Minutes Of Passive Rest Research Articles

Effects of plyometric warm-up performed with different resistances on jumping performance as post-activation potentiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric warm-up with different resistances as post activation potentiation stimulus on vertical jump performance. Fifteen athletes from short and middle distance branches of athletics who have been training regularly for at least 5 years and at least 5 days a week attended the study voluntarily. The athletes in this study were warmed up for 5 minutes at a speed of 8 km/h on a treadmill, followed by 5 minutes of passive rest. Completing 5 minutes of passive rest, the athletes were randomly sampled and any of the 50 lb, 60 lb, 70 lb, 80 lb resistance or non-resistance warm-up protocols consisting of 3 sets on the vertimax device were carried out. After warming up, 5 minutes of passive rest was given and then squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump tests were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA test was conducted in the analyses of the measurements of jump distance and power of the athletes participating in this study both without resistance and after the applied resistances. Significant differences were observed in SJ and CMJ values after PAP warm-up without and with resistance (p < .05). The height and power values of SJ after PAP warm-up with 70 lb and 80 lb resistance bands were found significantly higher than those without resistance (p < .05). Furthermore, the height and power values of CMJ after PAP warm-up with 80 lb resistance bands were found significantly higher than the values of warm-up without resistance (p < .05). In conclusion, even though an increase in jump height and power values was observed with each resistance increment, significant increases in power and height values as a PAP response were achieved at 70 and 80 lb resistance for SJ and 80 lb resistance for CMJ.

Effects of uphill high-intensity interval exercise on muscle damage and exercise performance during recovery.

Active recovery is believed to offer positive benefits related to exercise by improving recovery and potentially managing several symptoms following strenuous exercise. The current study aimed to verify the effects of a session of low-volume and uphill high-intensity interval exercise on muscle soreness and exercise performance within the recovery period after an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol. Thirty-one young physically active subjects completed two identical test sessions following an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol, separated by a three-week period, in which they performed uphill high-intensity interval exercise or a passive recovery. The uphill high-intensity interval exercise consisted of four bouts of 30 seconds at maximum velocity, interspersed by 4 minutes of passive rest on an uphill treadmill. Rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, serum concentration of Creatine Kinase, muscle circumference, countermovement jump, sprint time, and 1 repetition maximum strength of quadriceps femoris were measured. The assessments were made for four consecutive days, before the exercise-induced muscle damage protocol and 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. A significant effect of time was found for all the outcome measures, but there were no significant differences between groups either in pain perception, muscle damage variables, nor in performance outcome measures at any point of time (P>0.05). Uphill high-intensity interval exercise performed after an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol does not exacerbate muscle soreness or worsens exercise performance in comparison with passive recovery.

Effect of specific endurance on the physical responses of young athletes during soccer small-sided games

This study aimed to compare the physical responses of soccer players with different levels of specific endurance during SSG performed by teams balanced according to athletes’ specific endurance. Eighteen U-17 athletes from a team that participated in national competitions took part in this study. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YIRT2) was used to measure the athletes’ specific endurance. Then, athletes were allocated to two groups balanced according to their positional status and YIRT2 scores: in Group1 players with the highest results in the YIRT2 and in Group 2 with the lower YIRT2 scores. Athletes played two four-minute bouts of 3vs.3 small-sided games with goalkeepers with four minutes of passive rest. Total distance covered, average speed, and accelerations were obtained by GPS devices carried by each player. Group 1 presented higher total distance covered (large effect size), higher average speed (large effect size), and higher total distance covered in accelerations above 1 m·s-2 (moderate effect size), compared to Group 2. We concluded that specific endurance can partially influence physical responses of young soccer athletes during small-sided games. This information is important to appropriately prescribe small-sided games during the training process, possibly by grouping together athletes with similar specific endurance and, therefore, promoting an adequate stimulus to better-conditioned athletes.

Relationships among Perceived Recovery, Vertical Jump And Change In Repeated Sprint Performance

Recovery may be determined by using a counter movement vertical jump (CMJ). While a CMJ has been shown effective to evaluate recovery, there may be more efficient, less physically taxing alternatives such as the Perceived Recovery Status (PRS) Scale. The PRS is a non-invasive, and accurate psychophysiological tool designed to measure recovery and its correlation to performance. PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of CMJ and PRS as methods for monitoring recovery between repeated sprint efforts. METHODS: Eight college-aged individuals (age=23±0.9 years; height=1.65±0.11 meters; weight=67.1±9.3.4 kg; percent body fat=17.5±8.4%) performed repeated sprints. The protocol consisted of three sets of eight 30 meter sprints on a non-motorized treadmill with 45 seconds of rest between each sprint. The sets were separated by 5 minutes of passive rest. Mean power output (MP) was measured during each sprint. RPE (overall) was recorded immediately following each sprint. Immediately before the next set of sprints PRS was recorded and a CMJ was performed on a force plate where maximal height was recorded. RESULTS: A 1-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant main effect of sprint set on RPE (p=0.04) and PRS (p<0.01). Subsequent pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences for RPE between sprint sets 1 and 2 (p=0.05), and in PRS between sprint sets 1 and 2 (p=0.001), and sprint sets 1 and 3 (p=0.02). Correlations showed the relationship between PRS and delta MP to be moderate, and significant at (R2=0.32) while the relationship between CMJ and MP was weak (R2=0.04). CONCLUSION: Current results suggest PRS may demonstrate a stronger relationship with change in repeated sprint performance within a session than CMJ. However, neither index of recovery was robust, and may indicate that these measures may be more appropriate for use between day-to-day training sessions (as previously established) and not necessarily to gauge recovery as in the current paradigm.

Time-motion analysis and physiological responses of small-sided team handball games in youth male players: Influence of player number

Background: Effective training depends on knowledge of a sport's requirements. Small-sided games (SSG) are a spontaneous form of specific training, where exercise intensity can be manipulated mainly by modifying external factors. In SSG the players develop technical and tactical skills in the similar situations, such as during a match and can also develop their physical skills. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the distance covered and physiological response of altering the number of youth male players during small-sided team handball games with modified rules. Methods: The subjects consisted of 12 male youth team handball players (age 16.6 ± 0.5 years) playing the first league for youth male players in the Czech Republic. The study was conducted during six weeks (one training session per week). Only three SSG were played in each training session. The SSG were played, first with five players on each side (5 vs. 5), then four (4 vs. 4), then three (3 vs. 3). Each game was four minutes long, followed by three minutes of passive rest. Results: The players covered the greatest distance (520.6 ± 61.4 m) in the SSG 3 vs. 3. There was a difference in the distance covered between players in the 3 vs. 3 SSG and the other SSG (4 vs. 4 and 5 vs. 5) (p = .041 and p = .043, respectively). In individual speed zones a difference occurred only in the first and third speed zone and always among the 3 vs. 3 and 5 vs. 5 SSG (p = .034 and p = .044), respectively. The highest average intensity (87.9 ± 4.8% HRmax) was in 3 vs. 3 SSG. Loading of the players in 5 vs. 5 was lower compared to 4 vs. 4 (p = .035) and 3 vs. 3 (p 90% HRmax) between 3 vs. 3 and 5 vs. 5 SSG (p = .041). Conclusions: These results indicate that changing the number of players during SSG with modified rules in youth team handball may be used to manipulate the physiological response during youth team handball training.

Acute Effect of A Judo Contest on Muscular Performance Parameters And Physiological Response

Background: It is necessary to know accurately the physical effects of judo contest on athletes in order to quantify how successive judo bouts impair muscular performance parameters and physiological response associated with the aim to create specific training programs that take the demands of judo bout into account. Purpose : The purpose of current study was to characterise the evolution of muscular performance parameters and physiological response during a judo contest. Methods : Twenty-nine men performed five 5-minute bouts with 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after the bouts, some muscular performance parameters and physiological variables were measured, in this order: Borg´s rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal dynamic strength in upper body (MDS), countermovement jump (CMJ), dominant (DHS) and non-dominant handgrip isometric strength (NDHS). Lactate (LAC) was measured 3 minutes after each bout and 1 minute before the next too). Heart rate (HR) was monitored during the contest. ANOVA to compare baseline test data and successive bouts was used. Results : ANOVA revealed significant differences in HR mean (p=0.045), LAC (p<0.001) and in RPE (p<0.001). A decrease in NDHS (p<0.001), DHS (p<0.001), MDS (p<0.001) was found. Some significant correlations were found between NDHS and DMPV (r=0.368, p=0.050), DMS (r=0.369, p=0.050) and DMXS (r=0.405, p=0.029); between DHS and DLACb (r=0.430, p=0.020), DMXS (r=0.379, p=0.043), DMP (r=0.369, p=0.050) and DRPE (r=0.456, p=0.013); between CMJ and DPM (r=0.381, p=0.041), DPMX (r=0.417, p=0.024), DFM (r=0.423, p=0.022) and DDHS (r=0.348, p=0.040). These results show a high decrease of muscular performance parameters and an increase of physiological parameters, specially between baseline test and postbout 5, but gradual between all bouts. Conclusion : Judo contest can be considered a high intensity exercise, due to high levels of physiological parameters and the decrease in force production obtained. Keywords: judo contest, bouts, muscular performance parameters, physiological response, physiological parameters, fatigue

Effects Of Environmental Context On Physiological Response During Team Handball Small Sided Games

PURPOSE: Team handball is a sport of intermittent high intensity and sizeable distances covered during match play. Coaches commonly use small-sided games (SSG) in their training programs, as a means of developing technical and tactile skills. The purpose of this study was to examine the distance covered and physiological response of altering the number of players during SSG in team handball. METHODS:Participants were twelve professional female handball players [24.6±3.7 years, 172±6.2 cm, 68.2 ± 9.9kg, 22.7 ± 2 kg/m2. The SSG were played, first with five on each side (5 vs. 5), then four (4 vs. 4), then three (3 vs. 3). Each game was four minutes long, followed by three minutes of passive rest. The distance covered and time spent in four speed zones (based on player movement speed) were selected for analysis, as follows: Zone 1 (0-1.4 m/s); Zone 2 (1.4-3.4 m/s); Zone 3 (3.4-5.2 m/s); Zone 4 (>5.2 m/s). ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc testing were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS:The largest distance covered was during the SSG 3 vs. 3 condition (527.3 ± 70.9 m), followed by 4 vs. 4 (503.9 ± 41.7 m) and 5 vs. 5 (497.4 ± 51.8 m). Statistically significant differences were found in the Zone 2, between SSG conditions 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 (p=.049, ω2= .32). The highest average heart rate was measured during SSG condition 3 vs. 3. A statistically significant difference for average heart rate was found between SSG conditions 3 vs. 3 (89.7 % HRmax) and 5 vs. 5 (87.8 % HRmax) (p= .04, ω2= .26). Participant heart rate response between the speed zones was not statistically significant. Heart rate response was negatively correlated with the number of players within the SSG condition. Statistically significant results were found for RPE between SSG condition 3 vs. 3 and the other two SSG conditions (4 vs. 4, p = .01, and 5 vs. 5, p = .00). CONCLUSIONS:These results have both statistical significance and clinical relevance. These results indicate that changing the number of players during SSG in handball can be used to manipulate the physiological response during handball training.

Superioridade numérica altera a demanda física de jogadores de Futebol durante Pequenos Jogos

Small-sided games are used for the training of soccer athletes because they replicate the physical and technical demands in a game-related context. Different game configurations are possible, such as differences in the number of players, i.e., 3vs.3 or 4vs.4. However, unbalanced situations are common during a competition, but have been little studied in small-sided games. This study compared the physical demands of 3vs.3, 4vs.3 (additional player in the attacking team) and 3vs.3+2 (two supporting players around the field). Eighteen young male soccer players participated in the study. Data were obtained with a 15-Hz GPS unit equipped with a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer. Thirty-six small-sided games were observed and each session consisted of two 4-minute small-sided games and 4 minutes of passive rest. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test, one-way ANOVA for repeated measures and paired t-test were used to analyze the data. A reduction in physical demands was observed for small-sided games performed in unbalanced situations (4vs.3), including a shorter total distance covered, distance covered at higher intensities, and acceleration demands. Similar results were observed for additional players compared to regular players. In conclusion, the presence of additional players changed the physical demands of soccer players. This result permits coaches to adjust training configurations to their intentions during each session.

The response of the lactate minimum test to a 12-week swimming training

Despite the utilization of lactate minimum test (LMT) in training, its intensity response to training remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to verify alterations of LMT intensity in swimmers during a 12-week training protocol. Eight swimmers were submitted to three LMT assessments: beginning of the season, T0; after four, T4; and twelve weeks, T12. The LMT consisted of a 200m maximal effort and, after eight minutes of passive rest, five incremental stages of 200m swimming. The intensities of the incremental stages were defined subjectively ("very light," "light," "moderate," "hard," and "all-out"). The training was divided in two blocks of periodization: endurance training period (ETP, T0 - T4), and quality plus taper period (QTP, T4 - T12). The LMT intensity of T4 and T12 were significantly higher than T0. We conclude that LMT is modified due to swimming training and can be used for training prescription and detection of aerobic capacity alterations during a season.

Effects of Isometric and Dynamic Postactivation Potentiation Protocols on Maximal Sprint Performance

This study examined the effects of 3 types of postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols (single-joint isometric, multijoint isometric, and multijoint dynamic) on subsequent 10-m, 20-m and 30-m sprint performance in 12 well-trained male track athletes (mean ± SD age = 22.4 ± 3.2 years). The subjects performed 4 protocols in a randomized order on different days as follows: control (4 minutes of passive rest), maximum voluntary isometric knee extension (3 repetitions of 3-second isometric knee extension), maximum voluntary isometric back squat (3 repetitions of 3-second isometric squat), and dynamic back squat (3 repetitions of back squats at 90% 1 repetition maximum). After each protocol, a 4-minute recovery period was incorporated before a 30-m maximal sprint assessment. Maximal sprint times at 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m were measured using timing gates to reflect sprint performance. One-way repeated measures analyses of variance revealed no differences in sprint performance among the 4 protocols at 10-m, 20-m, or 30-m intervals. There were, however, large individual variations in the response to the PAP protocols with some athletes benefiting from the PAP effect and others not. In summary, this study showed no enhancement of short-distance sprint performance after PAP protocols with a 4-minute recovery period, regardless of isometric or dynamics, single-joint or multijoint. Coaches considering the use of PAP protocols to improve sprinting performance of their athletes should exploit the effectiveness of different PAP protocols on an individual basis.

Acute Effects of a Warm-Up Including Active, Passive, and Dynamic Stretching on Vertical Jump Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different stretching methods combined with a warm-up protocol on vertical jump performance. Sixteen young tennis players (14.5 ± 2.8 years; 175 ± 5.6 cm; 64.0 ± 11.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 different experimental conditions on 4 successive days. Each session consisted of a general and specific warm-up, with 5 minutes of running followed by 10 jumps, accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions: (a) Control Condition (CC)-5 minutes of passive rest; (b) Passive Stretching Condition (PSC)-5 minutes of passive static stretching; (c) Active Stretching Condition (ASC)-5 minutes of active static stretching; and (d) Dynamic Stretching Condition (DC)-5 minutes of dynamic stretching. After each intervention, the subjects performed 3 squat jumps (SJs) and 3 countermovement jumps (CMJs), which were measured electronically. For the SJ, 1-way repeated measures analysis of variance (CC × PSC × ASC × DC) revealed significant decreases for ASC (28.7 ± 4.7 cm; p = 0.01) and PSC (28.7 ± 4.3 cm; p = 0.02) conditions when compared with CC (29.9 ± 5.0 cm). For CMJs, there were no significant decreases (p > 0.05) when all stretching conditions were compared with the CC. Significant increases in SJ performance were observed when comparing the DC (29.6 ± 4.9 cm; p = 0.02) with PSC (28.7 ± 4.3 cm). Significant increases in CMJ performance were observed when comparing the conditions ASC (34.0 ± 6.0 cm; p = 0.04) and DC (33.7 ± 5.5 cm; p = 0.03) with PSC (32.6 ± 5.5 cm). A dynamic stretching intervention appears to be more suitable for use as part of a warm-up in young athletes.

Efeito agudo do intervalo passivo e do alongamento no desempenho de séries múltiplas

The objective of this study was to determine the acute effect of passive rest intervals and static stretching between resistance exercise sets on the number of maximal repetitions (RM), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and cumulative number of repetitions in multiple sets with a workload adjusted by the 8RM test. Fourteen trained male subjects (24.4 ± 2.1 years; 79.1 ± 7.1 kg; 175.4 ± 5.6 cm) were studied. On the first two visits, the subjects were submitted to the test and 8RM re-test using chest press (CP) and squat (SQ) exercises. On the two subsequent visits, all subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental situations: a) 8RM test with a passive rest interval (PI); b) 8RM test with static stretching (SS). The subjects performed three sets of CP and SQ, intercalated with 2 minutes of passive rest or 30 seconds of static stretching. ANOVA revealed a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in the second (PI = 6 ± 0.8 x SS = 5.2 ± 1.0 repetitions) and third (PI = 4.1 ± 0.8 X SS = 3.3 ± 0.6 repetitions) sets for CP and only in the third set (PI = 4.9 ± 0.8 X SS = 4.2 ± 1.0 repetitions) for SQ. For RPE, the Wilcoxon test showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between all sets for CP and SQ. For the cumulative number of repetitions, the paired t-test revealed a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) for CP (PI = 18.3 ± 1.5 X SS = 16.8 ± 1.6 repetitions). These results indicate that static stretching between resistance exercise sets decreases 8RM test performance.

Acute effect of passive rest intervals and stretching exercise on multiple set performance

The objective of this study was to determine the acute effect of passive rest intervals and static stretching between resistance exercise sets on the number of maximal repetitions (RM), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and cumulative number of repetitions in multiple sets with a workload adjusted by the 8RM test. Fourteen trained male subjects (24.4 ± 2.1 years; 79.1 ± 7.1 kg; 175.4 ± 5.6 cm) were studied. On the first two visits, the subjects were submitted to the test and 8RM re-test using chest press (CP) and squat (SQ) exercises. On the two subsequent visits, all subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental situations: a) 8RM test with a passive rest interval (PI); b) 8RM test with static stretching (SS). The subjects performed three sets of CP and SQ, intercalated with 2 minutes of passive rest or 30 seconds of static stretching. ANOVA revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the second (PI = 6 ± 0.8 x SS = 5.2 ± 1.0 repetitions) and third (PI = 4.1 ± 0.8 X SS = 3.3 ± 0.6 repetitions) sets for CP and only in the third set (PI = 4.9 ± 0.8 X SS = 4.2 ± 1.0 repetitions) for SQ. For RPE, the Wilcoxon test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between all sets for CP and SQ. For the cumulative number of repetitions, the paired t-test revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) for CP (PI = 18.3 ± 1.5 X SS = 16.8 ± 1.6 repetitions). These results indicate that static stretching between resistance exercise sets decreases 8RM test performance.