of physical and cognitive disability, highlighting this outcome’s clinical importance.