Mixed Crude Oil Research Articles

Pour Point Prediction Method for Mixed Crude Oil Based on Ensemble Machine Learning Models

Pour Point Prediction Method for Mixed Crude Oil Based on Ensemble Machine Learning Models

Synthesis of Modified Nano-Hydrotalcite Clay by Micellar Method and Its Application as Gel-like Crude Oil Flow Improver.

The network formed by wax precipitation at low temperature and colloid asphaltene at high temperature leads to poor fluidity of heavy oil, and the gelling characteristics of crude oil lead to pipeline blockage, which affects the exploitation, transportation and refining of crude oil. This work prepares a series of cationic surfactant-modified nano hydrotalcite (CSNH) to weaken the network structure and enhance the fluidity of the crude oil by the interaction of organic and inorganic functional groups on the CSNH surface and the components of the crude oil. The results show that CSNHs can all reduce the viscosity of crude oil from different oilfields, among which BTNH can reduce the viscosity of Yanglou (YL) crude oil by 98.8% (31 °C) and depress the pour point by 16.0 °C at most. In the investigation of the universality of crude oil, the modified hydrotalcite was applied to the mixed crude oil (CQH) of Changqing Oilfield, the crude oil (J76) of Jidong Oilfield, the high pour point oil (GN) of Huabei Oilfield, and the crude oil (HQ) of Tuha Oilfield. The viscosity reduction rates were 53.2%, 86.2%, 42.7%, and 63.8%, respectively. The characterization of this nano material confirms the modification of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant on the surface, resulting in a smaller particle size, and the nano particles are stable under conventional conditions. The mechanism of viscosity and pour point reduction in crude oil by BTNH was discussed by DSC and optical microscopy analysis. The OH- and long-chain alkyl groups on the BTNH surface may interact with the resins, asphaltene and wax through hydrogen bonding and co-crystal, weakening or dispersing their aggregates, thereby improving the fluidity of crude oil. Finally, a cost evaluation was conducted on BTNH, providing useful support for subsequent promotion and application.

Chemometric recognition of oil–source in the western the Ordos Basin, China

In recent years, significant breakthroughs in the exploration and development of tight oil in the Lower Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin have been achieved. However, there is still a lack of genetic relationship analysis of oil sources in this basin on a large scale. In this study, we performed Rock–Eval pyrolysis to analyze 41 source rocks in four study areas. A total of 79 crude oil and source rock samples from this region was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify the geochemical characteristics of crude oil and source rocks. Based on 16 biomarker parameters, we used principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling for the analysis of the crude oil source. Combined with alternating least squares, we quantitatively calculated the contribution rate of source rocks to crude oil. The results indicated that the region can be divided into four types of oil sources: the Habahu area in the northwest of the basin, the Huanxian area in the west of the basin, the Pengyang area in the southwest of the basin, and the center of basin. The oil–source comparison results reveal that the reservoirs in the central basin are of single crude oil, whereas those in the Habahu, Huanxian, and Pengyang areas are mixed crude oil. Based on ALS, the relative contribution rates of source rocks in each area to different samples were determined. The present research provides us with a valuable method to use a variety of chemometrics methods to jointly judge the crude oil source and the classification of gene groups.

Process optimization of KOH catalyzed biodiesel production from crude sunflower-mahua oil

The aim of the present work is to optimize process parameters to maximize biodiesel conversion from equal proportion of mixed crude sunflower-mahua oil (CSMO) through sequential esterification-transesterification reaction using KOH as catalyst. In this study, free fatty acid (FFA) was analyzed in mixed CSMO and found to be 9.8%. So, esterification was performed using sulfuric acid as catalyst to minimize the FFA. When FFA reached 3.5% (w/w), transesterification was performed for maximum biodiesel conversion through methanolysis. Plackett–Burman design (PBD) was used to screen the significant factors to maximize biodiesel production. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) based Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to develop a model relating independent and dependent process parameters. Finally, generalized reduced gradient (GRG) was performed to find optimal solution for biodiesel production. The optimization results revealed that the maximum FFA conversion of 93.34% was achieved at FFA of 3.52% (w/w), molar ratio of alcohol to oil of 8.61, mass ratio of catalyst to oil of 1.45%, reaction time of 23.5 h and reaction temperature of 63.9 °C, and the results were within ±1.4%. Thus, mixed CSMO could be utilized as prospective feedstock for biodiesel production.

Accurate prediction of viscosity of mixed oils

Viscosity of mixed oil is an important parameter which is required in transportation and production processes of mixed crude oils. There is no universal and general model for prediction of viscosity of mixed oils at different conditions. Hence, developing simple, accurate and general models for prediction of mixed oil viscosity is of great importance. In this work three computer based models named MLP-NN, PSO-RBF and Hybrid-ANFIS were developed for prediction of viscosity of mixed oils. A number of 513 experimental data covering wide ranges of influencing parameters were utilized to develop the models. The accuracy of predictions of the developed models was examined by using different statistical quality measure approaches as well as comparing their results with predictions of literature models. Results showed that the developed models present accurate predictions and are superior to literature models. The predictions of MLP-NN model were also better than Hybrid-ANFIS and PSO-RBF models.

Study on the Kinetic Process of Asphaltene Precipitation during Crude Oil Mixing and Its Effect on the Wax Behavior of Crude Oil.

As an important component of crude oil, asphaltene precipitation and deposition are harmful to petroleum production and processing. In previous research, the impacts of asphaltene precipitation on crude oil characteristics were preliminarily explored. In this paper, by mixing different types of crude oil, the dynamic process of asphaltene precipitation and its effect on the crystallization and gelation behaviors of mixed crude oil were in-depth analyzed and discussed using the high-speed centrifugation technique, microscopic observation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis, and rheological test. The results showed that the asphaltene precipitation mainly occurred in the early stage of crude oil mixing and was influenced by crude oil composition. As the precipitation time increased, the driving force for asphaltene precipitation was gradually weakened until a dynamic equilibrium between asphaltene precipitation and dissolution was reached. Meanwhile, once the asphaltene precipitation occurred, the crystallization and gelation processes of crude oil were significantly affected. It was discovered that the change in the existing state of asphaltenes due to their precipitation is an important factor affecting the interaction of asphaltenes and waxes, which is critical for the technological development of oil and gas flow assurance.

Biodiesel Production from Mixed Elengi and Pongamia Oil using Calcined Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst

Recently, researchers have shown more interest towards biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oils. The main advantages of biodiesel as a fuel includes biodegradability, non-toxicity, renewability and low emission profiles. In this study, crude mixed oil was used as feedstock for biodiesel production using Heterogeneous Catalyst synthesized from waste animal bone. Initially, mechanical extraction process was used to extract the crude mixed oil from the seeds of Mimusops elengi, and Pongamia pinnata. The crude oil collected from different plant species was characterized using GC-MS spectral data to identify their fatty acid composition. Consequently, the mixed crude oil was converted into biodiesel in the presence of calcinated heterogeneous catalyst obtained from waste animal bone and the catalyst was characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR spectral data. The effect of variables including methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and rate of mixing on the biodiesel yield was evaluated and optimized. The characteristics biodiesel obtained from mixed oil were close to commercial diesel fuel and used as an alternative to diesel in near future.

Review of Solvents Based on Biomass for Mitigation of Wax Paraffin in Indonesian Oilfield

This paper presents a review of the expectations and challenges of using biomass in the prevention and slowing of paraffin wax deposition that takes place during the crude oil production process. The inhibition of the deposition process involves the use of solvents from biomass that are generally available around the crude oil production field. The processes used to scale down the precipitation of wax include mixing crude oil with the manufacturer’s solvent composed of toluene and xylene. The goal is to assess solvents sourced from biomass that are capable to slow down the wax deposition process. Wax appearance temperature is an important characteristic to evaluate the possible wax precipitation of a given fluid. Wax precipitation can be reduced by using some chemical additives, often called the pour point depressant. This additive is expected to be produced from local biomass which can compete with solvents currently produced on the market.

Crude Oil and Dispersant Cause Acute Clinicopathological Abnormalities in Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta).

Following the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon MC252 oil rig in 2010, 319 live sea turtles exposed to crude oil and oil-dispersant (Corexit) combinations were admitted to rehabilitation centers for decontamination and treatment. Treatment of oiled sea turtles was guided by expected physiological and pathological effects of crude oil exposure extrapolated from studies in other species and from a single loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) study. While invaluable starting points, inherent limitations to extrapolation, and small sample size of the experimental exposure study, reduce their utility for clinical guidance and for assessing oil spill impacts. Effects of dispersants were not included in the previous experimental exposure study, and cannot be effectively isolated in the analysis of field data from actual spills. A terminal study of pivotal temperature of sex determination using eggs salvaged from doomed loggerhead nests provided an opportunity for an ancillary exposure study to investigate the acute effects of crude oil, dispersant, and a crude oil/dispersant combination in sea turtle hatchlings. Eggs were incubated at 27.2–30.8°C, and hatchlings were randomly assigned to control, oil, dispersant, and combined oil/dispersant exposures for 1 or 4 days. Contaminant exposures were started after a 3 day post-hatching period simulating nest emergence. Turtles were placed in individual glass bowls containing aged seawater and exposed to oil (Gulf Coast—Mixed Crude Oil Sweet, CAS #8002-05-9, 0.833 mL/L) and/or dispersant (Corexit 9500A, 0.083 mL/L), replicating concentrations encountered during oil spills and subsequent response. Statistically significant differences between treatments and non-exposed controls were detected for PCV, AST, uric acid, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, potassium, and sodium. The principal dyscrasias reflected acute osmolar, electrolyte and hydration challenges that were more numerous and greater in combined oil/dispersant exposures at 4 days. Clinicopathological findings were supported by a failure to gain weight (associated with normal hatchling hydration in seawater) in dispersant and combination exposed hatchlings. These findings can help guide clinical response for sea turtles exposed to crude oil and crude oil/dispersant combinations, and indicate potential impacts on wildlife to consider when deploying dispersants in an oil spill response.

Optimal Composition of Crude Oil for Atmospheric Petroleum Distillation

Results are given for a study on the optimization of the composition of crude oil consisting of petroleum, fuel oil, and gas condensate to improve atmospheric distillation at an installation of the Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Company. The results of a determination of the size of dispersed phase particles and the stability factor were used to predict the effect of the gas condensate in the crude oil on the major physicochemical properties and yield of light petroleum products. An active state of the dispersed system in the mixed crude oil was found at 40 wt.%. Atmospheric distillation of the activated crude oil permits an increase in the yield of light petroleum products by 28 wt. %.

An experimentally investigate the effect of physical properties on the production of lubricating materials from crude oils

One of the most important oil derivatives in our time, which all the world seeks to obtain and produce a lot is lubricating oils, which are used for several important purposes and the most important is to keep the thermal engines from damage or collapse due to the phenomenon of friction of the moving parts mechanically at a high temperatures and pressure is relatively high as well as the wear phenomenon This research effort focuses on a comparative study of five types of mix crude Libyan oils (El-Feel Field, Al Wafa Field, Amina Field, Brega Field and Al-Sedra Field) for produced the lubricated oil experimentally . Test carried out on the production the lubrication oil by measuring the physical properties include: normal boiling point, pour point, specific gravity (Sp. gr.), standard density (API), dynamic viscosity , kinematics viscosity , Acentric factor and Watson factor (K or K ). It’s found from the practical results of the production the lubricating oil from crude oil for atmospheric distillation of crude oil practically depends on measurement two physical properties very accurately Watson factor first and then the API. The results from the tests showed that, mix crude oil of Amena, El-Sedra and El-Feel fields suitable than others for production the lubricated oil at atmospheric and then use the vacuum distillation columns. Other results observation, that’s two others types are impossible to produce the lubricated oil. Also, the results observed that’s the useful mole percentage of lubricated oil cutoff has range very small from 2 to 17 % for these types of Libyan crude oils, this percentage will be increase when use vacuum distillation with added some additives materials. In addition, practical results have been found that not all the cutoff produced from atmospheric distillation within the range of temperatures between 370 and 550 oC are lubricating oils, but other compounds are oil derivatives suitable for different fuel depending on the chemical structure of these extracts. The final conclusion of this work is that any crude oil with a light Arabic class (has a relative density API less than 38 and a K lower than 12.1) is suitable for the production of lubricated oils from the crude oil.

Study of wax deposition law by cold finger device

Wax deposits in oil pipelines can reduce the effective inner diameter of such pipelines, which may lead to pipeline blockage accidents. In this study, a cold finger experimental device was constructed, and eight groups of experimental scenarios under cold flow conditions were performed in accordance with field conditions. The effects of deposition time and cold and hot bath temperatures on wax deposition were investigated. Results show that when the cold bath temperature remains unchanged, and only the hot bath temperature increases, the deposition quality and rate of mixed waxy crude oil will initially decrease and then increase. During this period, the temperature that corresponds to the maximum deposition mass is the starting point of the wax precipitation peak.

Viscosity and contact angle prediction of low water-containing heavy crude oil diluted with light oil

Numerous viscosity predicting models for mixed crude oil at various operating conditions had been established and widely applied in oil industry, but little attention was paid on the mixed viscosity of heavy or extra-heavy oil with a certain amount of water diluted with light oil in crude oil gathering and transportation system. In this paper, a new model in terms of temperature, dilution ratio and water cut is developed for predicting the viscosity of watery heavy oil blended with light oil, while the relationships between the viscosity and contact angle on the pipe wall are also studied. The proposed viscosity and contact angle models are validated against the experimental data over a wide range of test conditions. The comparison results demonstrate that the predictive capability of the two models is reasonably good for most of the tested data with average absolute error of 11.29% and 13.38%, respectively.

A new method of geochemical allocation and monitoring of commingled crude oil production using trace and ultra-trace multi-element analyses

Production allocation refers to the practice of quantifying proportions of extracted commingled hydrocarbons across various contributing sources. In this paper we tested a new geochemical technique of trace element production allocation by analyzing the mass fractions of specific target elements in five end-member natural crude oils and the manually mixed crude oil in precisely controlled proportions. We analyzed target elements by ICP-OES and Triple Quadrupole (QQQ)-ICP-MS techniques in tandem on each sample. In our test, the contributing fractions of the five end-member oils were measured by weight and mixed in proportions of ∼30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10% in the commingled oil. The obtained mass fractions for specific target elements in both the five end-member oils and the commingled oil are input into a program developed called “ALLO-TRACE”. ALLO-TRACE calculates the contributing fractions of all the end-member oils to the commingled oil using multiple analyte-based linear equations. Our repeated tests have shown that the calculated contribution fractions based on the mass fractions of multiple trace elements agree well with their known contribution fractions in the commingled oil. Accuracies of most calculations for all the five end-member oil target proportions are within 4%, and the best can be less than 0.6% for all end members (average 0.17% and median 0.1%). Most calculation uncertainties in terms of relative standard deviations of the five end-member oils are within 3%, and the best can be less than 2.3% for all end members (average 1.2% and median 0.9%).

Properties and structural behavior of concrete containing fine sand contaminated with light crude oil

Mixing crude oil contaminated sand with cement and using this mix as an alternative construction material is considered an innovative and cost-effective approach to reduce its negative environmental impact. In this study, the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete with different levels of light crude oil contamination (0, 1, 2, 6, 10 and 20%) were evaluated. Microstructure observation was also conducted to better understand how the oil contamination is affecting the concrete properties. The bond strength of steel reinforcement and a comparative evaluation of the flexural behaviour of steel reinforced beams using concrete with 0% and 6% oil contamination was carried out. Results showed that concrete with light crude oil contamination can retain most of its compressive and splitting tensile strength at a contamination level of up to 6%. A good bond between the steel reinforcement and concrete can be achieved up to this level of oil contamination. The concrete beam with 6% oil contamination exhibited only a 20% reduction in the moment capacity compared to a beam using uncontaminated concrete. Simplified empirical equations were also proposed to reliably predict the mechanical properties of concrete containing oil contaminated sand.

Comparative study of prediction methods of gel point of mixed crude oil

Gel point is an important parameter of the safe pipeline transportation of the waxy crude oil, and predicting the gel point of the mixed crude oil quickly and precisely has a certain practical significance for this kind of mixed transportation. By adopting the scientific evaluation method of the prediction model, the adaptation of the Model Li Chuangwen, Model Liu Tianyou I, Model Liu Tianyou II, and Model Chen Jun to predicting the gel point of mixed crude oil transported in a certain pipeline is analyzed and compared, by which the most appropriate model for the prediction of the mixed crude oil is confirmed. It is found that Model Liu Tianyou I is most suitable for the mixed crude oil. Therefore, from the engineering point of view, for the mixed crude oil mentioned in this text, the gel point calculated by Model Liu Tianyou I has a certain reference value.

The versatility of the Moringa oleifera oil in sustainable applications

This study had as aims the extraction, purification and characterization of moringa oil for everyday applications with backing scientific. The average oil yield was of 23.92%, using the techniques: mechanical pressing (11.36%) and by with hexane extraction (35.48%). The oil extracted by pressing was analysed for gas chromatography, revealing a profile of 21.5% of saturated fatty acids and 78.5% of unsaturated fatty acids, having the oleic acid as the major component. The mixed crude oil was refined in four steps: degumming, neutralization, washing and drying. The crude and refined oils were characterised through their acidity index (8.8; 20.5 and 0.2 mgKOH g-1 ), peroxide index (3.3; 5.4 meqO2 kg-1 and not detected), water content (876.6; 632.0 and 630.2 mg kg-1 ), turbidity (64.1; 12.6 and 2.1 NTU), specific mass (909.5; 907.2 and 907.0 kg m3 ), kinematic viscosity (43.6; 39.1 and 41.7 mm2 s-1 ), high power calorific (39.7; 40. and 39.4 MJ kg-1 ) and calorific value lower (36.9; 36.9; 37.1 MJ kg-1 ), and ash content (0.05; 0.05 and 0.007%), respectively. The results show that moringa is a viable and sustainable plant in the use of its oil as raw material for several industries, especially in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biodiesel industry.

An Efficient Scheduling Method for Crude Oil Operations in Refinery With Crude Oil Type Mixing Requirements

With a combinatorial nature and hybrid characteristics, it is very challenging to schedule crude oil operations in a refinery and, up to now, there is no software tool for practical use in this field. To solve this problem, based on the two-level architecture in our previous work, for cases where crude oil mixing is required, this paper investigates the refining scheduling problem at the upper level. Based on the schedulability conditions, a three-stage approach is proposed. First, a linear programming model is developed to maximize productivity. Second, another linear programming model is built and solved to optimally obtain the mixed crude oil types and their amounts, and assign them into the distillers. Finally, this paper simply sequences and merges the oil parcels obtained at the second stage to form a desired schedule. Because the proposed approach mainly solves two linear programming problems, it is very efficient. An industrial case study is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

Potential biodegradation of crude petroleum oil by newly isolated halotolerant microbial strains from polluted Red Sea area

Two microbial isolates from oil polluted Red Sea water in Egypt, designated as RS-Y1 and RS-F3, were found capable of degrading Belayim mix (BX) crude oil. Strains RS-Y1 and RS-F3 were assigned to the genera Lipomyces tetrasporus and Paecilomyces variotii based on their morphological and physiological characteristics. Both isolates were compared for the biodegradation of crude petroleum-oil hydrocarbons in basal salt medium supplemented with 5% (w/v) of BX-crude oil. Gas chromatography profile showed that the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) inoculated with L. tetrasporus (68.3%) and P. variotii (58.15%) along with their consortium (66%) significantly reduced TPHs levels as compared to the control after 30days. L. tetrasporus (44.5%) was more effective than P. variotii strain (32.89%) in reducing the unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) content from the medium. Both isolates exhibited a strong growth over a wide range of salinity (5–45g/L NaCl).

Effect of Temperature and Composition on the Stability of Crude Oil Blends Studied with Chemical Imaging in Situ

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging approach has been applied in situ to investigate the behavior of crude oil blends at different conditions. The ratio between mixed crude oils and temperature has been varied to study how these factors influence the stability of the blends. Obtained spectroscopic results have been used to correlate the composition of the blends with respect to the incompatibility of crude oils. The chemical compositions of precipitates formed from the blends at 60 and 200 °C have been examined by FTIR spectroscopy. The change of asphaltene solubility in crude oil blends as well as the precipitation of inorganic salts, sulfates, have been observed at higher temperature. Based on available spectroscopic data, the formation of hydrogen bonds between sulfoxide groups of precipitated inorganic sulfates and hydroxy groups of asphaltenes or similar condensed aromatic species has been proposed.