Mission Site Research Articles

A Low Albedo, Thin, Resistant Unit in Oxia Planum, Mars: Evidence for an Airfall Deposit and Late-Stage Groundwater Activity at the ExoMars Rover Landing Site.

Oxia Planum, Mars, is the future landing site of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission, which will search for preserved biosignatures in a phyllosilicate-bearing unit. Overlying the mission-important phyllosilicate-bearing rocks is a dark, capping unit-known here as the Low albedo, Thin, Resistant (LTR) unit-which may have protected the phyllosilicate-bearing unit over geologic time from solar insolation and radiation. However, little is known about the origin of the LTR unit. Here, we map the LTR unit and investigate its distribution and morphology across 50,000km2 using a variety of orbital remote sensing data sets. The characteristics of the LTR unit include draping palaeo-topographic surfaces, deposition over a wide elevation range, and a consistent vertical thickness that can be best explained by airfall deposition including a primary or reworked volcanic palaeo-ashfall. Previous research suggests that the LTR unit was not significantly buried, and we find it to be preferentially preserved with a high mechanical strength in discrete deposits representing palaeo-topographic lows. We suggest this could be attributed to localized cementation via upwelling groundwater. This scenario suggests that most of the phyllosilicate-bearing exposures may not have been protected over geologic time, as the uncemented LTR sediment would have easily been removed by erosion. However, our observations indicate that the scarped margins of the LTR unit deposits probably exposed regions of the once protected phyllosilicate-bearing unit. These areas could be key science targets for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission.

Identification and preliminary characterisation of signals recorded by instrument for lunar seismic activity at the Chandrayaan 3 landing site

The science objective of the Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) is to study the seismicity at the landing site of the Indian lunar mission, the Chandrayaan 3. It also aimed at demonstrating the capability of devices based on silicon micromachining technology to survive and operate in planetary missions and environments. The Chandrayaan 3 mission had a lander and a rover together carrying five different scientific instruments. ILSA was placed on the lunar surface and had six accelerometers in it. It was operated during the lunar day from 24 August 2023 to 4 September 2023. This paper presents the summary of observations made on 190 h of data recorded by ILSA. We have identified more than 250 distinct signals of which about 200 signals are correlated to known activities involving the physical movements of the rover or the operation of science instruments. This paper presents our approach in the preliminary characterisation and cataloguing of the events based on their temporal properties and spectral contents. It will also act a guide for the future researchers to search, identify and analyse the records made by ILSA.

A 6-minute protocol, combining mental imagery practices and breathing exercises, promotes hand-grip strength in firefighters: a series of "N-of-1" trials.

To carry out their victim rescue and fire-fighting missions, firefighters perform high levels of physical exertion and among them strenuous muscular activity. A specific mental preparation protocol that could induce better strength performance throughout their 24-hour schedule is a major issue for firefighters. This case report aims to examine whether a 6-minute Intervention combining mental imagery practices and breathing exercises, specifically designed to be used while travelling between the fire station and the mission site, would be able to promote maximum strength performance. A series of three Single Case Experimental Designs (SCED) was conducted in single blind design to investigate the effects of repeated challenge-withdrawals between the Intervention and the Baseline on the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength of the hand-grip. Data analyses revealed that 62.5% to 100% of the hand-grip strength values during the Intervention periods were greater than or equal to the maximum data point recorded in the Baseline periods. The effect sizes of these highlighted increases of the hand-grip strength performance revealed by the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) were 75% i.e., moderately effective on average. Such a "psyching-up" practice before an upcoming muscular activity can promote muscular strength in firefighters. These results have led French firefighter departments to integrate the teaching of these practices into the initial instruction of firefighters, and remains to be confirmed by a randomised control trial.

Superresolution of Lunar Satellite Images for Enhanced Robotic Traverse Planning: Maximizing the Value of Existing Data Products for Space Robotics

Lunar exploration missions require detailed and accurate planning to ensure their safety. Remote sensing data, such as optical satellite imagery acquired by lunar orbiters, are key for the identification of future landing and mission sites. Here robot- and astronaut-scale obstacles are the most relevant to resolve; however, the spatial resolution of the available image data is often insufficient, particularly in the poorly illuminated polar regions of the moon, leading to uncertainty. This work shows how a novel single-image superresolution (SISR) application, the Adversarial Network for Uncertainty-Based Image SR (ANUBIS), can enhance lunar surface imagery by improving the resolution by a factor of two, outperforming other approaches and benchmarks. The enhanced images improve the reliability and detail of lunar traverse planning and topographic reconstruction, while providing an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the enhancement process, vital to ensure mission planning integrity. This work demonstrates how machine-learning-driven processing can enhance existing data products to maximize their value for science and the exploration of the moon and other celestial bodies.

The high-resolution map of Oxia Planum, Mars; the landing site of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission

ABSTRACT This 1:30,000 scale geological map describes Oxia Planum, Mars, the landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover mission. The map represents our current understanding of bedrock units and their relationships prior to Rosalind Franklin’s exploration of this location. The map details 15 bedrock units organised into 6 groups and 7 textural and surficial units. The bedrock units were identified using visible and near-infrared remote sensing datasets. The objectives of this map are (i) to identify where the most astrobiologically relevant rocks are likely to be found, (ii) to show where hypotheses about their geological context (within Oxia Planum and in the wider geological history of Mars) can be tested, (iii) to inform both the long-term (hundreds of metres to ∼1 km) and the short-term (tens of metres) activity planning for rover exploration, and (iv) to allow the samples analysed by the rover to be interpreted within their regional geological context.

Characterization of High-priority Landing Sites for Robotic Exploration Missions in the Apollo Basin, Moon

The South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin is the oldest and largest visible impact structure on the Moon, making it a high priority science site for exploration missions. The 492 km diameter Apollo peak-ring basin is one of the youngest and largest basins within the SPA basin. We selected three regions of interest (ROIs) in the Apollo basin for which the landing and operational hazards are minimized and evaluated their science and in situ resource utilization (ISRU) potential. We examined topography, slope, crater density, rock abundance, geologic mapping, mineralogy, and inferred subsurface stratigraphy within each ROI. The results show that the terrain is safe for landing without precision landing (within a few hundred meters). The mare materials have high ISRU potential with relatively high FeO (∼16–20 wt%) and TiO2 (∼3–10 wt%) contents. Two robotic exploration mission architectures were examined for their scientific potential: (1) lander and rover with a dedicated payload suite and (2) the same architecture with sample return capability. In situ observations can address six of seven National Research Council concepts (1–3, 5–7) and Campaigns 1 and 5 of the European Space Agency’s Strategy for Science at the Moon.

Changing local customs: The long run impacts of Christian missions on female genital cutting in Africa

We investigate the long-run impacts of Christian missions on female genital cutting (FGC) in Africa. Our empirical analysis draws on historical data on the locations of early European missions geographically matched with Demographic and Health Survey data on FGC practices of around 410,000 respondents from 42 surveys performed over a 30-year period in 14 African countries. We use ethnographic data on pre-colonial FGC to show that the location of missions was not correlated with the practice of FGC in the local population. Our benchmark estimates imply that a person living 10 km from a historical mission is 4–6 percentage points less likely to have undergone FGC than someone living 100 km from a mission site. Similarly, an additional mission per 1000 km2 in one's ancestral ethnic homeland decreases the probability of having undergone FGC by around 8 percentage points. The effect is robust to numerous specifications and control variables.

MP49-09 EXPANDING SURGICAL GLOBAL OUTREACH: THE NEED FOR PEDIATRIC UROLOGIC CARE IN ECUADOR

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP49-09 EXPANDING SURGICAL GLOBAL OUTREACH: THE NEED FOR PEDIATRIC UROLOGIC CARE IN ECUADOR Luke Griffiths, Danielle I. Aronowitz, Jacob Smith, Leah Beland, Matthew D. Mikula, Charles Choy, Gainosuke Sugiyama, Heather McMullen, Joseph Marino, Victor Moon, Gene F. Coppa, Wayland Wu, Lane S. Palmer, and Rafael Barerra Luke GriffithsLuke Griffiths More articles by this author , Danielle I. AronowitzDanielle I. Aronowitz More articles by this author , Jacob SmithJacob Smith More articles by this author , Leah BelandLeah Beland More articles by this author , Matthew D. MikulaMatthew D. Mikula More articles by this author , Charles ChoyCharles Choy More articles by this author , Gainosuke SugiyamaGainosuke Sugiyama More articles by this author , Heather McMullenHeather McMullen More articles by this author , Joseph MarinoJoseph Marino More articles by this author , Victor MoonVictor Moon More articles by this author , Gene F. CoppaGene F. Coppa More articles by this author , Wayland WuWayland Wu More articles by this author , Lane S. PalmerLane S. Palmer More articles by this author , and Rafael BarerraRafael Barerra More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003297.09AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Access to safe surgical care is a continued public health concern in underdeveloped populations. Since January 2014, the Northwell Health Surgical Service Line Global Health Initiative has executed annual mission trips to Quito, Ecuador in partnership with Medical Missions for Children and local Ecuadorian foundations and hospitals. These trips have expanded to include general surgery, plastic surgery, critical care, as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Pediatric urologic services were identified as a potential area for further development. METHODS: Patients were prescreened and medically optimized by providers from the Padre Carollo Hospital Surgery Department. Patients were further evaluated onsite by Northwell surgeons and anesthesiologists. Most medical supplies were donated by Northwell Health and brought to the mission site by mission volunteers. All postoperative patients are evaluated and then follow with local surgical teams for any continued care. A needs assessment was performed to evaluate the urologic needs of this underserved population and identify low-risk urologic procedures that would best serve the community by improving quality of life with limited perioperative morbidity. RESULTS: Twenty-nine Northwell personnel volunteered, including 10 attending physicians/surgeons, 3 residents, and 16 additional support staff (Table 1). In total, 100 patients were screened with 71 procedures performed over 4.5 days. These procedures included 53 adult and 21 pediatric cases, representing a 25% increase from the 2020 mission (Table 2). Assessment survey identified a need for pediatric urology procedures, which included circumcision, orchiopexy, hydrocelectomy, and inguinal hernia repair. CONCLUSIONS: Northwell surgical missions continue to have an increasing impact in Quito, Ecuador. A needs assessment during the most recent mission trip suggested that the addition of a pediatric urology team would provide high-impact, low risk services to the underserved community. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e681 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Luke Griffiths More articles by this author Danielle I. Aronowitz More articles by this author Jacob Smith More articles by this author Leah Beland More articles by this author Matthew D. Mikula More articles by this author Charles Choy More articles by this author Gainosuke Sugiyama More articles by this author Heather McMullen More articles by this author Joseph Marino More articles by this author Victor Moon More articles by this author Gene F. Coppa More articles by this author Wayland Wu More articles by this author Lane S. Palmer More articles by this author Rafael Barerra More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

THE ADULT AGE PROFILE AT THE CONTACT PERIOD SITE OF TIPU, BELIZE: HISTORICAL REALITY OR METHODOLOGICAL ARTIFACT?

The seventeenth-century mission site of Tipu in west central Belize yielded one of the largest and best-preserved Maya populations. However, its age profile is unusually young with nearly 60% of adults having died by age 30 and few surviving past age 40. Several explanations for the profile are considered with a focus on the aging methods employed. Using a sample of 85 individuals, the mean age estimate produced using tooth wear was found to be ten and five years younger than those produced with pubic symphysis and auricular surface analysis, respectively. The sample was also re-aged Transition Analysis 3, a newly revised multifactorial method, which increased the mean age to 35 years as compared to 28 years using traditional methods. Application of TA3, however, was hampered by the numerous scoring sites that could not be evaluated due to taphonomic effects, resulting in extremely broad ranges for age estimates. However, all methods suggested Tipu truly did have a young adult population. The most likely explanation is that it reflects the large number of immigrants who moved to the site because of its strategic location to both the Maya and Spanish during the contact period.

Анализ подходов к функционированию автономного необитаемого аппарата и надводного судна при проведении совместных миссий

Autonomous unmanned vehicles can successfully solve a variety of civil, scientific and military tasks. Robotic complexes of this class demonstrate their high efficiency when performing seismic surveys, hydrochemical monitoring of water areas and inspection of technical facilities of various purposes. Vehicles powered by a rechargeable battery, as a rule, have a very limited power reserve, and require periodic replenishment of the battery charge. The physical properties of the operating environment impose significant limitations on the communication methods used, which complicates the transfer of information between the operator and an autonomous unmanned submersible. Delivery of the vehicle to the mission site, as well as providing power to the vehicle and information exchange with the operator require some additional infrastructure. This paper focuses on finding and selecting solutions for transportation, power and communications support for autonomous underwater vehicles. The constructional solutions of underwater docks and general principles of building systems for ensuring the operation of this type of vehicles are considered, and a classification of approaches to the energy supply of underwater vehicles is made. Based on the analysis the most perspective solutions ensuring long-term autonomous operation were selected. Docking stations with the ability to lift and dive an underwater vehicle directly inside the station have a number of operational advantages. The use of contact methods for energy and information transfer requires high accuracy of underwater vehicle positioning and complication of its sensor system, as well as application of special methods for protection of contact pairs from environmental impacts. These disadvantages are deprived by wireless solutions, which are actively introduced at present.

한국선교신학회의 오늘의 실천적 과제

The Korean Mission Theological Society has played an important role in the Korean church and the mission academia for the past 30 years, presenting the right pastoral hall of the Korean church and correcting the essence and life of the church. The Society has devoted in establishing mission theology through the presentation of the right mission. The church and mission site have been linked to the church, providing the right mission view to help God’s mission and to help missionaries. The Korean Mission Theological Society should present directions for the church and mission site to devote to God’s mission through deeper research on the Bible and mission work for more advanced development. And should present the view of God’s creation world conservation through ecological-Mission research such as climate change. It is necessary to provide academic direction and to have connection with missionaries and churches so that they can handle sustainable missions through the mission-regional studies of the rapidly changing mission sites in the post pandemic era.

Coordination and Pilot Implementation of a Standardized Data Collection for Touching Hands

Touching Hands is an American Society for Surgery of the Hand program that provides hand surgeries to the world's underserved communities. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a systematic data collection method for Touching Hands to assess patient outcomes, volunteer impact, alleviated disease burden, and cost-effectiveness. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) was used as the secure software platform to facilitate data collection. The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire was used to assess pre-and postoperative patient-reported outcomes. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services (Medical Personnel) survey was administered to volunteers before and after the mission to measure impact on volunteers. Case information was collected to calculate disability-adjusted life years and cost-effectiveness. The data collection system was implemented in some capacity in 4 domestic and 3 international mission sites during 2020 and2021. Substantial limitations exist for the implementation of a systematic data collection framework for Touching Hands and warrant further modification and optimization. A REDCap database can be used for standardized and centralized patient and volunteer data collection for Touching Hands missions.

NASA quesst mission—Site selection process for community testing

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has committed to deliver data to the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (ICAO CAEP) defining community response to sounds from supersonic aircraft designed such that their sonic boom is replaced with a soft “thump” sound. NASA is developing the X-59, a unique research aircraft capable of quiet supersonic flight, and will use the aircraft in a series of four to six community overflight tests (2024–2026) to measure acoustic levels of its “sonic thump” and related public response in support of the agency’s commitment to ICAO. Unlike most NASA flight research, which is conducted primarily at the agency’s facilities, the community tests will occur at various locations across the contiguous United States and involve flight over the general population in order to obtain a nationally-representative dataset. The process for identifying both the airfields and community test locations involves multiple operational and technical considerations relative to both aircraft and data collection requirements, including flight operations, geographic, and climate diversity as well as population demographics. This presentation provides an overview of the ongoing selection process being applied to address those considerations while ultimately ensuring an representative community response dataset.

Eddy Vertical Structure and Variability: Deepglider Observations in the North Atlantic

Abstract Hundreds of full-depth temperature and salinity profiles collected by Deepglider autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in the North Atlantic reveal robust signals in eddy isopycnal vertical displacement and horizontal current throughout the entire water column. In separate glider missions southeast of Bermuda, subsurface-intensified cold, fresh coherent vortices were observed with velocities exceeding 20 cm s−1 at depths greater than 1000 m. With vertical resolution on the order of 20 m or less, these full-depth glider slant profiles newly permit estimation of scaled vertical wavenumber spectra from the barotropic through the 40th baroclinic mode. Geostrophic turbulence theory predictions of spectral slopes associated with the forward enstrophy cascade and proportional to inverse wavenumber cubed generally agree with glider-derived quasi-universal spectra of potential and kinetic energy found at a variety of locations distinguished by a wide range of mean surface eddy kinetic energy. Water-column average spectral estimates merge at high vertical mode number to established descriptions of internal wave spectra. Among glider mission sites, geographic and seasonal variability implicate bottom drag as a mechanism for dissipation, but also the need for more persistent sampling of the deep ocean. Significance Statement Relative to upper-ocean measurements of temperature, salinity, and velocity, deep ocean measurements (below 2000 m) are fewer in number and more difficult to collect. Deep measurements are needed, however, to explore the nature of deep ocean circulation contributing to the global redistribution of heat and to determine how upper-ocean behavior impacts or drives deep motions. Understanding of geographic and temporal variability in vertical structures of currents and eddies enables improved description of energy pathways in the ocean driven by turbulent interactions. In this study, we use newly developed autonomous underwater vehicles, capable of diving to the seafloor and back on a near daily basis, to collect high-resolution full ocean depth measurements at various locations in the North Atlantic. These measurements reveal connections between surface and deep motions, and importantly show their time evolution. Results of analyzing these vertical structures reveal the deep ocean to regularly “feel” events in the upper ocean and permit new comparisons to deep motions in climate models.

Remote and in-Situ Characterization of Mars Analogs: Coupling Scales to Improve the Search for Microbial Signatures on Mars

Past environments on Mars contained abundant water, suggesting certain regions may have been conducive to life as we know it and implying the potential for microbial inhabitants. Gale and Jezero craters, home of the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers, hosted ancient lakes that experienced periods of active hydrologic cycling and prolonged drying intervals. Exploration of these basins (and future operations on Mars) will benefit from detailed characterizations of analogous environments on Earth, where life detection strategies at various spatial scales (i.e., rover to orbiter) can be tested and validated. Investigations of terrestrial analogs are critical for understanding (1) how microorganisms generate chemical biosignatures in environments characterized by multiple extreme conditions; (2) the impact of environmental conditions and mineralogy on biosignature preservation; and (3) what technologies and techniques are needed to detect biosignatures remotely or in situ. Here, we survey five terrestrial sites analogous to climate conditions proposed for Late Noachian to Early Hesperian Mars, when craters are thought to have hosted active lakes. We review the geologic setting, environmental conditions, microbial habitability, extant microbial communities, and preserved biomarkers at each analog and discuss their relevance to the search for signs of life in Martian craters with in situ and remote instrumentation. The analogs range from active to desiccated lake systems, temperate to hyper-arid climates, and have acidic to neutral-pH and hypo- to hyper-saline waters. Each analog hosts microorganisms adapted to multiple extremes (polyextremophiles), including aspects of water availability (i.e., surface waters versus shallow subsurface water versus groundwater) and physiochemistry (e.g., water activity, salinity, temperature, alkalinity, pH, and redox potential) that can form macrobiological features such as microbial mats. Comparing the expected achievable spatial resolution of several key Mars instruments to the spatial extent of macrobiological features at each analog reveals that most features are unlikely to be resolved from orbit and require rover-scale instruments for detection. We recommend that future studies at these analogs use multi-scale remote sensing surveys to determine thresholds for detecting macrobiological features and map how patterns in mineralogy or physical characteristics of environments correlate to modern-day microbial communities or preserved biomarkers. It will also be critical to determine how the characteristics of macrobiological features, such as areal extent, percent cover, thickness, pigments, etc., impact detectability thresholds. These findings can provide vital information on potential topographic or spectroscopic signatures of life, and at what scales they are detectable. This research is critical to guide sample collection locations within craters like Jezero, and for selecting landing sites for future missions in evaporative Martian basins and other rocky bodies.

Archaeology, Indigenous erasure, and the creation of white public space at the California missions

This paper explores how the materiality of the past has been mobilized to simultaneously erase Indigenous presence and create white public space at Spanish mission sites in California. As the site of present-day Santa Clara University, Mission Santa Clara de Asís presents an important case study. The documentary record associated with more than a century of archaeology at the mission reveals its intersections with heritage-making, particularly the maintenance of public memory that privileges and valorizes whiteness. These same records further detail how the university and local residents effectively erased the heritage of the thousands of Ohlone people and members of neighboring Indigenous groups who lived, worked, and died at Mission Santa Clara. Recognizing how archaeology has contributed to the current heritage landscape at Santa Clara and other California mission sites is a necessary first step in the creation of new archaeological and heritage practices that center the experiences and persistence of Native Californian communities.

Archaeological investigations at the Charity Hall mission site (22MO733)

ABSTRACT The Charity Hall mission school was one of dozens of Protestant missions established during the 1820s using federal funding provided by the Civilization Fund Act of 1819. These missions have received little attention from archaeologists due to their short lifespans and limited number. The archaeological investigations at Charity Hall, which was established within the Mississippi territory of the Chickasaw Nation, provide key insights into the materiality of evangelization in southeastern North America, particularly among various Southeastern Indigenous groups just prior to Removal in the 1830s. This research provides important insights into the efforts of nineteenth-century missionaries to impose “civilizing” practices on Southeastern Indians and what the Indigenous responses to those efforts were. The Charity Hall research project has involved a collaboration between archaeologists and the Chickasaw Nation, which enabled several Chickasaw college students to visit and work at the site where their ancestors were first introduced to Western-style education. This reconnecting experience helped in a small way to undo the damage inflicted on Native people by Removal.

Thermal Inertia at the MSL and InSight Mission Sites on Mars

For planetary surface materials, thermal inertia is the critical property that governs the surface’s daily thermal response and controls diurnal and seasonal surface temperature variations. Here we use the ground measurements made by the MSL Curiosity rover and the InSight lander to determine the thermal inertia of two sites on Mars. This study compares the variation of thermal inertia during and after the Large Dust Storm (LDS) of Martian Year (MY) 34. To determine surface thermal inertia, we derive a simple approximation (using energy balance), which utilizes surface albedo, surface energy flux, and diurnal change in the surface temperature. The average thermal inertia in MY34 is about 39.2%, 3.7%, and 3.4% higher than MY35 average thermal inertia for the MSL, InSight (FOV1), and InSight (FOV2), respectively. Notably, the thermal inertia at the InSight (FOV1) is consistently lower by about 20 J·m^–2·s^–1/2·K^–1 than the InSight (FOV2) site for all scenarios, indicating variation in the region’s surface composition. The best-fit surface albedo in MY34 (determined using the KRC model) are about 0.08, 0.05, and 0.03 higher than MY35 surface albedo for the MSL, InSight (FOV1), and InSight (FOV2), respectively. An increase in both surface albedo and thermal inertia during the LDS indicates that the underlying surface is both more thermally resistant and more reflective than the overlying loose dust.

Decolonizing Museums, Memorials, and Monuments

Decolonizing Museums, Memorials, and Monuments

Points of contention: Tradition, resistance, and arrow points in the California missions

Archaeological excavations at California mission sites have revealed diverse projectile points manufactured and used by Indigenous people. Through the examination of assemblages from four central California missions—San José, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Carlos—this paper considers the potential of lithic technologies to illuminate the interrelated issues of tradition and resistance. Based on our case study, and a comparative discussion of similar projectile points from other missions in Alta and Baja California, we argue that these artifacts offer an opportunity to move beyond the idea that the persistence of cultural traditions equals passive resistance in colonial settings. In addition to strong continuities of arrow point types from precontact times into the colonial period, the data from California also demonstrate that Native people incorporated new materials into their lithic technologies and perhaps even created new point types after the Spanish invasion. These patterns speak to the dynamic nature of tradition as well as the varied ways that Indigenous people sought to repudiate the values of colonialism in their daily lives. Taken together, the projectile points from California mission sites encourage archaeologists to consider how lithic technologies may reflect the capacity (realized or not) for Indigenous autonomy and active refusal of colonialism.