Effective Mitigation Research Articles

Double-RISs-Aided Predictable High-Speed Railway Communications With Doppler Effect Mitigation

Double-RISs-Aided Predictable High-Speed Railway Communications With Doppler Effect Mitigation

Impacts of Climate Change: Examining Precipitation, Temperature Anomalies, and Effects on Water Resources in Turkey

Climate change is a significant global issue that affects our everyday lives and water resources. One of the most critical impacts of climate change is on our water resources, which are vital for sustaining life and supporting various ecosystems. Understanding the complex relationship between climate change and water resources is crucial for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on water resources and to shed light on the importance of addressing this issue. Water is a limited resource, and its availability and quality directly affect human well-being, agriculture, energy production, and ecosystem health. However, climate change alters the patterns and dynamics of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, leading to significant changes in water availability and distribution. Increasing global temperatures cause glaciers and ice caps to melt, progressively depleting freshwater resources. Moreover, changing precipitation patterns are leading to more frequent and severe droughts in some regions, while others experience increased rainfall and flooding events. The effects of these changes are profound. As water scarcity becomes more widespread, competition for limited resources intensifies, potentially leading to conflicts and social unrest. Given the importance of water resources and the undeniable impact of climate change on their availability and quality, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of this complex relationship. This study aims to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of climate change on water resources. By doing so, it seeks to provide policymakers, scientists, and communities with information that will guide decision-making processes and direct effective climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. In conclusion, the impact of climate change on water resources cannot be overstated. This study aims to contribute to our understanding of this critical issue by highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change and its consequences on water resources and sustainability. This study examines the effects of changing precipitation patterns and increasing temperatures due to climate change on underground and surface water resources in Turkey. By conducting this research, we hope to pave the way for informed decision-making and encourage collective responsibility to protect our water resources for future generations.

Human–African buffalo conflict: perceptions of damage, and mitigation strategies, in villages bordering Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

Abstract Human–wildlife conflict is a critical and complex challenge in wildlife conservation. It arises when humans and wildlife interact and one or both parties suffer negative consequences from the interaction. This research assessed the extent of damage resulting from human–African buffalo Syncerus caffer conflict and explored mitigation strategies. We used a semi-structured questionnaire-based survey of 131 households randomly selected in Kambi ya Simba, Oldeani and Tloma villages surrounding Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Our results revealed that resource competition was the main factor inducing human–African buffalo conflict. The impacts reported most frequently were crop damage (especially during the wet seasons) and human casualties. Crops that were most often damaged included maize, beans, wheat, peas and coffee. To minimize buffalo crop depredation, farmers currently use traditional mitigation approaches such as guarding farms, lighting fires, using torchlight and vocal and other auditory deterrents. In addition, a local coffee estate installed electrified fencing around its plantation. Our findings demonstrate the impacts of human–African buffalo conflict on local communities and the importance of continuing human–African buffalo conflict monitoring to improve conservation action and increase the participation of the local community in conservation activities. To minimize human–African buffalo conflict, we recommend conservation strategies that improve the natural habitat of the African buffalo. Most importantly, providing communities affected by human–African buffalo conflict with modern and more effective mitigation methods, paired with increased community awareness of the use of these methods, could result in significant reductions in the human cost of human–African buffalo conflict.

Optimising Business Operations: Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) with Management Information Systems (MIS)

The current landscape of business operations is largely dominated by the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with Management Information Systems (MIS), which results in higher efficiency and innovative solutions for common and complex organisational challenges [1] [2]. Owing to this, the following research paper aims to explore the multifaceted benefits and challenges associated with this integration. Alongside this, it seeks to provide insights for not just future research within the field, but also for practitioners and scholars alike. The study begins with a comprehensive introduction to the relevance of IoT and MIS, highlighting their evolution and the complexities that may arise in their integration. After this, it moves further, delving into the technological foundations of IoT, and examining its core components, architecture, and emerging trends. Discussing the theoretical frameworks that surround information systems, it then seeks to illustrate both historical and contemporary integration issues and conducts a deep-seated analysis of current research on IoT- MIS Integration, extrapolating on the advantages, risks, and tangible benefits. The qualitative research is backed up by real-world case studies of well-known companies such as GE and Walmart, which present a strong insight into successful IoT-MIS integration and the challenges encountered during implementation. These examples reveal key takeaways, best practices, and strategic recommendations for businesses looking to harness the full potential of this integration. Lastly, strategic recommendations are presented, including best practices for effective integration and mitigation strategies for associated risks. The paper eventually concludes by outlining future research directions, identifying emerging trends in IoT and MIS integration, and formulating relevant research questions. With the aforementioned, the paper aims to contribute to the overall comprehension of IoT-MIS integration and presents a balanced view of its potential usability in modern-day content. Furthermore, the findings thus attained offer a valuable guide tool for firms willing to navigate the complexities of digital transformation, allowing them to emphasize the quintessential importance of strategic planning, investment in technology, and a commitment to robust security measures. Thus, this study serves as a roadmap for organizations which aspire to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and data-centric business environment.

Investigating Effective Reconnaissance Drought Index Ability to Reproduce Drought Signature over the Massili Basin (Burkina Faso)

Drought is a significant natural hazard particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where water resources management is already challenging. Burkina Faso, a landlocked country located in the Sahel region, is highly vulnerable to drought due to its arid climate. The country has experienced recurrent droughts since the 1970s, with significant impacts on its population and economy. To develop effective drought mitigation strategies, a comprehensive understanding of drought characteristics is required. This study investigates historical long-term drought trends in the Massili basin located in central Burkina Faso. For this purpose, drought features has been analyzed based on the Effective Reconnaissance Drought Index (eRDI) at various months of accumulation. To calculate the Effective Reconnaissance Drought Index for the Massili Basin, monthly precipitation (Prct), minimum temperature (Tmin), and maximum temperature (Tmax) data spanning from 1960 to 2021 were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Burkina Faso. The Potential evapotranspiration (ETP) was estimated using the Hargreaves method. Our findings indicate that under eRDI-3, 1964 (1.86), 2020 (1.53), and 2021 (0.63) are the wettest years, while 1963 (-0.65) and 1998 (-0.76) are the driest. Under eRDI-12, a significant portion of the values falls within the range of -0.14 to 0.03. In the case of eRDI-24, a substantial number of the values cluster between -0.08 and 0.08. This distribution highlights near-normal drought conditions (-0.99 to 0.99) as the most frequent occurrence within the watershed. The desertification of the Sahel area has been a topic of discussion for decades. However, these findings of this study reinforce the prevailing belief in a partial re-greening of the Sahel region.

Trends of Climate Extremes and Their Relationships with Tropical Ocean Temperatures in South America

South America has experienced significant changes in climate patterns over recent decades, particularly in terms of precipitation and temperature extremes. This study analyzes trends in climate extremes from 1979 to 2020 across South America, focusing on their relationships with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The analysis uses precipitation and temperature indices, such as the number of heavy rainfall days (R10mm, R20mm, R30mm), total annual precipitation (PRCPTOT), hottest day (TXx), and heatwave duration (WSDI), to assess changes over time. The results show a widespread decline in total annual precipitation across the continent, although some regions, particularly in the northeast and southeast, experienced an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events. Extreme temperatures have also risen consistently across South America, with an increase in both the frequency and duration of heat extremes, indicating an ongoing warming trend. The study also highlights the significant role of SST anomalies in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in driving these climate extremes. Strong correlations were found between Pacific SST anomalies (Niño 3.4 region) and extreme precipitation events in the northern and southern regions of South America. Similarly, Atlantic SST anomalies, especially in the Northern Atlantic (TNA), exhibited notable impacts on temperature extremes, particularly heatwaves. These findings underscore the complex interactions between SST anomalies and climate variability in South America, providing crucial insights into the dynamics of climate extremes in the region. Understanding these relationships is essential for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies in response to the increasing frequency and intensity of climate extremes.

Robust seismic fragility curves for concrete gravity dams incorporating aleatory, epistemic, and fuzzy uncertainties

Concrete gravity dams are critical infrastructure assets, and their failure in seismically active regions poses significant risks. The primary problem addressed in this research is the need for a reliable assessment of the seismic fragility of these dams to ensure safety in such areas. The research aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for seismic fragility analysis that accounts for various uncertainties affecting dam performance, including uncertainties in material properties and seismic characteristics and the fuzziness of damage state thresholds through the Latin Hypercube Sampling method. The methodology involves a three-stage approach: first, a finite element model is created using Abaqus software, incorporating uncertainties in material properties and earthquake characteristics using the Latin Hypercube Sampling method (LHS). Second, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) defines damage states based on concrete cracking severity and overall stability, utilizing four performance categories of limit states (minor, moderate, extensive, and heavy). Finally, a mathematical model is introduced to characterize the ambiguity in damage state thresholds, recognizing the gradual nature of damage evolution. The primary findings demonstrate that fuzziness substantially influences the probability of exceedance across all damage states, with varying effects on different damage indices because of their differing frequency distributions. This research enhances the reliability and accuracy of seismic fragility assessments, contributing to more robust design guidelines and effective risk mitigation strategies for concrete gravity dams.

“Bridging cultures with love”: Spirituality in fostering intercultural effectiveness. The effects of language

Abstract Research yields contradictory results on the relationship between an individual’s spirituality, that is, the relationship with God/the Transcendent, and their cultural development. To address this gap, we conceptualize a model that investigates the effects of two spirituality dimensions, namely felt love for God and love for others, on the behavioral aspect of intercultural competence, that is, intercultural effectiveness (IE), through ethnocentrism. This model undergoes testing using a sample of 144 international students who self-identify as Christians, Muslims, belonging to other religions, and non-religious. The results confirm the positive impact of spirituality on IE by reducing ethnocentrism. We establish suppressing effects of both love for God and love for others, suggesting intricate dynamics of these two spirituality dimensions within the intercultural communication model. Furthermore, we identify the direct effects of host language and English as a lingua franca proficiency on IE. We also define the mitigating effect of host language proficiency on the adverse impact of ethnocentrism on IE. This study underscores the importance of higher education institutions to nurture students’ relational spirituality and support them in overcoming ethnocentric perspectives.

PRIMATE CROP RAIDING IN KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA: AN ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY INDICATORS AND FARMERS PERSPECTIVES FOR EFFECTIVE CONSERVATION

Human-primate conflict is a persistent challenge in conservation efforts. The study investigates vulnerability indicators of crop damage by primates and farmers attitudes towards conservation in Kanji Lake National Park, aiming to inform effective conflict mitigation strategies. Direct method and structured questionnaire were used to obtain information on crop damage severity, farmer perceptions and conservation attitudes. The Completely Randomised Design (CRD) was used in comparing vulnerability indicators that predisposed primates to conflict and the relationship between vulnerability indicators to crop damage intensity was determined using karl pearsons’ product moment coefficient of correlation. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test analyses were adopted to reveal the opinions of respondents for significant differences on farmer’s attitudes and perceptions for effective conservation. The results show a significant correlation between crop damage and vulnerability indicators thus, highlighting the need for effective conflict mitigation strategies. The results revealed that the identified key vulnerability indicator, numbers of standing crops (0.015) differed significantly among the ranges of the park (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, farm sizes (0.068) were not significantly different among ranges (P > 0.05). Farm distance to park has positive correlation with farm size (r = 0.203) and number of standing crops (r = 0.310). Similarly, there were strong correlations between farm size and number of crops damaged (r = 0.680). In respect to conservation attitudes 74% of the respondents were in support of primate conservation, 38% wished that primates should be exterminated to stop crop damage and economic losses. 40% of the respondents supported the use of lethal methods for preventing primates from raiding crops while 53.1% were of the opinion that zone dwellers should be allowed to hunt. The findings highlighted the need for conservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of addressing human-primate conflict through collaborative approaches that consider both human livelihoods and wildlife conservation.

Assessment of climate change knowledge of residents of informal sectors of Abuja Federal Capital City, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Urban informal settlement dwellers face uncertainties from climate change (CC) and need to understand its causes and impacts to adapt effectively. Few studies explore their levels of CC knowledge. This research surveyed 388 purposively selected households across five informal sectors in Abuja, Nigeria (Apo, Gaduwa, Garki, Jabi, and Mabushi), using structured questionnaires. Key variables assessed for their influence on CC knowledge included age, family size, education, income, livelihood type, tenure security, and marital status. Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests evaluated the significance of these factors. Findings showed that most households are aware of local CC trends, with perceptions closely aligning with scientific insights. However, understanding of CC causes and consequences remains limited. Among seven hypotheses tested, age, family size, income, and livelihood type significantly influenced CC knowledge, while education, tenure security, and marital status had little effect. The study highlights that even educated residents may lack comprehensive knowledge of CC causes. Enhancing scientific understanding in CC-prone communities is essential for effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Olive oil protects against cardiac hypertrophy in D-galactose induced aging rats

BackgroundAged heart is defined via structural and mitochondrial dysfunction of the heart. However, there is still no potent compound to improve cardiac function abnormalities in aged individuals. Olive oil (OLO), as an oil with monounsaturated fatty acids, has diverse protective effects on the cardiovascular system, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and mitigating effects on blood pressure. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of OLO against aging-related cardiac dysfunction.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control, D-galactose-induced aging rats (D-GAL group), and aging rats treated with OLO (D-GAL + OLO group). Aging in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-GAL at 150 mg/kg dose for eight weeks and the D-GAL + OLO group was treated with oral OLO by gavage for eight weeks. The heart tissues were harvested to assay the oxidative stress, molecular parameters, and histological analysis.ResultsThe D-GAL given rats indicated increased cardiomyocyte diameter as cardiac hypertrophy marker (21 ± 0.8, p < 0.001), an increased Malondialdehyde (MDA) level (27 ± 3, p < 0.001), a reduced Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.001, 18.12 ± 1.3), and reduction in gene expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) (p < 0.05, 0.37 ± 0.06), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α (p < 0.001, 0.027 ± 0.04), and Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial (TFAM) (p < 0.001, 0.023 ± 0.01), Bcl2 (p < 0.001, 0.04 ± 0.004) and an increase in gene expression of Bax (p < 0.001, 23.5 ± 5.4) in comparison with the control animals. Treatment with OLO improved cardiac hypertrophy (14 ± 0.4, p < 0.001), MDA (22 ± 2.5, p < 0.01), SOD (p < 0.001, 34.9 ± 2), SIRT1 (p < 0.05, 1.37 ± 0.46), PGC-1α (p < 0.001, 1.11 ± 0.1), TFAM (p < 0.01, 0.23 ± 0.02), Bcl2 (p < 0.05, 0.35 ± 0.05) and Bax genes (p < 0.01, 0.1 ± 0.03).ConclusionsOverall, OLO protects the heart against D-GAL-induced aging via increasing antioxidant effects, and enhancing cardiac expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, TFAM, Bcl2 and Bax genes.Graphical

Climate Change as an Existential Threat to Tropical Fruit Crop Production—A Review

Climate change is an emerging threat to global food and nutritional security. The tropical fruits such as mango, bananas, passionfruit, custard apples, and papaya are highly sensitive to weather changes especially; changes of monsoon onset and elevated temperature are influencing crop growth and production. There is a need for more specific studies concerning individual crops and regional variations. Long-term effects and interactions of weather parameters and increased concentration of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, with phenological stages of the plant, pests, and diseases remain understudied, while adaptation strategies require further exploration for comprehensive understanding and effective mitigation. Few researchers have addressed the issues on the effect of climate change on tropical fruits. This paper focuses on the impact of abiotic (temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, evaporation, carbon dioxide concentration) and biotic (pest and pathogens dynamics) factors affecting the fruit crop ecosystem. These factors influence flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit yield and quality. This review paper will help develop adaptive strategies, policy interventions and technological innovations aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on tropical fruit production and safeguarding global food and nutritional security.

Development of National Emission Factor for Rice Production System in Malaysia: A Step Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Objective: Currently, methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation in Malaysia are calculated using the regional’s methane emission factor (EF) of 1.60 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, as Malaysia has not yet developed a national emission factor. The objective of this study is to generate a country-specific EF of CH4 emission from rice cultivation in Malaysian rice fields. The EF generated would then be used in future emission estimates and the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Theoretical Framework: The establishment of a national GHG emission factor for rice cultivation in Malaysia is critical for accurate GHG inventory reporting and effective climate change mitigation. This study utilizes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines to derive a country-specific emission factor, enhancing Malaysia’s compliance with international climate obligations and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Method: A new national EF was developed from eleven rice planting seasons in rice granary areas (IADA Pulau Pinang, IADA Barat Laut Selangor, MADA and KADA) and non-granary area (Sik, Kedah). The EF was calculated from methane emissions from the new data sets, published journals and unpublished data from MARDI. For the new data set, methane gas (CH4) was measured using a static chamber method (Minamikawa et al., 2015). Sampling of GHG from the gas chamber is carried out in the field every 2 weeks and gas was analysed by a GC System Agilent 7890A gas chromatography. The daily methane flux and methane emission follow the methods by Habib et al. (2007), Fauzi et al. (2023) and the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Cropland (IPCC, 2006a). Results and Discussion: The national EF calculated from CH4 gas emissions over eleven rice planting seasons in Malaysia between 2012-2024 was 1.80 kg CH4 ha-1 day-1, which is higher than the current regional EF used (1.60 kg CH4 ha-1 day-1). However, the value is within the range of the default value of 1.30 kg CH4 ha-1 day-1 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 and 2.00 kg CH4 ha-1 day-1 (IPCC, 1996). Research Implications: The use of this new EF resulted in 12.49% increase in the national GHG inventory from the rice cultivation sub-sector as compared to using the current regional EF. This initiative is part of a comprehensive plan to enhance and strengthen GHG inventory reporting for Malaysia's agriculture sector, aiming to meet IPCC requirements and progress to Tier 2 status.

Response and seismic resilience of metro tunnels under normal fault dislocation evaluated based on the quantitative method of concrete damage state

The damage to tunnels crossing active fault zones caused by earthquakes can be of a severe and irreversible nature. The paper defines the quantification of the concrete damage state based on the uniaxial compression equation and the tensile-compression curve equation. Furthermore, the paper refines the concrete damage level in conjunction with the damage factor and crack width formulas, which is one of the most significant factors affecting the durability of concrete. A three-dimensional refinement model, constructed using ABAQUS software, was employed to analyse the mechanical response and seismic resilience of the tunnel structure under normal fault displacement with variable section mitigation measures. The model incorporated a number of key parameters, including fortification length, joint location and thickness. The following conclusions were obtained: the tunnel structure is susceptible to tensile damage and the damage is widely distributed under normal fault d; the use of variable section measures can help improve and reduce the overall damage of the cross-fault metro tunnel structure; the use of tensile damage state classification to assess the damage of the tunnel structure can determine the location and extent of the damage; an appropriate protection length is required, too long/short does not maximise the mitigation effect of setting variable section measures; an appropriate lining length is required; and the lining structure is not suitable for the tunnel structure. An appropriate location and thickness of the lining structure will help to reduce the overall damage to the structure. The application of localised reinforcement to the structure, in conjunction with variable section, serves to minimise the probability of collapse of the tunnel as a whole and to enhance the seismic resilience of the underground structure across the active fault zone.

The Removal and Mitigation Effects of Biochar on Microplastics in Water and Soils: Application and Mechanism Analysis

Due to their widespread distribution, microplastics (MPs) are endangering the soil ecological environment system, causing water pollution and altering the soil’s physicochemical and microbiological features. Because of its unique pore structure and strong stability, biochar is widely used as an adsorbent. However, the effects of MP–biochar interactions in water and soil environment are still unclear. This review outlines the application and mechanism of biochar as an adsorbent in a water environment for the removal of MPs. Also, biochar serves as remediation material for MPs in soils as it mitigates the adverse effects of MPs on soil properties, enzyme activities and soil microbial community. It was found that woody biochar had the highest yield and was more effective in adsorbing MPs. Further research should focus on the combined effects of biochar and MPs, the environmental risks of biochar, the modification of biochar application of MP-removal technologies, the characterization of MP properties, the remediation of combined contamination of MPs and other pollutants, and the transportation of MPs.

Assessment of Basin‐Scale Concurrent Dry and Wet Extreme Dynamics Under Multimodel CORDEX Climate Scenarios

ABSTRACTThe impact of extreme events in risk analysis depends on factors such as magnitude, duration, timing and whether the system recovers fully before the next event occurs. While previous studies have primarily examined the drivers and characteristics of individual extremes, less focus has been given to the concurrent or compounding nature of extremes across adjacent seasons. Thus, understanding the dynamics of such compound extremes, particularly dryness and wetness, is crucial. To address these concerns, a Multi Scalar Drought Index (MSDI) is formulated using precipitation and temperature data from three river basins (Brahmani, Baitarani and Cauvery) of eastern and southern India. The combinations of dryness and wetness, such as Dry‐Dry, Dry‐Wet, Wet‐Dry and Wet‐Wet, between consecutive seasons are analysed across four seasons (summer, rainy, autumn and winter). The prolonged dryness/wetness along with dry/wet year are evaluated from baseline (1979–2018) to projected COrdinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) future period (2020–2099). The spatio‐temporal variations in intra‐annual dry‐wet extremes are identified using the Mann–Kendall test. The results suggest that the eastern Indian river basins, particularly the Brahmani and Baitarani basins, experience more frequent occurrences of compounding dryness‐wetness compared to Cauvery river which is a southern Indian basin. Future scenarios indicate a trend towards dryness during the monsoon season in Brahmani and Baitarani basins, with frequent wet extremes in late autumn and winter. Abrupt transitions between dryness and wetness are prevalent during the Rainy‐Autumn and Autumn‐Winter seasons in Brahmani and Baitarani basins. The increased frequency of compound dry‐wet extremes poses significant socio‐economic risks, including reduced agricultural productivity, water management challenges and heightened vulnerability of local livelihoods dependent on consistent water availability. The results of this study provide a scientific reference for sustainable agriculture and water resource management to predict future seasonal dry and wet alternations and develop effective mitigation strategies.

Effects of prescreening for likelihood ratio approaches in the forensic identification of source problems

Source prescreening is a methodology where forensic examiners select samples that are similar to given trace evidence to represent the background population. This background evidence helps assign a value of evidence using a likelihood ratio or Bayes factor. A potential benefit of prescreening is a mitigation of effects from subpopulation structures within the alternative source population by isolating the relevant subpopulation. This paper examines the impact of prescreening before assigning evidence value. Extensive simulations with synthetic and real data, including trace element and fingerprint score examples, were conducted. The findings indicate that when the subpopulation structure is known, prescreening can provide an accurate evidence value in cases of subpopulation structures. The study suggests that prescreening can be beneficial, but the prescreening method and level should be transparently reported alongside the evidence value.

Inundation and evacuation of shoreline populations during landslide-triggered tsunamis: an integrated numerical and statistical hazard assessment

Abstract. The volcanic island of Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) is renowned for its persistent, periodic, low-intensity explosive activity, whose spectacular manifestations attract tens of thousands of tourists every year. However, sporadic more intense major explosive and effusive eruptions and paroxysms pose serious threats to the island. In addition to direct hazards, granular slides of volcanic debris and pyroclastic avalanches, which can rapidly reach the sea and potentially generate tsunamis, are often associated with such unpredictable eruptive activity. Due to the very fast propagation of the tsunami around the island and the consequent short tsunami warning time (ranging from less than a minute to only a few minutes), mitigation efforts and evacuation from the Strombolian coast must be carefully planned. In this paper, we describe a new GIS-assisted procedure that allows us to combine the outputs of an ensemble of 156 pre-computed landslide-generated tsunami hazard scenarios (with variable landslide volume, position, and density), statistical exposure data (i.e. the number of inhabitants and tourists), and digital geographic information to obtain a quantitative (scenario-based) risk analysis. By means of the analysis of the road network and coastal morphology, we develop a model with routes and times to reach a safe area from every pixel in the inundated area and an appraisal of the time needed to escape versus the wave arrival time. This allows us to evaluate and quantify the effectiveness of potential risk mitigation by means of evacuation. The creation of an impact score linking the predicted inundation extent and the tsunami warning signals is intended, in the long term, to be used to predict the intensity of future tsunamis and to adapt evacuation plans accordingly. The model, here applied to Stromboli, is general and can be applied to other volcanic islands. Evacuating an island hosting several thousand tourists every summer with very little warning time underlines the absolute necessity for such mitigation efforts, aimed at informing hazard planners and managers and all other stakeholders.

Whole‐Life Embodied Carbon Reduction Strategies in UK Buildings: A Comprehensive Analysis

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a detailed analysis of embodied carbon (EC) in various case studies using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Through comprehensive assessments, including modules A, B and C, the study evaluates EC across different stages of building life cycles. This study also considers the EC savings achievable through current end‐of‐life strategies in the UK context. As Module A accounts for the highest EC in the case studies, the majority of reduction strategies should focus on this stage. The most impactful strategy for reducing EC emissions involves incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a replacement for cement. This approach has the potential to achieve a substantial reduction in the EC of concrete within the buildings under investigation, ranging from 60% to 70%. The study reveals that specification strategy can lead to significant Whole Life Embodied Carbon (WLEC) reductions, with the residential building achieving a 30.59% reduction, the college building a 46.86% reduction, and the hotel building a reduction of 23.69%. Effective mitigation strategies, such as utilizing recycled and reclaimed materials, demonstrate promising results, showcasing significant reduction in WLEC emissions in the buildings.

The Study Investigates the Synergistic Effect of Pollution Reduction and Carbon Mitigation in Industrial Parks: A Case Study of Yunnan Province

The Study Investigates the Synergistic Effect of Pollution Reduction and Carbon Mitigation in Industrial Parks: A Case Study of Yunnan Province