Size Mismatch Research Articles

Anthropogenic extinctions explain most size and trophic mismatches between large mammalian primary consumers from Amazonian and African rainforests

Anthropogenic extinctions explain most size and trophic mismatches between large mammalian primary consumers from Amazonian and African rainforests

Numerical study on structural design and mechanical analysis of anti-migration tracheal stent with non-uniform Poisson's ratio

Stent migration is one of the common complications after tracheal stent implantation. The causes of stent migration include size mismatch between the stent and the trachea, physiological movement of the trachea, and so on. In order to solve the above problems, this study designed a non-uniform Poisson ratio tracheal stent by combining the size and structure of the trachea and the physiological movement of the trachea to improve the migration of the stent, meanwhile ensuring the support of the stent. In this study, the stent corresponding to cartilage was constructed with negative Poisson's ratio, and the stent corresponding to the circular connective tissue and muscular membrane was constructed with positive Poisson's ratio. And four kinds of non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stents with different link lengths and negative Poisson's ratio were designed. Then, this paper numerically simulated the expansion and rebound process of the stent after implantation to observe the support of the stent, and further simulated the stretch movement of the trachea to calculate the diameter changes of the stent corresponding to different negative Poisson's ratio structures. The axial migration of the stent was recorded by applying different respiratory pressure to the wall of the tracheal wall to evaluate whether the stent has anti-migration effect. The research results show that the non-uniform Poisson ratio stent with connecting rod length of 3 mm has the largest diameter expansion in the negative Poisson ratio section when the trachea was stretched. Compared with the positive Poisson's ratio structure, the axial migration during vigorous breathing was reduced from 0.024 mm to 0.012 mm. The negative Poisson's ratio structure of the non-uniform Poisson's ratio stent designed in this study did not fail in the tracheal expansion effect. Compared with the traditional stent, the non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stent has an anti-migration effect under the normal movement of the trachea while ensuring the support force of the stent.

Lobar graft evaluation in cadaveric lobar lung redo transplantation after living-donor lobar lung transplantation: a case report

BackgroundLung transplantation is a vital option for patients with end-stage lung disease. However, it faces a significant challenge due to the shortage of compatible donors, which particularly affects individuals with small chest cavities and pediatric patients. The novel approach of cadaveric lobar lung transplantation is a promising solution to alleviate the donor shortage crisis. Both the mid-term and long-term outcomes of lobar lung transplantation are comparable to those of standard lung transplantation. However, patients undergoing lobar lung transplantation reported a significantly higher rate of primary graft dysfunction compared to patients undergoing standard lung transplantation. Therefore, careful donor selection is critical to improve outcomes after lobar transplantation. However, no established method exists to evaluate each lung lobar graft of deceased donors. This case report describes a case of cadaveric lobar lung transplantation to overcome size mismatch and donor shortage, with particular emphasis on lobar graft evaluation.Case presentationA 39-year-old woman with scleroderma-related respiratory failure was listed for deceased donor lung transplantation due to a rapidly progressing disease. Faced with a long waiting list and impending mortality, she underwent bilateral living-donor lobar lung transplantation donated by her relatives. Post-transplant complications included progressive pulmonary vein obstruction and pleural effusion, which ultimately required retransplantation. An oversized donor with pneumonia in the bilateral lower lobes was allocated. Lung ultrasound was used to evaluate each lung lobar graft during procurement. The right upper and middle lobes and left upper lobe were confirmed to be transplantable, and lobar lung redo transplantation was performed. The patient’s post-transplant course was uneventful, and she was discharged home and returned to her daily activities.ConclusionsThis case highlights the clinical impact of cadaveric lobar lung transplantation as a feasible and effective strategy to overcome the shortage of donor lungs, especially in patients with small thoracic cavities. By establishing donor lung evaluation techniques and overcoming anatomical and logistical challenges, cadaveric lobar lung transplantation can significantly expand the donor pool and offer hope to those previously considered ineligible for transplantation.

Boosting Energy-Storage in High-Entropy Pb-Free Relaxors Engineered by Local Lattice Distortion.

The high-entropy strategy has shown potential in advancing the energy-storage performance of dielectric capacitors, offering benefits to a range of electronic and electrical systems. However, designing high-performance high-entropy relaxor ferroelectrics (RFEs) presents challenges due to the unclear correlation between their core effects and local polarization heterogeneity. Here, we demonstrate that by engineering the local lattice distortion, a core effect in high-entropy systems, to manipulate the local polarization configuration, a giant energy density (Wrec) of 18.7 J cm-3 and high efficiency (η) of 85% can be achieved in (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-based high-entropy bulk RFE ceramics. Atomic-level local structural analysis unveils that the local lattice distortion field can be flattened by introducing ions with less size mismatch. The increase in configurational entropy from 1.54 to 2.06R is associated with a smoother polar displacement vector field and a reduction in the size of polar clusters to several unit-cell sizes with weak coupling. Consequently, a substantial decrease in hysteresis and an enhancement in the breakdown field strength can be obtained, leading to a significant improvement in energy density by over 6 times and efficiency by 3 times. Our research establishes a relationship between local lattice distortion, atomic polar displacement, and energy-storage performance in complex high-entropy systems, providing insights for enhancing energy-storage performance via a local structure design.

Revisiting the Prognostic Influences of Donor-Recipient Size Mismatch in Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation.

Liver transplantation (LT) outcomes are influenced by donor-recipient size mismatch. This study re-evaluated the impact on graft size discrepancies on survival outcomes. Data from 53 389 adult LT recipients from the United Network for Organ Sharing database (2013-2022) were reviewed. The study population was divided by the body surface area index (BSAi), defined as the ratio of donor body surface area (BSA) to recipient BSA, into small-for-size (BSAi < 0.78), normal-for-size (BSAi 0.78-1.24), and large-for-size (BSAi > 1.24) grafts in deceased donor LT (SFSD, NFSD, and LFSD). Multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted. The frequency of size mismatch in deceased donor LT increased over the past 10 y. SFSD had significantly worse 90-d graft survival (P < 0.01), and LFSD had inferior 1-y graft survival among 90-d survivors (P = 0.01). SFSD was hazardous within 90 d post-LT because of vascular complications. Beyond 1 y, graft size did not affect graft survival. LFSD risk within the first year was mitigated with lower model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) 3.0 scores (<35) or shorter cold ischemia time (<8 h). The negative impacts on donor-recipient size mismatch on survival outcomes are confined to the first year post-LT. SFSD is associated with a slight decrease in 90-d survival rates. LFSD should be utilized more frequently by minimizing cold ischemia time to <8 h, particularly in patients with MELD 3.0 scores below 35. These findings could improve donor-recipient matching and enhance LT outcomes.

Modified funneling arterial microanastomosis in large vessels size mismatch

The "Modified Funneling Method" is an easy and reliable technique to overcome vessel diameter discrepancies. By exploring new techniques of anastomosis, we can help microvascular surgeons improve microvascular outcomes and overcome vessel discrepancies.

Alloying effects on deformation induced microstructure evolution in copper

In this work, we investigated the effects of alloying elements on plastic deformation and microstructure evolution in polycrystalline copper (Cu) and Cu alloyed with 1 wt.%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document} lead (Cu-1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document}Pb). These materials were selected due to the size mismatch between Cu and Pb, with the latter forming precipitates at grain boundaries. Multi-modal characterization techniques, including neutron diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with finite element simulations were employed to study the deformation behavior across multiple length scales. While both Cu and Cu-1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document}Pb exhibited similar macroscale response and final deformation textures, both dislocation line profile analysis and TEM revealed increased dislocation density in deformed Cu-1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\%$$\\end{document}Pb specimens. The presence of lead precipitates also significantly affected local plastic deformation during compression, with their influence diminishing with increasing strain. These results demonstrate the complex relationships between alloying elements, plastic deformation, microstructural evolution, and material behavior under load. The insights gained from this multi-scale and multi-technique approach contribute to the fundamental understanding of microstructural evolution in immiscible alloys and are valuable for tailoring the properties of structural materials for specific engineering applications.

Structural and optical properties of Ce-stabilized tetragonal phase and intense blue emission of monoclinic phase in ZrO2 nanoparticles

Structural and optical properties of Ce-stabilized tetragonal zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and intense blue emission of monoclinic ZrO2 are presented in this paper. Nanoparticles of ZrO2 in the stabilized tetragonal and monoclinic phases have been prepared by the solution combustion method. X-ray diffraction studies and Rietveld refinement of the diffraction pattern show the stabilization of ZrO2 in the tetragonal phase (t-ZrO2) with Ce doping. It is the host-dopant ionic size mismatch that leads to lattice distortion and hence the t-ZrO2 stabilized phase. Raman modes confirm the phase transformation from the monoclinic to a tetragonal phase of ZrO2. The presence of oxygen vacancies and surface states in the samples play a role in altering the optical band gap. The dopant Ce-ions create defects/oxygen vacancies, which act as the trapping sites for electrons and holes/the donor and vacancy-related impurity levels. It is transition between these levels or between delocalized conduction bands that lead to band gap reduction. Photoluminescence studies reveal the presence of structural phase transformation dependent emission bands. The monoclinic phase (m-ZrO2) exhibits an intense blue emission originating from the asymmetric and unusual oxygen coordination of Zr in the m-ZrO2. The chromaticity coordinates indicate that the prepared material and adopted strategies are suitable in the field of optoelectronic application.

Quantifying Variation in the Physical Size of Footwear Test Impressions

The analysis of forensic footwear evidence often requires the preparation of test impressions created under controlled laboratory conditions. When these test impressions are compared to questioned impressions, (dis)agreement in physical size is an important attribute that must be evaluated and documented. Integral to this comparison is an understanding of the variation that may exist between replicate test impressions, and test impressions created using different methods. The aim of this study was to empirically characterize the variation that exists within and between test impressions prepared using a static benchtop and a dynamic walking method, as well as explore the potential influence of the wearer’s foot size when using the walking method. To examine this variation, twenty-three participants were recruited to prepare test impressions of two different shoe makes and models in four different manufacturer’s sizes. Five replicate benchtop impressions per make/model/size and three replicate walking impressions per participant/make/model/size were created, resulting in approximately 550 test samples, to which an additional 150 quality control copies were blindly added, resulting in almost 700 processed test impressions. Using reproducible and reliable ground control points, the physical size of toe-to-heel length and medial-to-lateral ball of the toe width measurements were collected and compared. For the shoe make/models examined in this study, a systematic bias was observed between benchtop and walking impressions, such that benchtop impressions were almost always longer and narrower than walking impressions, and that within the walking method, physical size differences vary with foot/shoe size mismatch. Of the experimental shoes and groups examined in this study, the variation in toe-to-heel length measurements between benchtop and walking impressions was greatest when the shoe was two sizes smaller than the foot, resulting in a maximum physical size difference of 4.18 mm for a Nike® Downshifter 11 outsole. Similarly, when comparing the variation in toe-to-heel length measurements between walking impressions created using a correctly-fitted shoe versus a shoe that was two sizes smaller than the wearer’s foot, a maximum physical size difference of 3.25 mm was observed. Based on these findings, best practice suggests that footwear analysts document the foot size of the wearer preparing walking test impressions, refrain from using benchtop impressions to form opinions about physical size consistency/differences, and to be cognizant that a large mismatch between shoe/foot size when creating walking impressions can lead to length differences greater than 3.0 mm.

The“Overlapping”Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis: an overlapped end-to-end anastomosis supermicrosurgical technique

ObjectiveLymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is increasingly utilized in the treatment of lymphedema. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of the “Overlapping” LVA technique, which addresses the size mismatch between lymphatic and venous vessels in lymphedema treatment.MethodsBetween August 2022 and April 2023, seventeen patients diagnosed with lymphedema were enrolled in this study. The severity of lymphedema in these patients was classified according to the International Society of Lymphology (ISL) staging system.All patient underwent LVA procedures, anastomosis techniques including the Overlapping, end-to-end and octopus anastomosis. The techniques of anastomosis, anastomosis time, patency rate, and volume of limb lymphedema were evaluated.ResultsOur study enrolled 17 lymphedema patients who underwent the LVA procedure. All patients showed significant postoperative improvement in limb edema. The mean drainage volume was 472.29 ml. The Overlapping technique demonstrated a 100% success rate as assessed by clinical observation and intraoperative Indocyanine Green (ICG) lymphography. The average anastomosis time was 5.3 min, reducing operative time compared to traditional methods.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the Overlapping technique could serve as a valuable addition to the current LVA technique. This Overlapping anastomosis technique provides a wide range of applications for lymphatic anastomosis treatment and prevention of lymphedema.

Effects of Electrode Size Mismatch on the Apparent Sensitivity of Perovskite X-Ray Detectors

Effects of Electrode Size Mismatch on the Apparent Sensitivity of Perovskite X-Ray Detectors

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyethylene with Microporous and Mesoporous Materials: Assessing Performance and Mechanistic Understanding.

Testing the performance for the catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste is hampered by mass transfer limitations induced by a size mismatch between the catalyst's pores and the bulky polymer molecules. To investigate this aspect, the behavior of a series of microporous and mesoporous materials was assessed in the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene (PE). More specifically, a mesoporous material, namely sulfated zirconia (Zr(SO4)2) on SBA-15, was synthesized to increase the pore accessibility, which reduces mass transfer limitations and thereby enables to better assess the effect of active site density. To demonstrate this approach, mesoporous SBA-15 wascompared to microporous zeolite Y. Using the degradation temperature during thermogravimetric analysis as a measure of activity, no correlation between acidity and activity was observed for microporous zeolite Y. However, depending on the Mw of PE, the reactivity of the mesoporous catalysts increased with increasing Zr(SO4)2 weight loading, showing that utilizing a mesoporous catalyst can overcome the accessibility limitations at least partially, which was further confirmed by polymer melt infiltration and in situ X-ray diffraction. Product analysis revealed that more aromatics and coke were produced with zeolite Y. The mesoporous material remained active and structurally intact and catalyses PE degradation via acid- and radical-based pathways.

Characterization of Baseline Lung Allograft Dysfunction in Single Lung Transplant Recipients.

Baseline lung allograft dysfunction (BLAD) is characterized by the failure to achieve normal baseline lung function after double lung transplantation (DLTX) and is associated with a high risk of mortality. In single lung transplant (SLTX) recipients, however, cutoff values and associated factors have not been explored. Here, we aimed to define BLAD in SLTX recipients, investigate its impact on allograft survival, and identify potential risk factors for BLAD in SLTX recipients. We performed a retrospective, single-center analysis of the LTX cohort of LMU Munich between 2010 and 2018. In accordance with DLTX cutoffs, BLAD in SLTX recipients was defined as failure to achieve percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and percentage of forced vital capacity of >60% on 2 consecutive tests >3 wk apart. Survival analysis and regression analysis for potential predictors of BLAD were performed. In a cohort of 141 SLTX recipients, 43% of patients met BLAD criteria. SLTX recipients with BLAD demonstrated impaired survival. Native lung hyperinflation was associated with BLAD in obstructive disease, whereas donor/recipient lung size mismatch was associated with BLAD in both obstructive and restrictive underlying diseases. Pulmonary function testing at 3 mo after lung transplantation predicted normal baseline lung function in SLTX recipients with obstructive lung disease. BLAD in SLTX recipients is as relevant as in DLTX recipients and should generally be considered in the follow-up of LTX recipients. Risk factors for BLAD differed between underlying obstructive and restrictive lung disease. A better understanding of associated factors may help in the development of preventive strategies.

Thermoelectric properties of A-site deficient reduced Sr0.775La0.15-xEuxTiO3-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15)

There are numerous different schemes to improve the figure of merit (ZT) in oxide thermoelectrics, including creating additional electrons using oxygen vacancies, chemical doping, and A-site nonstoichiometry. A-site deficient (Sr,La)0.925TiO3- δ has shown promise as an n-type oxide thermoelectric; herein, additional A-site substitutional doping with Eu was used to improve ZT, through a combination of A-site size mismatch and non-stoichiometry. A solid solution series Sr0.775La0.15-xEuxTiO3-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) was synthesised, showing a modest improvement in thermoelectric properties for x = 0.05, with a ZT of 0.18 at 600 °C, vs a ZT of 0.16 in the end member composition. Upon full characterisation, the additional electrons provided by the formation of oxygen vacancies were being used up by reduction of the added europium dopants, leading to a drop in electrical conductivity, and correspondingly, ZT. This gives a useful perspective in choosing dopants for schemes such as these.

The footprint mismatch of cervical disc arthroplasty comes from degenerative factor besides ethnic factor

A mismatch in footprints of cervical total disc arthroplasty (CTDA) implants occasionally occurred in Asian population and it had been attributed solely to ethnic factor. Yet, cervical degeneration process may play a role. Our purpose was to compare the cervical vertebra morphometric data with and without degeneration. The study included patients with CT scans of cervical spine from our hospital between January, 2019, and September, 2021. The total cervical degenerative index (TCDI) of each patient were collected by adding CDI score for 5 disc-levels. Patients were categorized into normal (TCDI 0–5) and degeneration groups (TCDI 6–60). Various measurements of the C3–C7 vertebral body and endplate were taken. Forty-nine patients in the normal group and 55 in the degeneration group were included. No significant difference was noted in gender, BH, BW, or BMI except age and TCDI (p < .001). During degeneration, disproportional endplate size changes were observed, with an increment ratio of 12–20% in the anteroposterior and 5–17% in the mediolateral plane throughout C3–C7, while vertebral body height remained constant. In conclusion, degeneration process, besides ethnic factor, causes the endplate size and shape mismatch. This information can help spine surgeon choose appropriate implants in CTDA surgery.

Low cycle fatigue and cycle hardening behavior of heterogeneous Ni2Co1Fe1V0.5Mo0.2 medium entropy alloy

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of high-entropy alloy (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) have rarely been reported in literature though it is critical for industrial applications. In our previous work, a non-equiatomic Ni2Co1Fe1V0.5Mo0.2 MEA was designed by adding V and Mo elements with bigger atomic size to heighten solution strengthening effect. Due to larger atomic size mismatch and more severe lattice distortion, the Ni2Co1Fe1V0.5Mo0.2 MEA exhibits stronger strain hardening effect than that in CoCrFeMnNi HEA. In present work, the low-cycle fatigue behavior of the non-equiatomic Ni2Co1Fe1V0.5Mo0.2 MEA with heterogeneous grain structures was further investigated. The heterogeneous Ni2Co1Fe1V0.5Mo0.2 MEA exhibits high fatigue resistance at 0.25 % strain amplitude (51285 N), attributed to the pronounced dislocation planar slip and formation of stacking faults. At 0.3 % and 0.5 % strain amplitudes, dislocation interactions (including tangles and microbands) induced by extensive dislocation cross-slip result in obvious cyclic hardening but reduced lifetime. The findings assess the effect of solid solution strengthening on the fatigue behavior of MEAs. The fatigue cracks form either along slip bands in large grains or grain boundaries of small grains.

Sex-mismatching in isolated heart transplantation confers no postoperative risk

BackgroundFor heart transplantation, optimal donor-recipient matching is an important factor in the ongoing development of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) continuous distribution framework. Donor-recipient sex-mismatch has decreased since the 1990s, but this may be related to the risk posed by size mismatching, particularly when donor hearts are undersized. Thus, the impact of sex-mismatching, controlling for other factors including size mismatch, is uncertain. MethodsAdult first-time, isolated heart transplant patients from the UNOS database between October 1, 1987 and December 31, 2022 were analyzed. Cohorts were separated into male and female recipients. Propensity score matching on known preoperative risk factors was performed. Equivalence testing via Two One-Sided Testing (TOST) was performed to assess between-arm equivalence in postoperative outcomes. Survival differences were measured by the between-arm ratio of Restricted Mean Survival Time and binary outcome differences by the Odds Ratio (OR). ResultsIn the propensity matched cohort, we found significant equivalence between arms in both male (TOST P<0.001) and female (TOST P<0.001) recipients for overall survival at all temporal endpoints, postoperative treatment for rejection within one year, and pre-discharge dialysis. ConclusionsSex-mismatch in isolated heart transplantation confers no additional risk to postoperative outcomes when controlling for other factors, including size mismatch. Consequently, sex-mismatch should not factor into individual assessments of organ acceptance or be incorporated into any national organ allocation policy. Increasing the acceptance of sex-mismatched donors has the potential to expand the donor pool and increase female donor utilization.

Construction of 2D/2D S-scheme Bi2MoO6/Zn-TCPP heterojunction via in-situ self-assembly growth strategy to enhance interface effect for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

Two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) heterojunctions are considered to be an effective strategy for forming strong interface effects and facilitating photogenerated carrier separation. However, it is usually limited by the size mismatch of the materials, even at the expense of its redox capability. Herein, 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst Bi2MoO6/Zn-TCPP (BMO/ZTP) composed of 2D Bi2MoO6 and 2D Zn-TCPP (TCPP: tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin) (MOFs) was constructed by in-situ self-assembly growth strategy. The size-compatible 2D/2D composites had abundant surface active sites and strong interactions. In addition, band bending and interfacial electric field (IEF) effect based on S-scheme heterojunction could accelerate the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers in BMO/ZTP. The best hydrogen precipitation rate of the BMO/ZTP was 10900.94 umol·g−1·h−1, which was 38.90 and 3.24 times higher than that of Bi2MoO6 (280.26 umol·g−1·h−1) and Zn-TCPP (3360.34 umol·g−1·h−1), respectively. The results indicated that 2D/2D BMO/ZTP S-scheme heterojunction could enhance the interface effect and retain strong reducing electrons to achieve efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production, which was confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), Tafel curve, electron spin resonance (ESR) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work provided a general strategy for constructing 2D Bi2MoO6 and 2D MOFs S-scheme heterojunctions to enhance interface effects for achieving efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production.

A retrospective study investigating the risk of graft loss in living donor liver transplant cases where size mismatching is predicted from graft-to-recipient weight ratio.

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is vital for pediatric end-stage liver disease due to organ shortages. The graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) preoperatively measured predicts the outcomes of LDLT. We typically target between 0.8 and 3.0-4.0%, but the ideal GRWR remains controversial. We compared the outcomes of LDLT according to the GRWR to examine whether the criteria could be expanded while ensuring safety. We retrospectively reviewed 99 patients who underwent LDLT in our department by dividing them into three groups according to their GRWR: Group S, with GRWR values lower than the normal range (GRWR < 0.8%); Group M, with GRWR values in the normal range (GRWR ≥ 0.8 to < 3.5%); and Group L, with GRWR values above the normal range (GRWR ≥ 3.5%). In Groups S and L, 46.2 and 44.4% of patients underwent splenectomy and delayed abdominal wall closure, respectively. After these intraoperative adjustments, there were no significant differences between the groups in 5-year patient survival, 5-year graft survival, or the occurrence of post-transplantation thrombosis. When the GRWR is beyond the normal threshold, the risk of complications associated with graft size might be reduced by adjustments to provide appropriate portal blood flow and by delayed abdominal wall closure.

Unsupervised learning-aided extrapolation for accelerated design of superalloys

Machine learning has been widely used to guide the search for new materials by learning the patterns underlying available data. However, the pure prediction-oriented search is often biased to interpolation due to the limited data in a large unexplored space. Here we present a sampling framework towards extrapolation, that integrates unsupervised clustering, interpretable analysis, and similarity evaluation to sample target candidates with improved properties from a vast search space. Using the design of superalloys with improved γ′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\gamma }^{{\\prime} }$$\\end{document}-phase solvus temperature (Tγ′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${T}_{{\\gamma }^{{\\prime} }}$$\\end{document}) as a model case, we start with sparse data, and by a few experiments, we find nine new superalloys with chemistries distinct to those in the training data. Three of them show improved Tγ′\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${T}_{{\\gamma }^{{\\prime} }}$$\\end{document} by about 50 °C, a large enhancement for superalloys. Moreover, we find two features characterizing mismatch in atomic size and mixing enthalpy linearly effect. This work demonstrates the capability of unsupervised learning to search for new materials when limited data is available.