A new aeshnoid dragonfly, Jingguaeshna taoae gen. et sp. nov., is described based on an incomplete hindwing from a new Miocene deposit in Jinggu, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Jingguaeshna gen. nov. is most likely a member of the Telephlebiidae, sharing a number of typical characters of this family. Jingguaeshna taoae gen. et sp. nov. is the first aeshnoid dragonfly fossil found from Yunnan and probably the oldest-known telephlebiid dragonfly. This study also reveals a new entomofauna in southwestern China, contributing new information to the understanding of the Miocene ecosystems in this region.