Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Research Articles

Development of SISTANA-based LKPD to enhance understanding of volcanic disaster mitigation at elementary schools

The limitation of students' understanding of disaster mitigation led the researchers to conduct a study that combined two previous studies, resulting in a new finding called Sistana. This research aimed to describe the suitability, effectiveness, and student response to the learning media in the form of Sistana-Based Student Worksheets (LKPD) in enhancing their understanding of disaster mitigation during the 6th-grade Social Studies class in Elementary School. The development model utilized by the researchers was the 4D model, which consists of four main stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The validation results by material experts showed a percentage of 80% as "valid." The media experts obtained a percentage of 84% as "valid," while the evaluation experts scored 80% as "valid." Furthermore, the results of the trial showed that the students' average pretest score was 43.1, and their posttest score was 88.1, indicating an improvement of 45 points. Finally, the student's assessment of the use of LKPD Sistana resulted in a 92% "very good" response rate. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed LKPD Sistana is relevant and engaging as a learning medium to enhance students' understanding of disaster mitigation.

Eruptive history of Mt. Fuji over the past 8000 years based on integrated records of lacustrine and terrestrial tephra sequences and radiocarbon dating

Reliable records of past volcanic activities are essential for assessing future eruption probabilities and establishing effective volcanic disaster mitigation plans. We integrated the lacustrine and terrestrial sequences of tephra deposits at the northeastern foot of Mt. Fuji based on high-resolution radiocarbon (14C) dating to elucidate its eruptive history over the past 8000 years. Accurate chronologies of 29 tephra layers in the Lake Yamanaka sediments (core YA-1) were determined using the age-depth model of the 14C of bulk organic matter after variability correction of lake reservoir ages. The following ages were compared to those of major tephra deposits in the proximal trench section (MF20-01) and in the literature. From ∼7300 to ∼3200 cal yr BP, four tephra layers in core YA-1 (i.e., YA-T1, 2, 7, and 10) were likely correlated with the scoria fall deposits S-3, 5, 6, and 10 respectively, as reported in the outcrops near the lake. The core also features six undetected eruptions from ∼5050 to ∼3900 cal yr BP, demonstrating the advantages of lake sediments proximal to the volcano in identifying previously undetected eruptions. After ∼3200 cal yr BP, five tephra layers in core YA-1, ranging from ∼2900 to ∼1600 cal yr BP (YA-T11, 12, 14, 20, and 22), showed similar age ranges as the major tephra layers in MF20-01 (IY5, 8, 11, 25, and 26), with identical lithological characteristics and stratigraphic orders. This suggests that the tephra sequence in the trench section positively reflects the major eruptive events over the past 2900 years, providing a basis for the comprehensive reconstruction of volcanic eruption histories in the region.

Development And Evaluation Of The Webgis Application To Support Volcanic Hazard Mitigation In The Southern Flank Of Merapi Volcano, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Merapi Volcano is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia, which is located in the Central Java and Yogyakarta Province. The eruption of Merapi Volcano is a threat to people living on the slopes of Merapi, especially on its denselypopulated southern flank. The purpose of this study was to build a webGIS to support volcanic hazard mitigation regarding Merapi Volcano and evaluate the webGIS system for determining the community’s perception. This research was the first to produce a product that is used by government agencies related to volcanic disaster mitigation. webGIS development was carried out using an open source platform. System evaluation was carried out using usability testing. The samples were obtained using systematic the random sampling method of respondents who lived in the villages on the southern flank of Merapi volcano. webGIS was built using LeafletJS and QGIS, combined with spatial data about the evacuation locations, health facilities, evacuation routes, government offices, educational facilities and worship facilities, with a basemap obtained from Openstreet Map and Google Satellite. WebGIS was equipped with a database query feature to make it easier for users to find geographical information. The usability testing results showed that as many as 83% of the respondents were very satisfied with the appearance and information of webGIS, while as many as 82% were very satisfied with the navigation offered via the webGIS display.

Kearifan Lokal dalam Mitigasi Bencana Gunung Api di Padukuhan Pangukrejo Pasca Erupsi 2010

Title: Local Wisdom in Volcanic Disaster Mitigation in Pangukrejo Village Post 2010 Eruption Merapi, as one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia, become a threat to the surrounding settlements. Especially large eruption that happened in the 2010 which created crater openings that increased the potential for eruptions leading to Pangukrejo Village, as one of it's area. On the other hand, Pangukrejo Village included in the Disaster-Prone Area III (KRB III) but refused to be relocated. After the 2010 eruption, people realized that they need not only local wisdom but also mitigation efforts by government. Until now, both local wisdom and disaster mitigation have worked together to increasing the preparedness of the people in this village to face future eruptions of Merapi. This study aims to identify local wisdom that still being carried out and worked together with disaster mitigation in Pangukrejo Village, which reviewed from the physical aspects, such as zone planning, early warning systems, and building design. The research use descriptive qualitative method with data analysis using content analysis technique and choosing respondents using purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the research, it was finally found that there are the same meanings and interrelated key patterns that make local wisdom still being carried out and worked together with disaster mitigation.

Three-dimensional density tomography determined from multi-directional muography of the Omuroyama scoria cone, Higashi–Izu monogenetic volcano field, Japan

Scoria cone is one of the basic forms of volcanoes, and clarifying its detailed internal structure and magma movement during its formation is important for understanding the nature of eruptions and also for volcanic disaster mitigation. We conducted a multi-directional muographic survey of the Omuroyama scoria cone, Japan, in order to determine the three-dimensional density structure of the scoria cone. We used a nuclear emulsion detector optimized for multi-directional muography that was installed at 11 sites around the volcano. Muon tracks recorded on emulsion films were read with a high-speed automated readout system. We obtained the three-dimensional density structure by applying a linear inversion to the muographic images, and evaluated the uncertainties. High-density zones were detected in scoria cone. Based on these observations and detailed topographic and geological constraints, we infer that high-density zones are the central, highly welded vent of the scoria cone, three-directional radial dikes extending from the central vent, respectively. We also infer that an E-W-trending dike fed a small lava flow, and that a SSE-NNW-trending dike caused a small flank eruption and produced a crater on the flank of the cone. Our results visualize the three-dimensional internal structure of volcanoes with novel resolution, and thereby demonstrate that the formation process of volcanoes can be discussed in detail. Since it has been difficult to directly detect such clear visualization of the internal structures and eruptive processes in the past, multi-directional muography has resulted in providing one hope for understanding volcanic activity.

Construction and Provision of Digital Photographic Archives by Using the Japan Volcanological Data Network System: Application to the 1990–1995 Mount Unzen Eruption Disaster

Sharing volcano-related photographic data is necessary for deepening understanding of volcanic phenomena. Therefore, a new function for archiving, displaying, and providing digital photographic data has been added to the Japan Volcanological Data Network (JVDN) system to enable users to share photographs of volcanoes and their related metadata. The new function was developed in order to facilitate widespread use in research involving data owned by individuals or organizations, and it solved a number of issues: the issue of preventing the loss of photographs or their associated metadata, issues related to copyright ownership of photographs, information-management issues related to photographic data, and the issue of the extent of disclosure of photographic data. We have uploaded photographic data related to the eruption disaster of Mount Unzen (1990–1995) onto the JVDN system and have started to provide these data to interested parties. These photographic data are related to various aspects including volcanic-eruption phenomena, volcanic disasters, and disaster countermeasures. We expect that such data will be effectively utilized in various fields in the future. We believe that sharing of photographic data by means of the new functions will contribute toward the development of volcanology and the mitigation of volcanic disasters.

Special Issue on Future Volcano Research in Japan: Integrated Program for Next-Generation Volcano Research

Since Japan has 111 active volcanoes, we living there need to be prepared for the volcanic disasters that we will likely encounter in our lifetime. The Integrated Program for Next Generation Volcano Research and Human Resource Development (INeVRH), a research project of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), started in 2016 and is now in its 7th year. It is approaching its final stage will be ready to make proposals that will improve our knowledge from both scientific and practical points of view. In theme A, the Japan Volcanic Data Network (JVDN) system started its function as a volcanic research platform, providing the observation and analysis data of many universities, governmental agencies, and institutes. The JVDN system promotes collaborative, multidisciplinary study. In theme B, many strategic observation techniques now deployed have revealed the characteristics of volcanoes in detail. For example, a dense seismic and magnetic survey has clarified the fine structure of the hydrothermal system beneath volcanoes, providing information that can be used to evaluate their phreatic eruption potential. In addition, brand-new volcanic gas observation techniques using drones now obtain in-situ information effectively. Theme C has obtained geologic and petrologic findings at many volcanoes and has come to the stage in which systematic compilation of this database would be useful to comparative studies of many volcanoes. These findings are also used in numerical simulations that combine geologic, petrologic, and geophysical formulations to produce more comprehensive models used to interpret volcanic activity. Theme D focuses on the development of practical technologies for volcanic disaster mitigation, mainly related to volcanic ash. A scheme for the quick detection and evaluation of volcanic ash is proposed through observation and numerical simulation, and an experiment is performed to reveal the thickness threshold of volcanic ash deposits on air-conditioners. This special issue reports on some up-to-date topics that could become the basis of dynamic and effective links between themes A, B, C, and D, which may serve as a base and direction for discussions that summarize and conclude this 10-year project.

Determining the usage feasibility of battery for disaster mitigation devices using Fuzzy Inference with Tsukamoto

Batteries have become an electrochemical device that plays an essential role in human life. Lately, batteries have also been used in disaster research, especially volcanic disaster mitigation in Indonesia. In addition, some electronic devices require a high amount of batteries thus these devices can remain alive for the continuation of mitigation research. Therefore, we research the fuzzy inference system to determine the usage feasibility of battery in Mount Merapi. The system is used for the simulation of the application of battery monitoring which is done periodically. As a result, users can monitor and evaluate the use of a high amount of batteries at several installation points easily and cost-effectively. Moreover, from the results of the test cases using the fuzzy inference system and fuzzy manual calculations, it can be concluded that both calculations produce the same output of fuzzy value for two test cases with a different dataset.

Development of a Data Sharing System for Japan Volcanological Data Network

In Japan, a number of universities, research institutes, and administrative organizations continue to conduct observations on volcanoes according to their respective roles. They also promote the distribution and sharing of observation data and have collaborated with each other. Japan Volcanological Data Network (JVDN) is a framework that strengthens this cooperation, promotes volcano research, and contributes to volcanic disaster mitigation. In this paper, we report the overview, progress, tasks, and future prospects of the system being developed for JVDN that was initiated in 2016. The observational data collected from each organization is stored in a database and shared using visualization tools to promote collaborative research, (e.g., multi-disciplinary research for eruption prediction) and cooperation between organizations. Furthermore, this database will contribute to volcanic disaster mitigation measures through collaboration between the volcano research community and administrative organizations responsible for volcanic crisis management. Adaptation to the standards of the international WOVOdat database will also promote cooperation with research institutes worldwide.

Perceptions of Volcanic Hazard-Related Information Relevant to Volcano Tourism Areas in Japan

Perceptions of volcanic hazard-related information relevant to volcano tourism areas in Japan were investigated using an Internet questionnaire survey. This study focused on the possibilities of tourism activities as a method of disseminating disaster information not only to residents but also to visitors. We evaluated the effects of educational programs (EP) including recreational activities at geopark, for the purpose of further enhancing information content and establishment of cooperation system. The survey focused on the roles and perspectives of residents, the tourism industry, scientists, and the government in volcanic disaster mitigation, as well as the dissemination of volcanic information with regard to daily activities and the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency. Hazard perceptions tended to be actuate in areas where knowledge dissemination activities were active, but this did not lead to evacuation awareness. Evacuation awareness was correlated with disaster awareness, specifically regarding the degree of interest in a volcano, eruption frequency and style, perceptions of eruption predictability, and trust in information source. Disaster awareness correlated somewhat with eruption style and with the time elapsed science the most recent eruption. Our results showed that the perceptions of residents living near volcanoes depended on eruption frequency, their experience during previous eruptions, and local government assessments of the severity of the volcanic hazard. Despite advances in tools of social media, that is not yet to take advantage under disaster circumstances. A disaster prevention system that incorporates disaster prevention education and open lines of communication among scientists, government, media, residents, and the tourism industry is necessary to improve the disaster resilience of communities in volcanic areas.

The Impacts Analysis of Pre And Post Merapi Mount Eruption on Residential Areas Using Sentinel 1, ALOS Palsar and Landsat Satellite Images Combination in 2009-2015

Indonesia is a country located in the presence of three large tectonic plates like the Indo-Australian, Eurasian and Pacific plates. The path of plate movement approaching or steering away each other leads to high volcanic and earthquakes activity. As a proof of the active path of this plate movement can be seen from the series of active volcanoes lies from the island of Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara into Papua. The impact of active volcano activity will be felt in the densely populated area where the island of Java became one of the islands with the largest residential area in Indonesia. This impact needs to be anticipated with an integrated high-tech technology and volcanic disaster mitigation system. One of the most active volcanoes in the island of Java is Merapi mount which is experienced the last major eruption peak on October 26th, 2010. This volcanic eruption is effusive eruption type where magmatic gas pressure in the crater is not too strong and magma eruption is just flowing out past the slopes of the Merapi mount area. However, magmatic gas pressure and magma volume still result in deformation changes that have a direct impact on residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Therefore, this research performs deformation calculation using DInSAR (Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar) method on Sentinel 1 SAR and ALOS PALSAR 1 satellite images between 2005-2015 acquisition year. Then the deformation patterns obtained from the DInSAR method will be spatially correlated with residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Residential areas were obtained through supervised classification process from Landsat 5 and 8-satellite imagery in the 2005-2015 acquisition year. The reason of observation year selection is based on pre and post eruption concept to get pattern of Merapi’s mountain body change through deformation analysis. The result of the combination of deformation pattern and residential area changes was further analysed to obtain spatial correlation. The value of this spatial correlation will be an indicator of how’s far the deformation changes due to volcanic activity will have an effect on the residential areas in the Merapi mount area. The output of this research is a map of Merapi mount deformation (due to volcanic activity) impacts on the residential area. The results are expected to contribute to the volcanic disaster mitigation system and the development of residential area plans in Merapi mount area.

Assessment of Sedimentation in Wlingi and Lodoyo Reservoirs: A Secondary Disaster Following the 2014 Eruption of Mt. Kelud, Indonesia

Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs in the Brantas River basin, Indonesia, provide numerous benefits including reliable irrigation water supply, flood control, power generation, fisheries and recreation. The function of both reservoirs particularly in relation to flood control has declined due to severe sedimentation that has reduced their storage capacities. The sedimentation in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs is mainly caused by sediment inflow from the areas most affected by ejecta from eruptions of Mt. Kelud, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. The main objective of this research is to assess the sedimentation problem in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs, particularly as they are affected by eruptions of Mt Kelud. We performed reservoir bathymetric surveys and field surveys after the most recent eruption of Mt. Kelud in February 2014 and compared the results with surveys undertaken before the eruption. The assessment revealed that both reservoirs were severely affected by the 2014 eruption. The effective storage capacity of Wlingi reservoir in March 2013 was 2.01 Mm3and the survey in May 2015 indicated that the effective storage of Wlingi reservoir had decreased to 1.01 Mm3. Similarly, the effective storage capacity of Lodoyo reservoir in March 2013 was 2.72 Mm3, reduced to 1.33 Mm3in May 2015. These findings underpin the analysis of the impacts of the secondary disaster due to reservoir sedimentation following the volcanic eruption and the implications for mitigating and managing the risks for sustainable use of reservoirs to control floods, supply water, generate electricity, etc. To cope with the extreme sedimentation problem in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs, diverse sediment management strategies have been applied in these reservoirs and their catchments. However sediment disaster management strategies for both reservoirs, an integral part of the Mt. Kelud Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Plan, require continuous maintenance and recurrent operations, and ongoing evaluation and improvement.

日本の火山防災体制の現状と課題 : 火山専門家と災害対応者の効果的な連携に向けて(＜特集＞日本火山学会60周年「火山学の最新動向と今後の展望」)

日本の火山防災体制の現状と課題 : 火山専門家と災害対応者の効果的な連携に向けて(＜特集＞日本火山学会60周年「火山学の最新動向と今後の展望」)

P3 富士山における観光客・登山者に対する火山防災の取り組み : 噴火時避難ルートマップの作成(ポスターセッション)

P3 富士山における観光客・登山者に対する火山防災の取り組み : 噴火時避難ルートマップの作成(ポスターセッション)

P1-27 山梨県富士山科学研究所における富士山火山防災への取り組み(ポスターセッション)

P1-27 山梨県富士山科学研究所における富士山火山防災への取り組み(ポスターセッション)

Role of Volcanic Hazard Maps and Scenarios for the Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters in Japan

Role of Volcanic Hazard Maps and Scenarios for the Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters in Japan

Prediction of volcanic eruptions and mitigation of volcanic disasters

Prediction of volcanic eruptions and mitigation of volcanic disasters

Special Issue on Volcanic Disasters

The volcanic disasters are quite variable depending on the nature of the volcanic eruptions, the degrees of land-use surrounding the volcanic areas and preparedness against the eruptions. In order to mitigate the volcanic disasters, therefore, multidisciplinary approach is required. The International Volcanic Conference, ``Cities on Volcanoes 5," held in Shimabara Japan on the November 19-23, 2007 encouraged a wide range of people who are engaged in the volcanic disaster mitigation to gather to discuss topics related to volcanic eruptions and their hazards. The aim of this conference was to evaluate and improve mitigation measures, emergency management, and all required to successfully confront volcanic crises in densely populated area and to recover from any devastation. As the main topics discussed during the conference is quite adequate for the aim of this journal, this special issue tried to include papers read at the conference as many as possible. For the mitigation of the volcanic disasters, several different approaches should be included. Volcano monitoring through observation is the basis for most eruption forecasts and other measures for volcanic disaster mitigation. Impacts on human health and sustainability in volcanic areas in the fields of air and water pollution are also important issues to be included in the management of volcanic hazards. The practical lessons learned through the case histories of actual events should be shared to prepare for and respond to volcano crises that may affect communities. Hiroaki Takahashi proposes a method to estimate the real-time eruption magnitude that might be utilized to judge the duration of eruption in the early stage of eruption. Yoshikazu Kikawada et al. summarize arsenic pollution of rivers originated from the Kusatsu volcanic region. Tsuneomi Kagiyama and Yuichi Morita discuss the strategy to understand the preparing process of caldera forming eruption as a first step to assess the risk of gigantic eruption. Hiroshi Ikeya describes the prevention works executed by the central and local governments during and after the Mt. Unzen 1990-1995 eruption. Harry J. R. Keys summarizes the aspects of risk assessment and mitigation for a dome-break lahar that was predicted in 1995 and actually occurred on 18 March 2007 at Ruapehu volcano. Yoichi Nakamura et al. describe the mitigation systems on volcanic disasters in Japan emphasizing the importance of preparing hazard maps. We know the topics covered by this special issue do not represent the wide-ranging aspect of the conference, but include some significant portion. We hope that this special issue will be utilized to share the lessons learned through the practical trial to mitigate the actual disasters during the volcanic crisis.

Encyclopedia of volcanoes

Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity. * Provides the only comprehensive reference work to cover all aspects of volcanology * Written by nearly 100 world experts in volcanology * Explores an integrated transition from the physical process of eruptions through hazards and risk, to the social face of volcanism, with an emphasis on how volcanoes have influenced and shaped society * Presents hundreds of color photographs, maps, charts and illustrations making this an aesthetically appealing reference * On-line supplement includes additional multimedia * Glossary of 3,000 key terms with definitions of all key vocabulary items in the field is included

Volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines: experience from Mt. Pinatubo.

Considerable progress has been made in volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines during the last four decades, since the devastating Hibok-Hibok eruption in 1951 and the establishment of the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL), the forerunner of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in 1952. The management of the Pinatubo Volcano eruption crisis of 1991-92 marks the highest point in the development of volcanic disaster mitigation in the country. State-of-the-art volcano monitoring techniques and instruments were applied; the eruption was accurately predicted; hazards zonation maps were prepared and disseminated a month before the violent explosions; an alert and warning system was designed and implemented; and the disaster response machinery was mobilized on time. The unprecedented magnitude and lingering nature of the hazards, however, and their widespread, long-term impacts have sorely tested the capability of the country's volcanic disaster mitigation systems. In particular, the lahar threat has triggered controversies and put decision makers in a dilemma of choosing between adaptive versus confrontational/control approaches. At least three strategies have been articulated and adopted in varying degrees and forms: (1) the establishment of a lahar monitoring-warning-evacuation system to deal with the lahar problem on an emergency basis; (2) relocation of settlements from the hazard zones; and (3) installation of engineering countermeasures to control/divert the lahar flows and protect settlements. A combination of the three appears to be the best, but the most effective and least costly mix remains to be determined.