Mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA Research Articles

Identification of Fish Species Involved with Ciguatera Food Poisoning in Okinawan Waters by Using PCR-RFLP analysis

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), known as a seafood-borne disease, is caused by consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins in tropical and subtropical sea. The ciguatera fishes, Variola louti, Lutjanus monostigma and L. bohar have an absolute majority in the Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan. We developed the cluster analysis of phylogenetic tree by using mitochondrial (mt) DNA 16S rRNA sequences of V. louti, L. monostigma and L. bohar and differentiate them from morphologically similar species (L. fulviflamma, L. russellii, L. argentimaculatus, Plectropomus leopardus and V. albimarginata) in our previous study. The fish were acquired from the coastal waters of the Ryukyu Archipelago, and a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) marker of the mtDNA 16S rRNA region was used, employing the restriction enzymes BmgT120 I, Dde I, and SnaB I, to identify the fish species responsible for CFP. These results showed that a PCR-RFLP marker can be obtained more easily than a nucleotide sequence.

A new species of green pitviper of the Trimeresurus macrops complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from South Central Coastal Region of Vietnam

We describe a new species of green pitviper from southern and central parts of coastal Vietnam based on morphological and molecular (2406 bp from cyt b, ND4, and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes) lines of evidence. Trimeresurus cyanolabris sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following morphological characters: small size, maximum known SVL of 638 mm; dorsal scales in 21 (rarely 23)–21–15 rows, moderately keeled except the outermost rows; ventral scales 166–178; subcaudal scales 52–75, all paired; hemipenis forked, calyculate, reaching the 8th subcaudal; eye bright yellow in both sexes; dorsal surface deep green lacking cross-bands; postocular white stripe missing in both sexes; ventrolateral stripe faintly present on the first few dorsal scale rows in males, absent in females; throat, chin, and lower labials in shades of blue. The new species forms a distinct clade on the phylogenetic tree of the genus Trimeresurus and differs from the morphologically similar T. rubeus by a significant divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 6.0%). The new species is currently known from low- to mid-elevations (ca. 90–400 m a.s.l.) in tropical forests of central-southern Vietnam. This discovery further underlines the importance of this area as a local center of herpetofaunal diversity and endemism, which is under great threat of deforestation.

Taxonomic position of holothurian Eupentactafraudatrix (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea).

Samples of the holothurian Eupentactafraudatrix (Djakonov & Baranova in Djakonov, Baranova & Saveljeva, 1958) from the Sea of Japan were studied and the relationships of the genera Eupentacta and Sclerodactyla, as well as related taxa, were evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA COI and 16S rRNA genes. Using three methods, phylogenetic trees were constructed, and the degree of reliability of topological reconstructions was estimated by means of a nonparametric bootstrap test for the neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) techniques, as well as by a posteriori probability for Bayesian inference (BI) analysis. Genetic data confirm the validity of the assignment of Cucumariafraudatrix to the genus Eupentacta Deichmann, 1938. The study of sequences obtained from the holothurian specimens collected in Russian waters, near the city of Vladivostok, and determined by morphological characters clearly indicate that these specimens belong to the genus Eupentacta and are assigned as E.fraudatrix . The specimens from China in GenBank named as Sclerodactylamultipes and used in the present study, were likely misidentified, and after re-examination they may be assigned to the genus Eupentacta, either as E.fraudatrix or another taxon. Analyses of morphological characters of S.multipes unequivocally affirm that this species must be excluded from Sclerodactyla Ayres, 1851 and is provisionally assigned to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1989 based on the external morphological characters and the body wall ossicles.

Systematics and biogeography of the genera Pseudiberus Ancey, 1887 and Platypetasus Pilsbry, 1895 (Stylommatophora: Camaenidae), with the description of Pseudiberus shanheicus n. sp.

Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological character and molecular data indicate that Platypetasus Pilsbry, 1895 should not be synonymized with Pseudiberus Ancey, 1887. These genera occur in different geographical areas; Pseudiberus species are distributed in the Qinling, Taihang, Yimeng, and Taishan mountains, and Platypetasus species occur in the Daxueshan, Qionglaishan, Minshan, and Dabashan mountains. Here we describe a new species, Pseudiberus shanheicus n. sp., from Henan Province, China. Its shell is distinguished by its ribless surface and hollow peripheral keel. The phylogenetic relationship among Pseudiberus sensu stricto is discussed, based on an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (16S rRNA) and nuclear DNA (5.8S rRNA and ITS2), as well as shell morphology.

Another new species of karst-associated pitviper (Serpentes, Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the Isthmus of Kra, Peninsular Thailand

We describe a new species of karst-dwelling pitviper from Chumphon Province of Peninsular Thailand, in the Isthmus of Kra, based on morphological and molecular data (2427 bp from cyt b, ND4 and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes). Morphologically, Trimeresurus kraensis sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: a dark/bottle-green dorsum with reddish-brown or purple crossbands; pale green venter lacking dark dots; stripes present on the lateral sides of the ventrals; internasals generally in contact; one large supraocular scale on each side of the head; iris pale copper; tail brown with dark purplish-brown crossbars; dorsal scales in 21–21–15 rows; ventral scales 167 in a single male, 169–171 in females; subcaudal scales 62 in a single male, 52–54 in females, all paired. White vertebral spots present in males, located on approximately every two or four dorsal scales; dark brown spots forming discontinuous pattern present on 1–3 lateral dorsal scale rows; males with reddish-brown postocular stripe with jagged edges. The new species differs from the morphologically similar species Trimeresurus venustus s. str. by a notable divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 5.9%).

First Report of Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii on Passiflora edulis in Yulin, China.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a medicinal plant, was introduced into China in the early 19th century, is mainly cultivated in southern provinces (Liang et al. 2019). During March 2023, a survey was carried out and 167 samples were taken from passion fruit cultivated area in Yulin (22.6570263°E; 110.1765019°N) apart from the planting base appeared yellow leaves, stunted growth, and distinctive galls on the roots. Within the galls, Meloidogyne sp. females and egg masses were observed. From the rhizosphere soil, second-stage juveniles (J2) were extracted, and population density was 105/500 g soil. The species was determined to be Meloidogyne enterolobii based on morphological characteristics, including female perineal pattern, and genetic analyses. Female (n = 10) perineal patterns showed oval shape, with coarse and smooth striae, dorsal arch rounded to square, and lateral lines not distinct. The male head cap was high and rounded, with the head region only slightly set off from the body, knobs large, ovoid to rounded. The measurements of males (n = 10) included body length, 1,230.7 ± 244.94 (997 to 1,569) µm; a, 38.58 ± 7.8 (33.45 to 47.05) µm; c, 113.03 ± 26.22 (80.82 to 144.23) µm; stylet, 15.68 ± 1.1 (14.5 to 17.4) µm; spicules, 31.83 ± 2.84 (28.69 to 36.1) µm; tail, 11.09 ± 1.72 (8.02 to 13.38) µm; and gubernaculum length, 8.34 ± 0.28 (8.11 to 8.98) µm. Measurements of J2 (n = 20) included body length, 455.75 ± 44.94 (381 to 512) µm; a, 26.32 ± 3.89 (18.18 to 32.70) µm; c, 8.56 ± 1.2 (6.36 to 10.80) µm; stylet, 12.44 ± 0.76 (11.2 to 13.8) µm; DGO, 3.65 ± 0.54 (2.84 to 4.68) µm; tail, 53.89 ± 6.36 (39.8 to 62.2) µm; and hyaline tail terminus, 11.77 ± 2.83 (7.14 to 16.2) µm. These morphological characteristics are similar to those reported in the original description of M. enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback 1983). The sequences of the partial ITS region was amplified with V5367 (5'-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3') and 26S (5'-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3') primers (Vrain et al. 1992). The region between cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and the 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA COII) was also amplified with the primers C2F3 (5'-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3') (Powers and Harris 1993) and MRH106 (5'-AATTTCTAAAGACTTTTCTTAGT-3') (Stanton et al. 1997). The ITS region yielded a fragment of 757 bp (OR072957) and mtDNA COII of 706 bp (OR078415). A BLAST search indicated the sequences were 100% identical to several sequences of M. enterolobii (MT406250, MH756127 and AY831967, MN269940, respectively). To confirm pathogenicity, 20 passion fruit (P. edulis Sim. f. flavicarpa) 30-day-old seedlings were transplanted into pots with an autoclaved mixture of sand and field soil (3:1) and maintained in the glasshouse at 25 ± 2°C with 65 ± 5% relative humidity. After eight weeks, fifteen plants were inoculated with 500 J2/pot (nematode culture collected from the original field), and another five uninoculated plants served as a control. Two months later, aboveground symptoms were similar to those observed in the field. Nematode reproduction occurred and root galls were observed. The reproduction factor (nematode final population density/initial population density) was 4.8. The disease caused by M. enterolobii was severe in Yulin city of Guangxi. Guangxi is an important area for passion fruit culture, with about 2000 ha, which is responsible for two-thirds of China production (Xing et al. 2020). This is the first record of P. edulis natural infection with M. enterolobii in the Yulin City of Guangxi, China.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of commercially important Asian monsoon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus 1758) from Indonesia

The Asian monsoon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes, is a key member of shellfish communities that are the most commercially harvested in Asia. Materials were obtained from four sites in Indonesia: Semarang, Bali Island, Maros and Buru Island. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed on PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA. In total, 556-558 base pair nucleotide sequences were obtained from 8 individuals. Molecular analyses revealed that the samples belong to the A. pleuronectes species. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by comparing the gene sequences of A. pleuronectes haplotypes in Indonesia with gene sequences of the same base pair length and with the of A. japonicum which was used as an outgroup. The phylogenetic trees were consistent and indicated in the two sub-clades. The presence of A. pleuronectes and the phylogenetic status of the A. pleuronectes Indonesian haplotype were reported. Clarifying the phylogenetic status of ecologically important species provides basic information for biosecurity studies for possible future conservation and control programs.

Comparative ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of eight lizardfish species (Synodontidae) from the Northwest Pacific, with a focus on Trachinocephalus monophyly.

Lizardfish (Aulopiforms: Synodontidae), distributed broadly in temperate to tropical waters, are represented globally by 83 species across four genera, with 10 species in Korea. Despite these numbers, few studies have been conducted on the early life history of lizardfishes compared to their adult counterparts. Thus, we conducted molecular identification of 123 Synodontidae larvae collected from the Northwest Pacific (Korea Strait, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea) between June 2017 and July 2021, using mitochondrial DNA COI and 16S rRNA sequences. Significant morphological differences were observed in the larvae and juvenile, including variation in melanophore, count, morphometric characteristics, and body shape. The morphological traits of eight species (Harpadon nehereus, Saurida macrolepis, Saurida wanieso, Saurida sp., Synodus hoshinonis, Synodus kaianus, Synodus macrops, and Trachinocephalus trachinus) served as vital data for interpreting the phylogenetic relationships within the Northwest Pacific Synodontidae. Ultimately, the identification key revealed by this study will enable accurate identification of Synodontid larvae and juveniles, and further facilitate our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within this family.

Limestone jewel: A new colourful karst-dwelling pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the poorly explored borderlands of southern peninsular Thailand

Abstract We describe a new species of pitvipers from Trang Province of Thailand, near the Thailand–Malaysian border, based on morphological and molecular (2427 bp from cyt b, ND4, and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes) lines of evidence. Morphologically, Trimeresurus ciliarissp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: a long papillose hemipenis; first supralabial and nasal scale fused; three to four small supraocular scales; internasals not in contact; small scale between nasal and the scale formed by the fused second supralabial and loreal present; dorsal scales in 17–17–15 rows across the body; ventral scales 172–175 in males, 171 in female; subcaudal scales 59–63 in males, 61 in female, all paired; in life an emerald-green dorsum with reddish-brown bands; creamy-white venter lacking dark dots or stripes on the lateral sides of the ventrals; white vertebral spots present in both sexes on every two or three dorsal scales; dark brown spots forming discontinuous pattern present on 1–3 lateral dorsal scale rows; males with reddish-brown postocular stripe. The new species forms a distinct clade on the phylogenetic tree of the genus Trimeresurus and differs from the morphologically similar species T. venustus by a significant divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 12.5%). The new species is currently known from a small karstic area in the Nakawan Range spanning the border of Thailand and Malaysia, in particular in limestone forests in Trang and Satun provinces (Thailand); it likely also occurs in the adjacent parts of Perlis State (Malaysia). Our study also suggests that the taxonomy of T. kanburiensis species complex requires further studies; in particular our study suggests that the status of populations from Chumphon Province of Thailand and Pulau Langkawi Island of Malaysia should be re-assessed.

Some Species of Gobies of the Genus <i>Pomatoschistus</i> Previously Unknown in the Black Sea as Identified by the Data on the 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA Gene Variability

Using the analysis of the 16S rRNA of mtDNA nucleotide sequences, the taxonomic composition of gobies of the genus Pomatoschistus of the Black Sea was refined. Among the 12 individuals of the genus Pomatoschistus studied in the Black Sea (Odessa Bay and Kazachiya Harbour, Sevastopol), the species P. marmoratus and P. quagga are reliably identified by haplotypes of the 16S gene. When comparing the parameters of the genetic variation of the most abundant species P. marmoratus from the Black Sea with populations of the Mediterranean Sea, it was found that the Black Sea population of P. marmoratus has all the features of a marginal population, which is probably due to the relatively recent naturalization of this species in the Black Sea. The species P. quagga is for the first time indicated for the Black Sea.

Some Species of Gobies of the Genus Pomatoschistus Previously Unknown in the Black Sea as Identified by the Data on the 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA Gene Variability

Some Species of Gobies of the Genus Pomatoschistus Previously Unknown in the Black Sea as Identified by the Data on the 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA Gene Variability

Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structure of Phascolosoma esculenta Populations in Southeastern China Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequences

Here, we investigated the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of the endemic Chinese oceanic sipuncula Phascolosoma esculenta by using partial mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences. In total, 80 samples were collected from Xiangshan, Wenling, Ningde, and Zhanjiang, which are four muddy intertidal zones of southeastern China. Results showed that of the 80 16S rRNA gene fragments, 5 were 1010 bp in length, 73 were 1011 bp in length, and 2 were 1012 bp in length. The A+T content (67.7%) was signifi cantly higher than the C+G content (32.3%), thus exhibiting obvious AT biases. In addition, 27 different haplotypes were defi ned by 33 polymorphic sites, giving an overall haplotype diversity of 0.908 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00247. The topological structure of the haplotype neighbor-joining tree was extremely simple, without any obvious geographical structures within the four groupings. The genetic distances among populations ranged from 0.0022 to 0.0031, and those within populations ranged from 0.002 to 0.0028. The results of AMOVA revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among the four populations. A neutral test and mismatch analysis indicated a recent population expansion for P. esculenta.

New Finding of Eggs and Leptocephalus for Muraenesox cinereus off Jeju Island, Korea and Its Relation to Environmental Variables

The daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus, is an important demersal fish species in East Asia but the catch amount has declined in recent years. Spawning areas of M. cinereus have not yet been determined; identifying these have serious implications for resource management. Ichthyoplankton surveys are an effective method of distinguishing fish spawning areas and periods. Fish eggs were sampled from the waters adjacent to South Korea in August 2020 and 2022 using a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System or a bongo net. In 2021, M. cinereus eggs were not collected. Three unidentified eggs (2.0–2.2 mm in diameter) were collected from the southeastern sea of Jeju Island at a seawater depth of 20–30 m and temperature of 20–22 °C. Muraenesox cinereus preleptocephali were gathered at 10–20 m depths from Jeju Island’s southernmost and eastern sea areas. The eggs and preleptocephali were identified as M. cinereus by their mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences. This is a new finding of eggs and leptocephalus of Muraenesox cinereus off Jeju Island, South Korea, which increases our understanding of the recruitment process of M. cinereus to facilitate resource management and species conservation.

Genetic differentiation within species exhibiting widespread gene flow; phylogeography of the downstream-inhabiting speciesEphemera orientalis(Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

AbstractElucidating the mechanism of formation of biota on islands will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that generate biodiversity. In this study, we focus on the evolutionary history of Ephemera orientalis, which is distributed in East Asia. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the nuclear DNA histone H3 regions. We found that these mayflies exhibit genetic differentiation between the Japanese and Korean populations. The Tsushima population, which is located between the Japanese Islands and the Korean Peninsula, was positioned genetically as a continental clade. The populations of the Fuji-Goko Lakes and Lake Ashino-ko in Central Japan were genetically differentiated from the other populations. The genetic structures over a wide area of the Japanese Islands were confirmed and a loose genetic regionality was observed, which was thought to result from secondary contact of the north-eastern and south-western lineages after their long separation by a geohistorical division event. We have gathered important knowledge regarding the evolutionary history of organisms on islands and investigated the colonization and isolation of biological populations within a species with high dispersal ability.

Влияние индивидуальных генетических особенностей организма на успешность применения антибактериальных препаратов

To date, numerous studies have reported significant associations of adverse drug reactions with genetic factors. In particular, the connection between drug-induced liver injury and carriage of certain MNS haplotypes when using amoxicillin and flucloxacillin has been demonstrated. The influence of polymorphisms of the PTPN22, ERAP2, PXR, ST6GAL1 genes was also observed. The pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins is affected by polymorphisms of drug transporter genes such as SLCO1A2, SLC22A8, ABCC2, ABCG2, ABCB1, which, however, requires further clarification. The pharmacokinetics of macrolides, according to some reports, may be related to the CYP3A4, SLCO1B1, ABCC2, and ABCB1 genes. The association of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA genes in the development of non-syndromic and aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss has been well studied. The most important are the substitutions m.1095C>T, m.1494C>T and m.1555A>G. Risk factors for the development of neurological adverse reactions during the use of fluoroquinolones may be the carriage of alleles of blood-brain barrier transporters: ABCB1, ABCG2, SLCO1A2. Cutaneous adverse reactions with vancomycin may be associated with carrying MNS haplotypes, and urinary tract adverse reactions with the rs2789047 polymorphism. Daptomycin rarely contributes to the development of myopathy, which is presumably influenced by both renal functional status and the ABCB1 gene polymorphism. Key words: pharmacogenetics, genetic polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphisms, antibiotics, adverse reactions

A novel allopatric lineage within the fat snook species complex of the genus Centropomus (Perciformes: Centropomidae)

The species-level taxonomy of fat snooks (Centropomus parallelus and Centropomus mexicanus), which are distributed in coastal waters from Florida to Brazil and parts of the Gulf of Mexico, was explored with mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequencing and multilocus microsatellite DNA genotyping. The existence of a novel lineage first observed from Puerto Rico (Lineage 3) was confirmed in the presence of specimens of C. parallelus from Florida (Lineage 1), and C. mexicanus from Texas (Lineage 2). The novel lineage was found to be in the same phylogenetic clade as specimens from Brazil, consistent with distribution along the Caribbean coast as far as South America. Lineages 1 and 2 are spatially isolated, with no fat snook reported from Pensacola, Florida to Freeport, Texas. The transition zone between lineages 2 and 3 may occur in the area between the Yucatán Peninsula and western Panama. Sampling from this region is necessary to identify the breakpoint and potential for hybridization. Analysis of sequence data within a maximum likelihood framework revealed that all three lineages form a monophyletic clade within Centropomus, with Lineage 3 as ancestral to the other two lineages. Lineage 3 may have originated in South America and expanded to seed the other two lineages. This expansion is estimated to have occurred 0.9–2.5 million years ago. Lineage 3 individuals occasionally migrate to the Atlantic coast of Florida from the distal area of their distribution range and hybridize with local specimens of Lineage 1, suggesting some overlap in the distribution of these two lineages. Overall, these data suggest a complex underlying phylogenetic history of fat snooks in the western Atlantic, with the potential for future taxonomic revision.

The hole is deeper: description of two new species within the Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) species complex with an integrative taxonomy approach.

In this contribution, we describe two new species of burrowing crayfish species complex Parastacus brasiliensis from forestry areas in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We used an integrative taxonomy approach with morphology and the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene and also evaluated their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Criteria. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected near the municipality of Pantano Grande and it differs from all other congeneric species in having an epistome anterolateral section with a large conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. It also differs from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the shape of the rostral surface, sub-orbital angle, postorbital carina straight, sub-orbital angle > 90, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, the internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. was collected in the municipality of So Jernimo, it differs from all analysed species for rostral spine absent, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal and mandible incisive process with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). It is also distinguished of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the sub-orbital angle > 90, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, 34 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed on the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, areola narrow and pleon short. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed the distinct position of these new species to the already described species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) / area of occurrence (AOO) of P. guapo sp. nov and P. gomesae sp. nov. were estimated at 937 km / 1,87 km, and 2.107 km / 23,9 km respectively. The main threats identified were continued decline in the quality of habitats, resulting from deforestation and forestry areas. However, as we know only one point of occurrence for each new species, we suggest that both be categorized as Data Deficient.

Investigating genetic diversity of Indonesian native cattle breeds using mitochondrialDNA 16S rRNA gene

This study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Indonesian native and local cattle breeds using 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA. The study analyzed 93 DNA samples from six cattle breeds. The polymerase chain reaction was conducted using two primer pairs to sequence the complete 16S rRNA gene. The number of the polymorphic site (S), pairwise nucleotide differences (K), haplotype diversity (Hd), and nucleotide diversity (?) were estimated using DnaSP 6 software. PopART v. 1.7 software was employed for the median-joining network analysis, while a neighbor-joining tree was reconstructed based on the Kimura 2-parameter model using MEGA X software. The results revealed 29 haplotypes, 14 in Bali cattle. The haplotype diversity varied from 0.24 ± 0.135 to 0.92 ± 0.084. The overall nucleotide diversity among populations was 0.0190 ± 0.0011. Indonesian native cattle revealed high variability in the 16SrRNA gene sequence. The phylogenetic analysis assigned the Bali cattle as Indonesian native cattle separated from the other cattle breed.

Phylogenetic tree analysis for Bali Cattle based on partial sequence 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) as a source of genetic information based on the maternal genome, can provide important information for phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary biology. The objective of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic tree of Bali cattle with seven gene bank references (Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos frontalis, andBos grunniens) based on partial sequence 16S rRNA mitochondria DNA. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed using BEAST 2.4. and visualization in Figtree 1.4.4 (tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). The best model of evolution was carried out using jModelTest 2.1.7. The most optimal was the evolutionary models GTR + I + G with p-inv (I) 0,1990 and gamma shape 0.1960. The main result indicated that the Bali cattle were grouped intoBos javanicus. Phylogenetic analysis also successfully classifyingBos javanicus, Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos frontalisandBos grunniens. These results will complete information about Bali cattle and useful for the preservation and conservation strategies of Indonesian animal genetic resources.

Discovery of previously unrecorded goby Bathygobius cyclopterus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from Jeju Island, Korea, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

A single specimen of Spotted frillgoby, Bathygobius cyclopterus (Valenciennes, 1837), was collected from a tidal pool on Jeju Island, Korea, in October 2017. The species is characterized by five upper free rays of the pectoral fin, a lower jaw with a mental frenum with a slightly curved posterior margin, and a small flap on the anterior nostril. Mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA revealed that it corresponds to B. cyclopterus than other congeneric species by 100% identity. This species is the third Bathygobius species of the fish fauna of Korea, and the new Korean name proposed for the species is “Eol-lug-mu-nui-mang-dug”.