Mitigation Of Diseases Research Articles

Cordyceps Polysaccharides: A Review of Their Immunomodulatory Effects

Cordyceps primarily consists of ascomycetes, a parasitic fungus that infects insects and arthropods. Recently, Cordyceps has been shown to manifest a diverse range of pharmacological activities, rendering it applicable for the treatment and mitigation of various diseases, such as diabetes, acute liver injury, and colitis. Many active constituents have been identified from Cordyceps sinensis, including cordycepin, adenosine, sterols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides constitute a primary active component of Cordyceps, exhibiting immunomodulatory effects. We searched the Web of Science database with the keywords of cordyceps, polysaccharide, and immune modulation; collected related studies from 2004 to 2024; and eliminated articles with low influence and workload. A review of the research advancements regarding the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides was conducted with the aim of furnishing valuable reference information. Research indicates that polysaccharides exhibiting immunomodulatory activity are predominantly sourced from Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris. Immunological experimental results demonstrate that Cordyceps polysaccharides can augment the activities of macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells while fostering the expression of immune-active substances such as cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, animal experiments have substantiated the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides. These effects encompass ameliorating immune suppression induced by drugs or radiation, enhancing immune organ indices, elevating the expression of immunoreactive substances, and mitigating immune evasion prompted by tumors. In conclusion, Cordyceps polysaccharides exhibit significant immunomodulatory activity and merit further investigation.

Epigenetic Regulation in Insect-Microbe Interactions.

Insects have evolved diverse interactions with a variety of microbes, such as pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The immune responses of insect hosts, along with the dynamic infection process of microbes in response to the changing host environment and defenses, require rapid and fine-tuned regulation of gene expression programs. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA regulation, play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in insect immunity and microbial pathogenicity. This review highlights recent discoveries and insights into epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that modulate insect-microbe interactions. A deeper understanding of these regulatory mechanisms underlying insect-microbe interactions holds promise for the development of novel strategies for biological control of insect pests and mitigation of vector-borne diseases.

Determinants of Occupational Health and Safety Compliance by Malaysian SMEs

Occupational safety and health (OSH) are a critical component of effective business governance. Efficient management of occupational safety and health fosters potential for growth and sustainability, and conversely. Disregarding occupational safety and health negatively impacts all stakeholders, from individual workers to national healthcare systems. This indicates that stakeholders can benefit from enhanced OSH compliance via consistent approaches. The primary principle of global OSH compliance is the mitigation and reduction of accidents, incidents, and diseases. A comparable viewpoint is relevant for small and medium-sized firms (SMEs), including those in Malaysia. This study investigated the factors influencing OSH compliance among Malaysian SMEs using a quantitative research methodology. The impact of five critical determinants: top management support, human resource practices, training and education, organisational attitude, and organisational awareness, on the attainment of OSH compliance was evaluated, drawing from literature support. A survey was done utilising convenience sampling with 400 SMEs in Malaysia. Data was gathered from 380 responding SMEs and examined using structural equation modelling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS). The statistical findings indicated that human resource practices, organisational attitudes, and organisational awareness were key predictors of occupational safety and health compliance in the sampled Malaysian SMEs. The significance of administering OSH focused human resource policy, particularly the HR practice of endorsing safety and related training programs, has facilitated enhanced support for OSH training programs and employee awareness. The findings indicated that SMEs’ practice of displaying hazardous warning signs and promoting incident reporting has resulted in improved occupational safety and health compliance. The level of SMEs’ awareness regarding the necessity to review standard operating procedures before initiating work, safety information related to hazardous materials, understanding the risks associated with chemical substances, and the segregation of waste materials prior to disposal has facilitated effective OSH compliance among the participating SMEs. The investigation yielded multiple implications derived from the results obtained.

Impact of feature selection techniques on machine learning and deep learning techniques for cardiovascular disease prediction-an analysis

Cardio vascular disease is one of the life-threatening diseases which affects individuals worldwide. Early diagnosis may allow for the prevention or mitigation of cardiovascular diseases, which may minor mortality rates. A feasible Deep Learning and Machine Learning algorithms are used to find risk variables. Machine Learning and Deep Learning system anticipates heart diseases early on and reduce death rates from clinical data. To detect heart diseases or determine the patient's severity level, numerous research studies recently used various machine learning techniques. The volume of internationally recognised medical data sets is growing in terms of both qualities and records. This paper delivers brief outline of various feature extraction methods such as LASSO, RELIEF, RFE, MR-MR and RELIEF on deep learning and machine learning techniques for diagnosing cardiac disease. The performance metrics taken into consideration are Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1score and the error measures are least Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Error. The feature selection methods with more features selected outpaced other approaches. Finally, crucial findings from the evaluated studies are outlined.

Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms of Preventive Treatment Related to Dietary Factors for Gastric Diseases.

Gastric diseases have emerged as one of the main chronic diseases in humans, leading to considerable health, social, and economic burdens. As a result, using food or "food and medicinal homologous substances" has become an effective strategy to prevent gastric diseases. Diet may play a crucial role in the prevention and mitigation of gastric diseases, particularly long-term and regular intake of specific dietary components that have a protective effect on the stomach. These key components, extracted from food, include polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, peptides, probiotics, etc. The related mechanisms involve regulating gastric acid secretion, protecting gastric mucosa, increasing the release of gastric defense factors, decreasing the level of inflammatory factors, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori infection, producing antioxidant effects or reducing oxidative damage, preventing gastric oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxides, activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, and inhibiting NF-κB, TLR4, and NOS/NO signaling pathways.

Methods of Prevention and Mitigation of Autoimmune Diseases - A Review of The Literature

Introduction and purpose: Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the body’s immune system is unable to distinguish between auto- and foreign antigens and mistakenly attacks its cells, tissues, and organs. In recent years it became major public health concern because of the increasing diagnosis rate. Currently, about 5% of the population in Western countries is affected by such diseases, more often in women population. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is unknown, although most probably it results from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors and immune dysregulation. Development of autoantigen-specific lymphocytes and autoantibodies might be decisive in starting the process of autoimmunity. Most common medication used in autoimmune diseases treatment are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSADs), glucocorticoids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Additionally, there is biological medication available for many of them. It is known that non-pharmacological interventions, such as specific diets, supplementation or physical exercise is useful to mitigate the disease or even to prevent the body from its onset. Materials and methods: The data for the article was found using the PubMed and Google Scholar websites. The key words used for the search included: ‘diet and autoimmunity’, ‘autoimmunity and estrogens’, ‘microbiota and autoimmunity’. Articles not written in English, conference abstracts only and duplicated papers were excluded. Conclusions: There is still no cure for autoimmune diseases, although various prevention and mitigation strategies can help manage these conditions and improve quality of life for affected individuals. However, for the use of some of them, evidence-based recommendations are not available. This review highlights current non-pharmacological therapeutic options.

Endophytic Trichoderma: Potential and Prospects for Plant Health Management.

The fungus Trichoderma is widely regarded as the most common fungal biocontrol agent for plant health management. More than 25 Trichoderma species have been extensively studied and have demonstrated significant potential in inhibiting not only phytopathogen growth but also insect pest infestations. In addition to their use as biopesticides, there is increasing evidence that several Trichoderma species can function as fungal endophytes by colonizing the tissues of specific plants. This colonization enhances a plant's growth and improves its tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In recent decades, there has been a proliferation of literature on the role of Trichoderma endophytes in crop protection. Although the mechanisms underlying plant-fungal endophyte interactions are not yet fully understood, several studies have suggested their potential application in agriculture, particularly in the mitigation of plant pests and diseases. This review focuses on the diversity of Trichoderma endophytic strains and their potential use in controlling specific diseases and pests of crop plants. Trichoderma endophytes are considered a potential solution to reduce production costs and environmental impact by decreasing reliance on agrochemicals.

Intelligent technologies and their transformative role in modern agriculture: A comparative approach

The escalating global demand for food, propelled by a burgeoning population and the unpredictable shifts in climatic conditions, presents a challenge that traditional plant breeding alone struggles to address. In response to this pressing need, the infusion of intelligent technologies emerges as a pivotal solution, poised not only to boost production but also to meet the burgeoning demand. This transformative approach encompasses a spectrum of cutting-edge tools, including Remote Sensing and GIS, Aeroponics, Drone Technology, Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and, ultimately, Robotics. The synergistic integration of these technologies will enhance agricultural monitoring by facilitating precise crop surveillance, early detection and mitigation of diseases and pests, optimization of water resources, accurate mapping of land use and crop types, comprehensive environmental monitoring, real-time weather and climate tracking, efficient nutrient management, precise irrigation and spraying practices, reliable yield prediction, advanced demand forecasting, genetic analysis, and informed decision-making processes. The amalgamation of intelligent technologies with modern plant breeding methodologies signifies a significant advancement towards achieving more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. This convergence not only addresses the immediate need for increased food production but also sets the stage for a resilient and future-ready agricultural landscape. In this era of integration, we witness the harmonious coexistence of tradition and innovation, paving the way for a more abundant and secure agricultural future.

Erythropoietin restrains the inhibitory potential of interneurons in the mouse hippocampus

Severe psychiatric illnesses, for instance schizophrenia, and affective diseases or autism spectrum disorders, have been associated with cognitive impairment and perturbed excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. Effects in juvenile mice can elucidate how erythropoietin (EPO) might aid in rectifying hippocampal transcriptional networks and synaptic structures of pyramidal lineages, conceivably explaining mitigation of neuropsychiatric diseases. An imminent conundrum is how EPO restores synapses by involving interneurons. By analyzing ~12,000 single-nuclei transcriptomic data, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of hippocampal interneurons, resolved into 15 interneuron subtypes. Next, we studied molecular alterations upon recombinant human (rh)EPO and saw that gene expression changes relate to synaptic structure, trans-synaptic signaling and intracellular catabolic pathways. Putative ligand-receptor interactions between pyramidal and inhibitory neurons, regulating synaptogenesis, are altered upon rhEPO. An array of in/ex vivo experiments confirms that specific interneuronal populations exhibit reduced dendritic complexity, synaptic connectivity, and changes in plasticity-related molecules. Metabolism and inhibitory potential of interneuron subgroups are compromised, leading to greater excitability of pyramidal neurons. To conclude, improvement by rhEPO of neuropsychiatric phenotypes may partly owe to restrictive control over interneurons, facilitating re-connectivity and synapse development.

Tomato Leaves Disease Detection using Hybrid Model CNN-LSTM

Abstract: This paper delves into the exploration and comparison of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and a hybrid CNN-LSTM model for the task of tomato leaf disease detection. Through rigorous experimentation and evaluation, it was determined that the CNN-LSTM hybrid model demonstrates superior performance both CNN and LSTM individually in terms of accuracy and robustness. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset comprising images of healthy and diseased tomato leaves, including various disease types, such as Bacterial Spot, Early Blight, Septorial Leaf Spot, Leaf Mold, and Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, the study demonistrate the efficacy of the suggested hybrid approach. The hybrid model capitalizes on the strengths of both CNN and LSTM, integrating spatial and temporal information for enhanced disease identification accuracy. The results highlight the effect of hybrid deep learning structures in agricultural disease management, offering a promising solution for early detection and mitigation of plant diseases. This paper dds to the expanding collection of literature on deep learning applications in agriculture and offers valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to address challenges in crop health monitoring and management.

Unlocking the Potential of Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review on Research, Production, and Regulation of Probiotics.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of probiotic research, covering a wide range of topics, including strain identification, functional characterization, preclinical and clinical evaluations, mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, manufacturing considerations, and future directions. The screening process for potential probiotics involves phenotypic and genomic analysis to identify strains with health-promoting properties while excluding those with any factor that could be harmful to the host. In vitro assays for evaluating probiotic traits such as acid tolerance, bile metabolism, adhesion properties, and antimicrobial effects are described. The review highlights promising findings from in vivo studies on probiotic mitigation of inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy-induced mucositis, dysbiosis, obesity, diabetes, and bone health, primarily through immunomodulation and modulation of the local microbiota in human and animal models. Clinical studies demonstrating beneficial modulation of metabolic diseases and human central nervous system function are also presented. Manufacturing processes significantly impact the growth, viability, and properties of probiotics, and the composition of the product matrix and supplementation with prebiotics or other strains can modify their effects. The lack of regulatory oversight raises concerns about the quality, safety, and labeling accuracy of commercial probiotics, particularly for vulnerable populations. Advancements in multi-omics approaches, especially probiogenomics, will provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind probiotic functionality, allowing for personalized and targeted probiotic therapies. However, it is crucial to simultaneously focus on improving manufacturing practices, implementing quality control standards, and establishing regulatory oversight to ensure the safety and efficacy of probiotic products in the face of increasing therapeutic applications.

Pharmacological Activities, Therapeutic Effects, and Mechanistic Actions of Trigonelline.

Trigonelline (TRG) is a natural polar hydrophilic alkaloid that is found in many plants such as green coffee beans and fenugreek seeds. TRG potentially acts on multiple molecular targets, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, glycogen synthase kinase, tyrosinase, nerve growth factor, estrogen receptor, amyloid-β peptide, and several neurotransmitter receptors. In this review, we systematically summarize the pharmacological activities, medicinal properties, and mechanistic actions of TRG as a potential therapeutic agent. Mechanistically, TRG can facilitate the maintenance and restoration of the metabolic homeostasis of glucose and lipids. It can counteract inflammatory constituents at multiple levels by hampering pro-inflammatory factor release, alleviating inflammatory propagation, and attenuating tissue injury. It concurrently modulates oxidative stress by the blockage of the detrimental Nrf2 pathway when autophagy is impaired. Therefore, it exerts diverse therapeutic effects on a variety of pathological conditions associated with chronic metabolic diseases and age-related disorders. It shows multidimensional effects, including neuroprotection from neurodegenerative disorders and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, neuromodulation, mitigation of cardiovascular disorders, skin diseases, diabetic mellitus, liver and kidney injuries, and anti-pathogen and anti-tumor activities. Further validations are required to define its specific targeting molecules, dissect the underlying mechanistic networks, and corroborate its efficacy in clinical trials.

Utilizing biochar as a soil management technique for the mitigation of plant diseases: A comprehensive review

Utilizing biochar as a soil management technique for the mitigation of plant diseases: A comprehensive review

Unveiling the biological effects of radio-frequency and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields on the central nervous system performance.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have emerged as noteworthy sources of environmental pollution in the contemporary era. The potential biological impacts of RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposure on human organs, particularly the central nervous system (CNS), have garnered considerable attention in numerous research studies. This article presents a comprehensive yet summarized review of the research on the explicit/implicit effects of RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposure on CNS performance. Exposure to RF-EMR can potentially exert adverse effects on the performance of CNS by inducing changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurotransmitter levels, calcium channel regulation, myelin protein structure, the antioxidant defense system, and metabolic processes. However, it is noteworthy that certain reports have suggested that RF-EMR exposure may confer cognitive benefits for various conditions and disorders. ELF-EMF exposure has been associated with the enhancement of CNS performance, marked by improved memory retention, enhanced learning ability, and potential mitigation of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that ELF-EMF exposure has also been linked to the induction of anxiety states, oxidative stress, and alterations in hormonal regulation. Moreover, ELF-EMR exposure alters hippocampal function, notch signaling pathways, the antioxidant defense system, and synaptic activities. The RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposures exhibit both beneficial and adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise conditions and circumstances under which detrimental or beneficial effects manifest (either individually or simultaneously) remain uncertain.

Fuzzy adaptive resonance theory failure mode effect analysis non-healthcare setting for infectious disease: review

<span>Fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) is an ART network that is developed as one of the alternative methods to evaluate risk priority number (RPN) in failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA). Not only is FMEA are common technique as an analysis tool in industrial sectors, but also, especially during the global emergency COVID-19 pandemic hits, FMEA is used in prevention and mitigation measures. Many alternative methods have been proposed. However, not many investigations use clustering models such as Fuzzy ART in FMEA. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review and then propose a model for systematic risk analysis which implement the fuzzy ART model, named clustering- transmission causes and effects analysis (c-TCEA), for the prevention and mitigation of infectious diseases.</span>

Long noncoding RNA H19 in ovarian biology and placenta development.

As the first long noncoding RNA to be discovered, H19 has gained substantial attention as a key regulator of several biological processes and its roles in female reproductive biology are gradually getting revealed. Herein, we have summarized the current evidence regarding H19 expression pattern and involvement in the developmental and pathological processes associated with the ovary and the placenta. The findings indicate that within the ovaries, H19 is expressed in the antral and cystic atretic follicles as well as in the corpora lutea but absent in the primordial, primary, and secondary follicles. Its normal expression promotes the maturation of antral follicles and prevents their premature selection for the ovulatory journey while its aberrant induction promotes polycystic ovary syndrome development and ovarian cancer metastasis. In the placenta, H19 is highly expressed in the cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts but weakly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer and potentially controls trophoblast cell fate decisions during placenta development. Abnormal expression of H19 is observed in the placental villi of pregnancies affected by pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Therefore, dysregulated H19 is a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for the mitigation of ovarian and placenta-associated diseases.

The Relationship between the Sugar Preference of Bacterial Pathogens and Virulence on Plants

Plant pathogenic bacteria colonize plant surfaces and inner tissues to acquire essential nutrients. Nonstructural sugars hold paramount significance among these nutrients, as they serve as pivotal carbon sources for bacterial sustenance. They obtain sugar from their host by diverting nonstructural carbohydrates en route to the sink or enzymatic breakdown of structural carbohydrates within plant tissues. Despite the prevalence of research in this domain, the area of sugar selectivity and preferences exhibited by plant pathogenic bacteria remains inadequately explored. Within this expository framework, our present review endeavors to elucidate the intricate variations characterizing the distribution of simple sugars within diverse plant tissues, thus influencing the virulence dynamics of plant pathogenic bacteria. Subsequently, we illustrate the apparent significance of comprehending the bacterial preference for specific sugars and sugar alcohols, postulating this insight as a promising avenue to deepen our comprehension of bacterial pathogenicity. This enriched understanding, in turn, stands to catalyze the development of more efficacious strategies for the mitigation of plant diseases instigated by bacterial pathogens.

Assessing the Protective Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) against Water-Pipe Smoke-Induced Toxicity: A Comparative Study on Gene Expression and Histopathology.

Exposure to water-pipe smoking, whether flavored or unflavored, has been shown to instigate inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice. This consequently results in alterations in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes. This study aimed to scrutinize the impact of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-a key active component of green tea-on inflammation and oxidative stress in BALB/c mice exposed to water-pipe smoke. The experimental setup included a control group, a flavored water-pipe smoke (FWP) group, an unflavored water-pipe smoke (UFWP) group, and EGCG-treated flavored and unflavored groups (FWP + EGCG and UFWP + EGCG). Expression levels of IL-6, IL1B, TNF-α, CAT, GPXI, MT-I, MT-II, SOD-I, SOD-II, and SOD-III were evaluated in lung, liver, and kidney tissues. Histopathological changes were also assessed. The findings revealed that the EGCG-treated groups manifested a significant decline in the expression of inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes compared to the FWP and UFWP groups. This insinuates that EGCG holds the capacity to alleviate the damaging effects of water-pipe smoke-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, enhancements in histopathological features were observed in the EGCG-treated groups, signifying a protective effect against tissue damage induced by water-pipe smoking. These results underscore the potential of EGCG as a protective agent against the adverse effects of water-pipe smoking. By curbing inflammation and oxidative stress, EGCG may aid in the prevention or mitigation of smoking-associated diseases.

Psychobiotics for Mitigation of Neuro-Degenerative Diseases: Recent Advancements.

Ageing is inevitable and poses a universal challenge for all living organisms, including humans. The human body experiences rapid cell division and metabolism until approximately 25 years of age, after which the accumulation of metabolic by-products and cellular damage leads to age-related diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are of concern due to their irreversible nature, lack of effective treatment, and impact on society and the economy. Researchers are interested in finding drugs that can effectively alleviate ageing and age-related diseases without side-effects. Psychobiotics are a novel class of probiotic organisms and prebiotic interventions that confer mental health benefits to the host when taken appropriately. Psychobiotic strains affect functions related to the central nervous system (CNS) and behaviors mediated by the Gut-Brain-Axis (GBA) through various pathways. There is an increasing interest in researchers of these microbial-based psychopharmaceuticals. Psychobiotics have been reported to reduce neuronal ageing, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cortisol levels; increase synaptic plasticity and levels of neurotransmitters and antioxidants. The present review focuses on the manifestation of elderly neurodegenerative and mental disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression, and the current status of their potential alleviation through psychobiotic interventions, highlighting their possible mechanisms of action.

Comparative Activity And Efficacy of Sumilarv 0.5G and Altosid Xr Briquet Against Culex Quinquefasciatus and Aedes Aegypti in Simulated Catch Basins.

Mosquito control plays a crucial role in the mitigation of mosquito-borne diseases. Larviciding that targets one of the aquatic stages is among the routine practices in mosquito control operations. One of the most extensive and challenging mosquito production sources in urban environments is underground storm drain systems. Along with the research and development of biorational larvicides in recent decades, numerous products based on microbial and insect growth regulators have become available. However, the performance of these products often varies because of product design and challenges associated with urban storm drain systems. This paper validates the comparative bioactivity and semifield efficacy of 2 control release products based on pyriproxyfen and S-methoprene. In laboratory bioassays, pyriproxyfen was significantly more active than S-methoprene against the test species, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.). Culex quinquefasciatus was less susceptible than Ae. aegypti to both test materials. During a 26-wk-long semifield evaluation using the cast concrete simulated catch basins, the inhibition of emergence pretreatment and posttreatment in untreated control was negligible. The Sumilarv 0.5G applied at 75 g per catch basin provided 100% IE, whereas the Altosid XR briquet applied at 1 per catch basin yielded only partial control fluctuating from 12.7% to 82.7% (average 40.7%) of Cx. quinquefasciatus and 8.0% to 78.8% (average 37.4%) of Ae. aegypti. The Altosid XR briquet had an average residual weight of 59.9% at the end of semifield evaluation. Results are discussed in relation to field mosquito control operations in urban storm drain systems.