3-minute Step Test Research Articles

Association of CETP gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with acute heart rate response to exercise

Abstract Background Polymorphisms in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene are known to be strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk, primarily through their effects on the lipid profile, and consequently on atherosclerotic risk. The acute heart rate response (AHRR) to physical activity is closely related to individual cardiovascular fitness. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CETP gene polymorphisms on AHRR. Methods Our analysis examines the association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs1532624, rs5882, rs708272, rs7499892 and rs9989419) and their haplotypes (H) known to be associated with cardiovascular risk in the CETP gene with AHRR in 607 individuals from the Hungarian population. Individual AHRR in the present study was assessed using the YMCA 3-minute step test and was measured as the difference between resting and post-exercise heart rate, i.e. delta heart rate (ΔHR). To exclude the direct confounding effect of the CETP gene on the lipid profile, adjustments for TG and HDL-C levels were applied in the statistical analyses. Results Among the five SNPs examined, two showed a significant association with lower ΔHR (rs1532624-Cdom: B = -8.15, p < 0.001; rs708272-Gdom: B = -8.09, p < 0.001) and reduced the risk of adverse AHRR (rs1532624-A: OR = 2.26, p < 0.001; rs708272-A: OR = 2.17, p < 0.001). Among the ten haplotypes, two showed significant association with lower ΔHR (H3 - CAGCA: B = -6.79, p = 0.003; H9 - CGGCG: B = -14.79, p = 0.014) and lower risk of adverse AHRR (H3 - CAGCA: OR = 0.58, p = 0.038; H9 - CGGCG: OR = 0.05, p = 0.008) compared to the reference haplotype (H1 - AGACG). Conclusions Our study is the first to report a significant association between polymorphisms and their haplotypes in the CETP gene and AHRR. It also confirms that the effect of the CETP gene on cardiovascular risk is expressed through the acute heart rate response to physical activity, in addition to its effect on the lipid profile. Key messages • Certain polymorphisms and haplotypes in the CETP gene show a significant association with AHRR. • The CETP gene polymorphisms exert their effect on cardiovascular risk not only by altering the lipid profile, but also by modifying the heart rate response to physical activity.

Test-retest and inter-rater reliability and construct validity of the 2-minute step test in individuals with Parkinson's disease

ObjectiveTo evaluate the test-retest and inter-rater reliability and construct validity of the 2-minute step test (2MST) in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). MethodsTwo previously trained examiners applied the 2MST in two moments. Clinical measurements of PD were obtained using the following instruments: Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y), gait speed and cadence, 5-time Sit-to-Stand Test (5TSST) and Timed Up and Go (TUG). For reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. For construct validity, Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used. The agreement between the measurement in person and via recorded video was assessed by means of Bland-Altman plots. ResultsThe 2MST showed adequate test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.80, SEM = 10.59, MDC = 29.35) and excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.93, SEM = 4.49, MDC = 12.46). There was acceptable agreement between assessments made with in person and via video. A correlation magnitude above 0.50 was found between 2MST and gait speed, and a correlation magnitude between 0.30 and 0.50 with BBS, gait cadence, UPDRS and TUG. ConclusionThe 2MST presents adequate test-retest and inter-rater reliability and a valid construct to evaluate the aerobic endurance of individuals with PD.

The effects of spinal stabilization exercises on functional exercise capacity in individuals with transtibial amputation: A randomized trial.

Optimization of mobility activities with spinal stabilization exercises and reducing spinal loads in individuals with transtibial amputation are recommended by researchers; however, the effect of spinal stabilization exercises on functional exercise capacity has not been investigated. This study aims to investigate the effect of spinal stabilisation exercises on functional exercise capacity in individuals with transtibial amputation. Randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding. Eighteen individuals with transtibial amputation were included. Conventional physiotherapy program was applied to individuals in control group, and spinal stabilization exercise training was applied to individuals in intervention group together with conventional physiotherapy program for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was maximal oxygen uptake during 6-Minute Stepper Test. The secondary outcomes were maximal energy expenditure, step count and fatigue during 6-Minute Stepper Test, perceived mobility level with prosthesis, and stabilization strength of deep spinal muscles. In the within-group comparisons, the change in the functional exercise capacity, step count, and stabilization strength of deep spinal muscles were found to be statistically significant in both groups. In the between-group comparison, the changes in the functional exercise capacity, perceived mobility level, and stabilization strength of deep spinal muscles were found to be significant in favor of the group in which spinal stabilization exercises were applied. Along with improvement in proximal control of movement, improvements were observed in some parameters that are indicative of physical capacity. Considering the described developments, exercise programs focused on spinal stabilization in individuals with amputation are becoming a serious alternative in clinical practice.

Effectiveness of mobile health for exercise promotion on cardiorespiratory fitness after a cancer diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cancer survivors are at greater risk for cardiovascular-related mortality. Mobile health (mHealth) is an increasingly prevalent strategy for health promotion, but whether it consistently improves cardiorespiratory outcomes after a cancer diagnosis is unknown. We sought to determine the effectiveness of mHealth fitness/physical activity interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness outcomes among cancer patients and survivors. Leveraging MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov, we identified studies through May 2023. Included studies provided a quantitative evaluation of an mHealth intervention in a primary or secondary capacity on cardiorespiratory fitness (6-minute walk test, VO2max, 3-minute step test, or systolic blood pressure; or any mention of cardiac measure) and were meta-analyzed (using a random effects model) if they were a randomized controlled trial with sufficient quantitative information. Four coders were involved in applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, coding using a standardized data extraction sheet, and assessing study quality, with each study coded by at least two. Of 656 articles, nine (n = 392) met systematic review inclusion criteria (mean age range 19-62 years, 71.9% female, 60.9% breast cancer). Interventions included mobile apps (k = 6), smartwatches (k = 2), or a smartwatch plus a supplemental web/mobile/tablet app (k = 1); median duration of mHealth-use was 12 weeks. Seven (n = 341) fit criteria for meta-analysis. mHealth was associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness (d = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.07-0.60) compared to a control group. Relationships remained after accounting for lipid-based outcomes (d = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.03-0.56). There was no evidence for heterogeneity or publication-bias. mHealth exercise interventions appear to be a viable strategy for improving cardiorespiratory fitness after a cancer diagnosis.

Feeling good means doing good: body appreciation as a predictor of physical activity, fitness, and motivation

The study aimed to investigate the influence of body appreciation on physical activity motivation, physical activity level, and physical fitness among 423 randomly selected state university students. The Body Appreciation Scale-2 was used to quantify body appreciation. For measuring physical activity level, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was utilized. The Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation was also used to quantify physical activity motivation. Various field tests, such as a 3-minute Step test, a 1-minute Push-up test, a Plank test, a Wall sit test, and a Sit and Reach test, were used to assess physical fitness. The questionnaire, scale, and field tests were completed and performed by the participants. The data gathered were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS Version 29. Body appreciation was found to be a predictor of physical activity and leisure motivation for males, females, and all participants. It also predicted the physical activity levels of males, females, and all participants. However, its influence on physical fitness was only found in male participants. Future studies should measure variables using alternative instruments, such as a varied scale for body appreciation, real-time physical activity tracking through wearables and fitness apps, and additional physical fitness components to better assess the influence of body appreciation on physical fitness.

Comparison of functionality, physical activity, cardiac and respiratory parameters between patients with mood disorders and healthy controls

Background The cardiorespiratory effect in mental illnesses has recently received much attention. However, the cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of mood disorders have not been clearly demonstrated. Aims This study aims to compare individuals with mood disorders and healthy people in terms of exercise capacity, functionality, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnoea and physical activity level. Method This cross-sectional study involved 30 patients with mood disorders and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Exercise capacity (6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), 3-Minute Step Test (3MST)), functionality (vertical jump test, functional reach test), respiratory parameters (respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function test), dyspnoea (Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale) and physical activity level (Short-Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)) were evaluated. Results 6MWT results (P < 0.001) and functional test scores (vertical jump test, P = 0.006; functional reach test, P < 0.001) were significantly lower, and heart rate recovery after 3MST (P < 0.001) was higher in mood disorder patients. Although patients' respiratory parameters were lower than healthy individuals, only measured and predicted respiratory muscle strength (P < 0.001), peak expiratory flow rate litres (P < 0.001), forced vital capacity predicted (P = 0.010) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s predicted (P = 0.002) values were statistically significantly different. Dyspnoea with activities was higher in patients (P < 0.001). Patients spent more time sitting (IPAQ, P < 0.001), but overall physical activity levels were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions Patients with mood disorders had decreased exercise capacity and pulmonary function, lower functionality scores and respiratory muscle strength, and increased dyspnoea. Exercise-based rehabilitation protocols are recommended for the management of risk factors affecting the mood disorder patients' cardiorespiratory status.

The Behavior of Maximal Respiratory Pressures, Peak Expiratory Flow and Functional Capacity Between Pilates Method Practitioners

Introduction: The Pilates method is a strategy with positive effects not only on the balance and quality of life of its practitioners, but also on respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. The aim of this study was to assess respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity among individuals practicing the Pilates method and compare them with the values predicted for the Brazilian population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational study carried out among Pilates practitioners (N=30) of both genders, aged between 20 and 66 years, with at least 4 weeks of practice in the modality under study. Measures of lung function (peak expiratory flow) and strength (maximum respiratory pressures) were analyzed, as well as functional capacity using the step test, which were compared with normal values for the study population. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. Results: the mean maximum respiratory pressures obtained were lower than those predicted for the Brazilian population. On the other hand, the average number of ascents obtained in the 6-minute step test was significantly higher than the predicted average. No statistically significant difference was found for PEF (p=0.687). Conclusion: The Pilates method did not influence the maintenance of maximum respiratory pressures or PEF measurements in its practitioners. On the other hand, this modern form of physical activity promoted an effective increase in functional capacity, as measured by the step test.

Exercise capacity in COVID-19 surviving patients: impact of physical rehabilitation

Background: At least 65 million individuals worldwide have Long COVID and despite efforts to explain the effects of exercise prescription on the recovery of these individuals, there is a need to explore its effects on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, our main objective was to evaluate the effect of the Physical Rehabilitation Program (PRP) on muscle strength and physical exercise capacity of COVID-19 survivors. Methods: The cohort included 28 patients post COVID-19, each participant performed a comprehensive and multisystem evaluation in two visits, in the pre- and post-PRP: 1st visit = clinical evaluation periods (maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP); maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and Duke Activity Status Index (VO2peak). 2nd visit= physical evaluation [6-minute Step Test (6MST) and Handgrip Strength (HGS)]. The PRP consisted of breathing exercises, muscle strength exercises for upper and lower limbs and aerobic exercise, 2 or 3 times/week for 03 months. Results: The post-PRP we found: improvement in peripheral [95%CI 2.7 (2.0-3.4), p=0.001, Huge] and respiratory [MIP 95%CI 1.6 (0.9-2.3), p<0.001, Very large) and MEP 95%CI 2.7 (2.0-3.4), p=0.001, Huge)] muscle strength; increase in cardiorespiratory fitness according to estimated-VO2peak [95%CI 2.3 (1.5-3.1), p<0.001, Huge] and the number of steps climbed in the 6MST [95%CI 1.6 (0.9-2.3), p<0.001, Very large]; adaptations resulting lower resting heart rate (HR), higher peak HR, good modulation of HR resulting from stress caused by 6MST; linear and positive association between peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and the number of steps climbed 6MST and greater HR recovery especially post-PRP; recovery-first minute HR remained unchanged post-PRP. Conclusion: In patients post COVID19, we emphasize the great effect of individualized and supervised PRP on the increase in peripheral and respiratory muscle strength/ quality and cardiorespiratory fitness. Despite the gains obtained in PRP, the risk of death based on HR recovery did not change.

Feasibility of performing the 3-minute step test with remote supervision in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: A comparative study.

The 3-min step test is a simple option to monitor submaximal exercise capacity, although its use via remote video monitoring has not been investigated in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of performing the 3-min step test with remote supervision. A cross-sectional study including CF patients (6-18 years) from two CF services were performed. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and lung function data were collected and two 3-min step tests were performed: (i) in-person supervision, and (ii) remotely supervised by video monitoring. Before and after the tests, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and the Borg score for dyspnea and lower limb fatigue were monitored. Twenty-three patients (10.7 ± 3.7 years) with a mean FEV1 of 89.5% ± 23.2% were included. There were no significant differences between tests, with mean differences (95% confidence intervals) in final HR of -3.3 (-8.9, 2.4), change in HR of -1.9 (-6.1, 2.1), final SpO2 of 0.3 (-0.4, 1.0), and final dyspnea of 0.1 (-0.8, 0.9). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.852 (final HR), 0.762 (final SpO2), and 0.775 (final lower limb fatigue). Significant and moderate correlations were found between tests for final HR (r = 0.75), change in HR (r = 0.61), and final SpO2 (r = 0.61). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference in final SpO2 between tests of 0.3% (limit of agreement -3.0%, 3.5%). Physiological responses between tests were similar, indicating it was feasible to perform the 3-min step test with remote supervision in CF children.

Physical function as a predictor of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with pancreatic cancer

BackgroundA growing body of research indicates that poor functional status before chemotherapy may be correlated with the severity of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) after the neurotoxic treatment. However, little is known about the associations between pre-chemotherapy physical function and CIPN in patients with pancreatic cancer.PurposeTo identify the predictors of CIPN in relation to pre-chemotherapy physical function in patients with pancreatic cancer.MethodsThis secondary analysis included data from patients with pancreatic cancer who participated in a longitudinal research study at National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. Four physical function tests (i.e., grip strength, Timed Up and Go (TUG), 2-minute step test (2MST), and Romberg test) and two questionnaires (The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 [EORTC QLQ-C30] and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Module [CIPN20]) were assessed at baseline (i.e., before first chemotherapy session) and 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-month follow-up. Multiple linear regression with adjustment for confounding factors was used to assess the associations between the four functional tests at baseline and the CIPN20 total score and individual subscale scores (sensory, motor, and autonomic) at 6-month follow-up.ResultsData from a total of 209 pancreatic cancer patients (mean age: 64.4 years, 54.5% male) were analyzed. The findings showed that the severity of CIPN at 6-month follow-up was significantly associated with the baseline TUG completion time (β = 0.684, p = 0.003). The TUG completion time was also positively correlated with the 6-month CIPN sensory and autonomic subscales. In addition, a baseline positive Romberg test (β = 0.525, p = 0.009) was a significant predictor of the severity of motor neuropathy at 6-month follow-up.ConclusionThe TUG completion time and positive Romberg test before chemotherapy may be predictive factors of the CIPN severity 6 months after the commencement of chemotherapy. Accordingly, the incorporation of TUG and Romberg tests into the clinical assessment protocol emerges as imperative for individuals diagnosed with pancreatic carcinoma undergoing chemotherapy regimens.

EFFECTS OF DAILY 5-MINUTE ECCENTRIC-BIASED EXERCISES ON PHYSICAL FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION, CRITICAL HEALTH MARKERS AND WELL-BEING IN SEDENTARY INDIVIDUALS

INTRODUCTION Exercise is fundamental for maintaining and improving health and fitness; however, many individuals do not participate in regular exercise, with perceived lack of time a key barrier. Minimal dose strategies, which reduce weekly exercise volumes to less than recommended guidelines, might improve health outcomes with minimal time investment. However, minimal dose strategies and their effects on health and fitness are still unclear. Therefore, we developed a bodyweight eccentric-biased exercise program consisting of 4 exercises (1 set of 10 repetitions each), which took just 5-min to complete, and investigated the effects of the program performed daily for 4 weeks on health and fitness outcomes in sedentary individuals. METHODS We recruited 22 healthy but sedentary individuals (32 – 69 years) whose daily steps were <5000. Participants completed a two-week control period, followed by a 4-week daily exercise intervention. Muscular strength, physical fitness, body composition and critical health markers were assessed before (PRE-1) and after the control period (PRE-2), as well as after the intervention (POST). RESULTS Participants adhered to the exercise program >90%. No significant changes in any measures were observed from PRE-1 to PRE-2. Following the exercise intervention, no significant changes in body mass, bone mineral density, fat mass, lean mass, heart rate, blood pressure, grip strength, squat jump or countermovement jump were evident. However, isometric mid-thigh pull, representing lower limb muscle strength (13%), push-ups (42%) and sit-ups (44%), representing upper body strength and sit and reach, representing flexibility (12%) increased significantly (P<0.05), and the increase in heart rate from a 3-minute step test was attenuated (8%) from PRE-2 to POST (P<0.05). Finally, mental health assessed by SF-36 significantly improved (15%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the 5-min eccentric exercise program was effective for improving physical fitness and mental health of sedentary individuals when performed every day for 4 weeks.

Preparation For Flight: The Physical Profile of Pre-Professional and Professional Circus Artists in the United States.

Established norms for fitness and performance measures are lacking in circus arts. These would assist healthcare professionals and coaches to screen for readiness to participate in training or performance, determine post-injury return to performance, and develop targeted conditioning programs. The purpose of this research was to establish norms for trunk and extremity physical exam and performance measures in circus artists by professional status, assigned sex at birth (ASAB), and age. Descriptive laboratory study. Circus artists (n=201; ages 13-69y; 172 females ASAB, 29 males ASAB) from 10 cities across the United States underwent a baseline physical examination including shoulder, hip and trunk measures of passive (PROM) and active (AROM) range of motion, measures of flexibility (shoulder and hip), strength (manual muscle tests, grip strength), cardiovascular fitness (3 minute-step test), balance (single limb and handstand), and performance, (pull-ups, and the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test [CKCUEST]). ANOVAs were used to determine between group differences by age and T-tests to discern differences by ASAB or professional status. Differences existed by professional status for shoulder external rotation PROM, hip PROM, hip flexibility, shoulder and abdominal strength, and cardiovascular fitness. Sex differences were seen in active scapular upward rotation, hip and shoulder PROM and flexibility, hip and grip strength, and for functional performance measures (pull-ups, CKCUEST). Differences by age were limited to active scapular upward rotation, shoulder PROM, flexibility and strength, cardiovascular fitness, and balance. Overall, professionals outperformed pre-professionals for lower abdominal strength, pull-ups, handstand balance, cardiovascular fitness, hamstring, and straddle flexibility. Generally, males ASAB demonstrated greater shoulder flexibility and upper body functional strength while females ASAB had greater hip and lumbar flexibility and hip strength. No measures showed consistent declines with increasing age, though some showed differences between adolescents and adults. These normative values for physical characteristics and functional performance in pre-professional and professional circus artists may be used to guide screening for readiness to participate in advanced training or performance, return to performance after injury, and the development of targeted strength and conditioning programs. 3.

PREHABILITATION BEFORE GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER SURGERY (PREHAB-GI): AN IMPLEMENTATION STUDY

BACKGROUND Surgery continues to be the primary treatment option for early-stage colorectal and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers. However, up to 30-40% will experience a major complication. Prehabilitation aims to improve preoperative functional reserves through physical, nutritional, and/or psychological interventions. We aimed to evaluate the implementation of a multimodal prehabilitation program in gastrointestinal cancer surgery patients. METHODS A single-arm implementation study using a pre-post design. Colorectal or UGI cancer patients scheduled for curative intent surgery at Concord Hospital with ≥14 days pre-surgery were recruited. The intervention was face-to-face or by telehealth (COVID adaptations): a 2-4-week program consisting of i) supervised exercise, ii) dietary education and protein supplements, iii) nursing support. The primary outcome was implementation using the RE-AIM (Reach/Effectiveness/Adoption/Implementation/Maintenance) framework. Secondary outcomes included functional, nutritional, and surgical outcomes. RESULTS Over 16 months, 181 were screened; 95 (52%) were eligible. Reach: 77/95 recruited (64 colorectal, 13 UGI). The median age was 70 years; 46 (60%) were males. Median intervention duration was 16 days. Effectiveness: Functional capacity using the 6-minute walk test and 2-minute step test improved from baseline to pre-surgery; 9.3m (p=0.038) and 6.5 steps (p=<0.001), respectively. Self-reported moderate, vigorous and resistance training statistically increased from baseline to pre-surgery. Hospital length of stay decreased by 1.9 days (p=0.010). There was no difference in total complications and readmissions. Adoption: 91% of referrals were directly from surgeons. Implementation: 72 completed the intervention; 5 withdrew after baseline assessment. 34% of assessments and intervention were delivered by telehealth. Adherence to the intervention was high; 94% exercise, 97% nutrition, 98% nursing. Overall, participant and clinician satisfaction was high. Maintenance: The program has been adopted as standard care with modifications post-study completion. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that multimodal prehabilitation can be successfully implemented in a real-world setting, with a trend to improve functional and surgical outcomes.

Surfactant protein D as a marker of persistent impairment of the lungs diffusion capacity in the long-term period in patients who had suffered from severe COVID-19

Introduction. The long-term consequences of COVID-19 (СOrona VIrus Disease 2019) for the respiratory system represent a socially significant problem. Long-lasting respiratory symptoms and functional changes in individuals who have suffered coronavirus infection justify the need to study pathogenetic mechanisms. There is little study of epithelial biomarkers and their potential role in the development of long-term respiratory complications.Аim. Тo study the level of the circulating marker surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in patients who suffered severe COVID-19-associated lung damage at 3 and 12 months after the acute form and its relation with indicators of respiratory function.Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients who were examined at 3 and 12 months after the acute phase of COVID-19, which occurred with severe and extremely severe lung damage. Patients underwent a comprehensive study of respiratory function (spirography, bodyplethysmography and diffusion test), a 6-minute step test with quantitative assessment of shortness of breath, both during exercise and in daily life; the study also determined the serum level of surfactant protein-D.Results. The results of the study indicate that 57% of patients who have suffered severe COVID-19-associated lung damage remain persistently impaired in the diffusion capacity of the lungs throughout the year. It was found that the level of SP-D was increased in all patients 3 months after the acute phase of the disease, but in the group with reduced DLco this level was significantly higher after 3 and 12 months (469 ng/ml and 295 ng/ml, respectively).Conclusion. Persistent impairments in the diffusion capacity of the lungs in some patients persist a year after suffering a severe form of COVID-19. Elevated SP-D levels have been found to be associated with decreased lung diffusion capacity. Thus, SP-D can be considered as a potential biomarker of lung injury severity in the long-term period of COVID-19.

Improving the Cardiovascular Endurance of Teacher Education Students through the Utilization of the TikTok Application

Driven by the widespread usage of mobile applications, the expansive development of TikTok application has carried considerable challenges and opportunities to the Physical Education industry. Hence, it is imperative to examine the usefulness of this application to mitigate the low cardiovascular endurance of college students since the conduct of research to improve their physical activity engagement is still significant. Thus, this action research sought to improve the cardiovascular endurance of undergraduate teacher education students using the TikTok application as a tool for their physical activity. This study utilized a quantitative approach, specifically, the pretest-post-test design which is classified as quasi-experimental research. Using the normative data from YMCA 3-minute step test, 50 participants from the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) enrolled in their physical education classes were determined to be qualified based on their pre-test scorecards. Two groups were formed out of them: 25 in the experimental group who were exposed to the intervention and another 25 in the control group who were instructed using the standard discussion. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA-type test analysis were utilized using participants' pre-test and post-test results to ascertain the efficacy of the intervention. Results unveiled that the intervention has significantly improved the experimental group's post-test scores compared to the control group since the post-test results of the control group remained almost stagnant, indicating the intervention's effectiveness by rejecting the null hypothesis. Therefore, this action research inferred that the intervention has efficiently strengthened the cardiovascular endurance of the 1st year BEEd students.

Block practice therapy of football players' passing ability post ankle injury

Purpose. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderly. Method. This research is an analytical observational study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. The sample involved 43 elderlies with characteristics: age 66.79 ± 4.24; weight 62.4 ± 11.66; and height 157.83 ± 6.77. The blood pressure measurements were carried out using a tensimeter, while the cardiovascular measurements were carried out using a 2-minute step test based on the senior fitness test procedure. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory ability and blood pressure. Results. The Pearson’s data analysis test results showed a negative correlation between cardiorespiratory capacity and systolic blood pressure (r(41) = −0.516, p = < 0.001) and diastolic (r(41) = −0.442, p = 0.003). Conclusion. The higher the cardiorespiratory level in the elderly, the lower the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, good cardio respiration is known to provide positive benefits in better blood pressure regulation in the elderly. Exercise may be needed so that the elderly obtains good cardiorespiratory fitness and, at the same time, normal blood pressure.

The analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderlies

Purpose. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderly. Method. This research is an analytical observational study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. The sample involved 43 elderlies with characteristics: age 66.79 ± 4.24; weight 62.4 ± 11.66; and height 157.83 ± 6.77. The blood pressure measurements were carried out using a tensimeter, while the cardiovascular measurements were carried out using a 2-minute step test based on the senior fitness test procedure. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory ability and blood pressure. Results. The Pearson’s data analysis test results showed a negative correlation between cardiorespiratory capacity and systolic blood pressure (r(41) = −0.516, p = < 0.001) and diastolic (r(41) = −0.442, p = 0.003). Conclusion. The higher the cardiorespiratory level in the elderly, the lower the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, good cardio respiration is known to provide positive benefits in better blood pressure regulation in the elderly. Exercise may be needed so that the elderly obtains good cardiorespiratory fitness and, at the same time, normal blood pressure.

Anodal tDCS over the motor cortex improves pain but not physical function in chronic chikungunya arthritis: Randomized controlled trial

BackgroundChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally prevalent pathogen, with outbreaks occurring in tropical regions. Chronic pain is the main symptom reported and is associated with decreased mobility and disability. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as a new therapeutic tool for chronic arthralgia. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of 10 consecutive sessions of anodal tDCS on pain (primary outcome) in participants with chronic CHIKV arthralgia. Secondary outcomes included functional status, quality of life, and mood. MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 30 participants with chronic CHIKV arthralgia were randomly assigned to receive either active (n = 15) or sham (n = 15) tDCS. The active group received 10 consecutive sessions of tDCS over M1 using the C3/Fp2 montage (2 mA for 20 min). Visual analog scale of pain (VAS), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), short-form 36 health survey (SF-36), pain catastrophizing scale, Hamilton anxiety scale (HAS), timed up and go (TUG) test, lumbar dynamometry, 30-s arm curl and 2-min step test were assessed at baseline, day 10 and at 2 follow-up visits. ResultsThere was a significant interaction between group and time on pain (p = 0.03; effect size 95 % CI 0.9 (-1.67 to -0.16), with a significant time interaction (p = 0.0001). There was no interaction between time and group for the 2-minute step test (p = 0.18), but the groups differed significantly at day 10 (p = 0.01), first follow-up (p = 0.01) and second follow-up (p = 0.03). HAQ and SF-36 improved but not significantly. There was no significant improvement in mental health, and physical tests. ConclusiontDCS appears to be a promising intervention for reducing pain in participants with chronic CHIKV arthralgia, although further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore potential long-term benefits. Trial RegistrationBrazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC): RBR-245rh7.

Physical Activity and Health-Related Fitness of Grade 11 Students

The lockdown period has led to a decline in physical activity and fitness among students with increasingly embraced sedentary behaviour. This study aimed to assess the physical activity (PA) level and health-related fitness (HRF) status of students according to sex and academic strand, also determining whether significant differences existed. The study was conducted in a large public high school responding to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ) and the Philippine Physical Fitness Test. The study employed a descriptive-comparative research design and employed stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. The students demonstrated a moderate PA level, regardless of sex and academic strand. Regarding health-related fitness, most students exhibited normal BMI, excellent strength in the basic plank, good cardiovascular endurance in the 3-minute step test, good flexibility in the zipper test, fair flexibility in the sit and reach test, and poor performance in the push-up. Furthermore, significant differences were found in BMI and strength when grouped by sex. In conclusion, most students maintain moderate physical activity, surpassing local restrictions and avoiding sedentary behaviour. Also, most students have shown muscular endurance and flexibility in various tasks but have yet to focus as much on strengthening their arms and core muscles. The FIT-UP YOU program has been developed to address this issue, focusing on improving weight and overall HRF status among young overweight/obese and underweight students.

Assessing Functional Capacity in Directly and Remotely Monitored Home-Based Settings in Individuals With Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Protocol for a Multinational Validation Study.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is widely recommended to improve functional status and as secondary and tertiary prevention in individuals with chronic pulmonary diseases. Unfortunately, access to timely and appropriate rehabilitation remains limited. To help close this inaccessibility gap, telerehabilitation has been proposed. However, exercise testing is necessary for effective and safe exercise prescription. Current gold-standard tests, such as maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), are poorly adapted to home-based or telerehabilitation settings. This was an obstacle to the continuity of services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is essential to validate tests adapted to these new realities, such as the 6-minute stepper test (6MST). This test, strongly inspired by 6MWT, consists of taking as many steps as possible on a "stepper" for 6 minutes. This study aims to evaluate the metrological qualities of 6MST by (1) establishing concurrent validity and agreement between the 6MST and CPET, as well as with the 6MWT; (2) determining test-retest reliability in a home-based setting with direct and remote (videoconferencing) monitoring; and (3) documenting adverse events and participant perspectives when performing the 6MST in home-based settings. Three centers (Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec in Québec, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille in France, and FormAction Santé in France) will be involved in this multinational project, which is divided into 2 studies. For study 1 (objective 1), 30 participants (Québec, n=15; France, n=15) will be recruited. Two laboratory visits will be performed to assess anthropometric data, pulmonary function, and the 3 exercise tolerance tests (CPET, 6MWT, and 6MST). Concurrent validity (paired sample t tests and Pearson correlations) and agreement (Bland-Altman plots with 95% agreement limits) will be evaluated. For study 2 (objectives 2 and 3), 52 participants (Québec, n=26; France, n=26) will be recruited. Following a familiarization trial (trial 1), the 6MST will be conducted on 2 separate occasions (trials 2 and 3), once under direct supervision and once under remote supervision, in a randomized order. Paired sample t test, Bland-Altman plots, and intraclass correlations will be used to compare trials 2 and 3. A semistructured interview will be conducted after the third trial to collect participants' perspectives. Ethical approval was received for this project (October 12, 2023, in Québec and September 25, 2023, in France) and the first participant was recruited in February 2024. This study innovates by validating a new clinical test necessary for the development and implementation of new models of rehabilitation adapted to home and telerehabilitation contexts. This study also aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by contributing to augmenting health care service delivery (goal 3) and reducing health care access inequalities (goal 11). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06447831; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06447831. DERR1-10.2196/57404.