Mint Leaf Extract Research Articles

Facile Biogenic synthesis of Europium doped lanthanum silicate nanoparticles as novel supercapacitor electrodes for efficient energy storage applications

In this work, we demonstrated for the first time, use of Europium doped lanthanum silicate nanoparticles (LS NPs) as electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Europium (Eu3+) doped (5 mol%) LS NPs were synthesized by green solution combustion method using Mexican mint leaf extracts. Various analytical techniques such as High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Selected Area Diffraction (SAED), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) techniques were used to confirm the morphological and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles. The HRTEM and SAED patterns confirms the formation of NPs having agglomerated structure with a particle size less than 50 nm. The PXRD patterns reveals crystalline cubic structure for the NPs. Further, the FT-IR spectra reveal the successful doping of Europium in Lanthanum Silicate NPs. The DRS (Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy) studies confirm the reduced band gap for Europium (Eu3+) doped (5 mol%) LS NPs. Cyclic voltametric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments were performed in an alkaline medium to compare the electrochemical activity of Eu3+ doped LS NPs with that of their undoped counterpart. The Eu3+ doped (5 %) LS NPs electrodes attained a specific capacitance of 373.3 Fg-1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag-1 in comparison to pure LS NPs which is about 267 Fg-1. The long-term stability of the Eu3+ doped (5 %) LS NPs electrodes show excellent stability up to 4000 cycles of operation in comparison pure LS NPs electrodes. Doping of Eu3+ had a favourable effect on the conductivity and electrochemical activity of LS NPs. Due to favourable green combustion synthesis, superior electrochemical performance, these Eu3+ doped LS NPs could be potential materials for new generation supercapacitors in energy storage applications.

HASIL PEMERIKSAAN TELUR SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH MENGGUNAKAN CAMPURAN PEWARNA ALAMI DARI DAUN MIANA DAN KULIT BUAH NAGA

The simplest method for checking worm eggs is by a native technique using a 2% eosin reagent. Eosin itself has properties that are not easily decomposed, causing hazardous and easily flammable waste. Hence, an alternative staining method is needed, environmentally friendly, using natural materials, such as natural dye substances. This research aims to understand the depiction of results in examining Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) eggs using mint leaves and dragon fruit skin as alternative reagents. The research method involves examining feces using a direct method (wet preparation) to detect worm eggs in feces directly using a 2% Eosin solution. The comparison results between dragon fruit peel extract concentration using aquadest, tested with SPSS analysis version 20 using the Kruskal-Wallis method with a significance value of 0.09 ≥ 0.05, indicating significantly different research outcomes. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no difference in staining quality compared to the control. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there's no difference in staining worm egg suspensions using mint leaf extract. This is evident as when observing the worm egg suspension using mint leaf extract, the worm eggs were not clearer, unlike with dragon fruit skin and miana.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L) extracts against Streptococcus mutans UA159: a laboratory experiment

Introduction: Oral health is a major concern in healthcare worldwide, with dental caries being a prevalent issue among children and adults. Streptococcus mutans is a primary bacterium implicated in the development of dental caries due to its acidogenic nature. Mint leaf (Mentha piperita L.) is a unique herbal plant that has antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against S. mutans and minimal side effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of mint leaf against the growth of S. mutans UA159 and its antibiofilm effects. Methods: This study was conducted experimentally with the posttest-only control group design, using the broth microdilution method in 6 test groups, namely mint leaf extract with a concentration of 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% and also two control groups, namely the negative control using aquadest and the positive control using 0.2% chlorhexidine. Biofilm growth is determined by comparing Optical Density (OD) values and then calculating the percentage of eradication of S. mutans biofilm formation. Results: The results indicated that the mint leaf extract exhibited antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with the largest inhibition zone diameter observed at a 100% concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)90 values using the broth microdilution method in this study were 12.5% and 100% concentrations, respectively. Mint leaf extract has been shown to significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans (p<0.05). The results of the inhibition test on biofilm formation at a concentration of 100% averaged 87.39%. Conclusion: Mint leaf extract has an antibacterial and antibiofilm effect on the growth of S. mutans. The level of inhibition of mint leaf extract on the growth of S. mutans is proportional to its concentration; the higher the concentration of the extract, the stronger the inhibitory ability.KeywordAnti-Bacterial agents, biofilms, Mentha piperita, oral health, Streptococcus mutans.

Evaluation Study of Petroselinum Crispum Extract Toward Pathogenic Isolates of candida

Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolation and identify the isolated genetically if candida species from candidiasis infection and study the activity of bioactive compounds. Methods: Samples were obtained from 28 patients from the mouth of patients with oral candidiasis. Samples were collected from the Child Specialized Hospital, Al-Faiha General Hospital Dermatologist Dr. Laith Globe Lazim Al-Kinani (Master of Dermatology, PhD in Dermatology, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Al-Fayhaa Teaching Hospital) aided in the diagnosis of clinical cases and molecular analysis then tested the activity of the mint plant extract on it and compared it with the antifungal nystatin. Results: Mint leaf extract showed activity against Candida isolates. The extract was non-toxic, and C. albicans was the most common Candida. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum in this study showed good inhibition activity against the isolated Candida species.

Effect of plant extracts on the reduction of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural formation in French fries

Acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are by-products of the Maillard reaction that occur during the frying process. These substances are toxic and pose a potential health risk because they are consumed in high amounts in Western diets. We investigate using plant extracts, including cinnamon, clove, curry leaf, mint, and turmeric, to reduce these harmful compounds while preparing French fries. Our results demonstrate the significant potential of curry leaf and mint leaf extracts, which have not been previously explored in this context, in effectively inhibiting AA and HMF formation. We observe that eugenol and cinnamic acid in cinnamon and clove extracts suppress HMF and AA formation, although to a lesser extent than other extracts. Notably, we establish an inverse relationship between the reducing properties of the extracts and the formation of toxicants. Furthermore, our research emphasize the crucial role of blanching, which, when combined with soaking, proves more effective in reducing AA and HMF content than soaking alone. Overall, this research highlights the promising application of natural plant extracts and the significance of blanching in enhancing food safety and quality while preparing fried potatoes.

Larvicidal potential, antimicrobial properties and molecular docking analysis of Egyptian Mint (Mentha rotundifolia) against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Midgut-borne Staphylococcus aureus

Mosquitoes prefer stagnant areas near hospitals to live and easily spread pathogenic bacteria. Our current study aims to isolate multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus isolates from midguts of Mosquito Culex pipiens and study the potential of mint as a biocontrol strategy against C. pipiens larvae and their midgut-borne S. aureus. Samples of the third and fourth larval instars of C. pipiens were collected from water ponds around three Cairo hospitals. Ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and tetracycline, as well as various concentrations of mint leaf extract (MLE) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Sixty-five isolates were obtained and showed antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and undiluted MLE with resistant percentages (%) of 27.69, 30.76, 17.46, and 23.08%, respectively. Undiluted MLE inhibited 61.53% of the multidrug S. aureus isolates, whereas it couldn't inhibit any of these isolates at dilutions less than 50 μg/mL. The MIC of MLE was ≤ 700 µg/mL, while the MIC of the antibiotics ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 µg/mL for the three antibiotics. The most inhibited S. aureus isolate was identified by 16SrRNA sequencing approach and registered in GenBank as S. aureus MICBURN with gene accession number OQ766965. MLE killed all larval stages after 72 h of exposure, with mortality (%) reaching 93.33 and 100% causing external hair loss, breakage of the outer cuticle epithelial layer of the abdomen, and larvae shrinkage. Histopathology of treated larvae showed destruction of all midgut cells and organelles. Gas chromatography (GC) of MLE revealed that menthol extract (35.92%) was the largest active ingredient, followed by menthone (19.85%), D-Carvone (15.46%), Pulegone (5.0579%). Docking analysis confirmed that alpha guanine and cadinol had the highest binding affinity to both predicted active sites of Culex pipiens acetylcholinesterase. As a result, alpha-guanine and cadinol might have a role as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

The Efficiency of Some Plant Extracts in Controlling the Larvae of the Cadelle Beetle, Tenebriodes mauritanicus in the Laboratory

Al-Saoud, N. 2024. The Efficiency of Some Plant Extracts in Controlling the Larvae of the Cadelle Beetle, Tenebriodes mauritanicus in the Laboratory. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 248-254. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001236 The efficacy of four acetone extracts of Melia azedarach, Zingiber pupureum, Thymus capitata and Mentha viridis, was tested as pesticides of plant origins in controlling the 4 th instar larvae of Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions. The extracts were applied at three concentrations 100, 50 and 25%. The results showed that the extract of ginger root had the highest mortality rate (90%), followed by M. azedarach fruits extract (83.33%), when 100% concentration was used. Meanwhile, thyme and mint leaf extracts caused 3.33 and 30% mortality, respectively, when the same concentration was used. The LC50 values for the ginger and the azedarach extracts were calculated on the first day after treatment and were 41.9 and 79.99% for both extracts, respectively. The results obtained 253 Arab J. Pl. Prot. Vol. 42, No. 2 (2024) indicated that the evaluated plant extracts were effective in controlling the cadelle beetle, which makes it a potential future component for use in integrated pest management programs. Keywords: Cadelle beetle, LC50, Tenebroides mauritanicus, plant extracts

POTENTIAL ANTI-INSECT LIME EXTRACT OF MINT LEAF (Mentha piperita L.) AND EXTRACT SOKA FLOWER (Ixora paludosa L.) ON RED FIRE ANT (Solenopsis invicta) ACTIVITY

The mint plant (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the many aromatic herbal plants that produce essential oil commonly known as peppermint oil. Meanwhile, the soka flower plant (Ixora paludosa L.) is an ornamental plant that fills the planting elements with fast growth and beautiful, vigorous plants. This study aimed to assess the effect of lime insecticides combined with mint leaf extract (Mentha piperita L.) and soka flower extract (Ixora Paludosa L.) on red fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). This study used four red fire ant samples (Solenopsis invicta), which were divided into five treatment groups: X1 (75% mint leaf extract and 25% soka flower extract); X2 (75% soka flower extract and 25% mint leaf extract); X3 (50% soka flower extract and 50% mint leaf extract); Negative control (lime base); and Positive control (branded lime). The sample size for this study was 80 red fire ants (Solenopsis invicta), with each control group consisting of four fire ants, and the experiment was repeated four times. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data, revealing significant differences between the treatment groups. Therefore, the researchers concluded that the administration of 50% mint leaf extract and 50% soka flower extract effectively disrupted the activity of red fire ants

Bahasa Inggris

Lactobacillus acidophilus one of the bacteria that causes caries among other Lactobacillus species. Mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.) contain active compounds as antibacterials. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of mint leaf extract (Mentha piperita L.) mouthspray in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% against Lactobacillus acidophilus. Type of this research is true experimental with post test only control group design. The sample is pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 24 students Dentist Study Program, Prima Indonesia University. Antibacterial testing used the disc diffusion method and the solution was made with pure extract and distilled water. Organoleptic data was collected by questionnaire then analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results is showed the majority of panelists stated did not like the color, aroma and taste of the mouthspray of mint leaf extract (Mentha piperita L.). In the antibacterial test, the inhibition zone was obtained with concentrations of 10%, 25%, 50% and positive control was 3.70 ± 4.273 mm; 8.88±1,250 mm; 11.33 ± 0.126 mm; 11.34 ± 0.126 mm, while the 5% and negative control had no obstacles. This research shows that mouthspray solution has a safe formula as an oral preparation and has antibacterial activity

Comparative Study of Cat’s Whiskers Leaves (Orthosiphon stamineus) and Mint Leaves (Mentha arvensis) as Repellent For Houseflies

House flies (Musca domestica) are one of the challenging pests that are difficult to overcome and control. Common control methods usually involve the use of chemical insecticides, but a more environmentally friendly alternative is to use plant-based insecticides with repellent properties. Medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family are famous for their distinctive aroma and are effective in treating pest problems. This research aims to evaluate the potential of cat's whisker leaves and mint leaves as housefly repellent. The repellency test used cotton impregnated with extract concentrations of 2,000 ppm, 4,000 ppm, 6,000 ppm, 8,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm. Exposure time was 30 minutes and carried out 3 times. The repellency percentage is then calculated. The results of the research showed that at concentrations of 2,000 ppm and 4,000 ppm there were still some flies landing, but at concentrations of 6,000 ppm, 8,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm no flies landed. Strong repulsion was observed at concentrations of 2,000 ppm (86.7% for cat's whisker leaf extract and 82.7% for mint leaf extract) and 4,000 ppm (96% for cat's whisker leaf extract and 88% for mint leaf extract). Both extracts showed very strong repulsion (100%) at concentrations of 6,000, 8,000 and 10,000 ppm. These results show that the higher the concentration, the stronger the repellent effect produced. In conclusion, cat's whiskers and mint leaves have potential as active mosquito repellent ingredients, and this research can be the basis for further development as a pest control method, especially against houseflies.

FORMULATION AND PHYSICAL EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES OF MINT LEAF EXTRACT (Mentha x piperita L) AS STIMULANSIA

Indonesia is a country with a diverse biodiversity spread across various regions. Several types of plants in Indonesia can be utilised as herbal medicines. One such plant suitable for medicinal purposes is mint leaves (Mentha x piperita L.). The chemical content found in mint leaves includes essential oils that serve as stimulants. This research aims to determine whether mint leaf extract can be used to create an effervescent granule formulation. Effervescent granules are produced using the wet granulation method, incorporating the active ingredient of mint leaf extract with different concentrations: F0: without the addition of mint leaf extract; F1: mint leaf extract added with a concentration of 15%; and F2: mint leaf extract added with a concentration of 17%. The effervescent granule formula is then evaluated based on its physical characteristics. Phytochemical screening of mint leaves yielded positive results, indicating the presence of essential oils. All mint leaf extract formulations tested for physical evaluation met the specified criteria. Flow properties and angle of repose testing resulted in values between 2-3 seconds for flow properties and 35°-36° for the angle of repose. Compressibility testing produced results ranging from 5% to 15%, pH testing yielded results between 5 and 6, and dissolution time results ranged from 40 to 41 seconds. Keywords: Mint leaves, extraction, wet granulation, effervescent granules

Thermal, morphology and bacterial analysis of pH-responsive sodium carboxyl methylcellulose/ fumaric acid/ acrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels: Synthesis and characterization

In this present investigation, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafted with Fumaric acid/Acrylamide (CMC/FA/AAm=CFA) hydrogel and their silver nanocomposite hydrogels (CFA-Ag x, x = 5, 10 and 20) were developed by simple, cost effective and ecofriendly greener method. Mint leaf extract was used as an efficient natural reducing agent due to presence of active and antioxidant potential of polyphenol and flavonoid components. Swelling equilibrium of CFA hydrogel showed Seq% 3000 both in pH medium and distilled water. CFA (90:10) hydrogel has been produced greater than Seq% 6000. The synthesized CFA (90:10)-Ag-5, CFA (90:10)-Ag-10 and CFA (90:10)-Ag-20 nanocomposite hydrogels have been observed lower Seq% 2000–3000 than the CFA hydrogel. The homogeneous distribution of AgNPs throughout the CFA hydrogel and nanocomposites has been explored by SEM analysis. The interaction of network heteroatoms with AgNPs has been strongly revealed by the FTIR spectra and XRD analysis. The thermal stability of CFA (90:10)-Ag-5, 10, and 20 nanocomposite hydrogels have showed greater stability than CFA hydrogel which is confirmed by TGA/DSC thermogram analysis. The TEM analysis was used to explore a uniform distribution of spherical AgNPs (10 nm–50 nm) embedded on the CFA composite hydrogel. The CFA (90:10)-Ag-20 nanocomposite hydrogel has showed good antibacterial activity beside E. coli (Gram positive) and S. aureus (Gram negative) pathogens. Based on the antibacterial activity and swelling properties of CFA-Ag nanocomposite hydrogels have the ability to accelerate the antibacterial activity and are potential candidates for medical and environmental applications.

Foliar Application of Moringa and Mint Leaf Extracts Enhances Carnation Growth and Flower Yield Under Saline Conditions by Improving Plant Defense Mechanism

Foliar Application of Moringa and Mint Leaf Extracts Enhances Carnation Growth and Flower Yield Under Saline Conditions by Improving Plant Defense Mechanism

Comparison Utilization of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya) and Mint Leaf Extract (Mentha piperita) in Feed on Production and Quality of Quail Egg

Phytobiotics are derivated from the plants which contains active compounds. They produce antibacterial and antioxidants activity and can improve the condition of the digestive tract. Papaya leaf extracts and mint leaf extracts have the potential as natural phytobiotics because they have antibacterial, antioxidant properties, can improve alimentary tract conditions and increase the absorption of nutrients in the feed. The aim of this study was to compare the utilization of papaya leaf extract (EDP) and mint leaf extract (EDM) in feed on the production and quality of quail egg. A hundried and fourty quails of 42 days age were arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates (7 quails per replicate). The treatment diets consisted of P0 = Basal diet only (Control), P1 = Basal diet + 100 ppm EDP, P2 = Basal diet + 200 ppm EDP, P3 = Basal diet + 100 ppm EDM and P4 = Basal diet + 200 ppm EDM. The results approved that mint leaf extract reduces in feed consumption, increase egg production and mass and reduce feed conversion values, in contrast the papaya leaf extract ​​produce non-significant on those variables. However, papaya leaf extract was able to increase more white index values and haugh unit ​​of quail egg, while mint leaf extract increased more yolk index values. The addition of 100 ppm mint leaf extract resulted in the highest value of egg production and egg mass. Therefore, the perfomance and quality of eggs in mint leaf group were better than papaya leaf group.

Mint leaves (Mentha arvensis) mediated CaO nanoparticles in dye degradation and their role in anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties

In ancient times, herbal plants were considered one of the greatest gifts from nature that human beings could receive, and about 80% of these plants have medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, Mentha arvensis, commonly known as mint, has many applications, and in the present study, the mint leaf extract has been used to synthesis nanoparticles using the mint leaf extract as a biosource for the extraction of nanoparticles. In addition to having a wide range of applications in various fields, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles are also considered to be safe for human use. In order to assess the characteristics of the abstracted CaO nanoparticles, UV–visible absorption spectrophotometers, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and X-ray Diffraction Spectrophotometers (XRDs) were used. By conducting a protein denaturation assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay, mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles were evaluated for their therapeutic applications. MTT assays were used to prove that the CaO nanoparticles mediated by mint leaf had anti-cancer properties. By examining the ability of mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles to degrade various dyes such as methyl red, methyl orange, and methylene blue, which are the most used azo dyes in textile industries resulting in water contamination, the ability of these nanoparticles to act as a photocatalytic agent was examined.

Antibacterial Effect of Mint Leaf and Basil Leaf Extract addition to Pineapple Hump Extracts Against Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria

The use of herbal ingredients for dentistry is preferable to the use of chemicals. Pineapple is one of the fruits that can be used in dentistry. Pineapple hump is often not consumed even though it still contains many bromelains. This study aimed to see the antibacterial effect of adding mint and basil leaf extract into pineapple hump extract. This type of research is a pure experimental study with a control group design and partly water. This study's experimental group or independent variables were pineapple hump extract, mint leaf extract, and basil leaf extract. The control group was Chlorhexidine and water. The variable is Streptococcus mutans. The extract was made by maceration technique, and the examination of the inhibition of bacteria was carried out using an oxoid blank disc. There was a difference in inhibition against Streptococcus mutans between the experimental and control groups p0.05, but there was no difference between the pineapple hump extract with the addition of min leaf extract and the pineapple weevil extract with the addition of basil leaves. Adding mint and basil leaf extract to pineapple hump extract can increase its antibacterial power against Streptococcus mutans.

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of mint leaves

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in areas such as biosensing, hydrogen production, electronics, photovoltaics, antimicrobials, and biomedical engineering applications. Biological synthesis is regarded as a safe and non-toxic process, but its main disadvantage is the slow processing time. The mint leaf extract can act as both a reducing and stabilizing agent for the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this work, a rapid and green method for the microwave-assisted biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles was investigated using an aqueous leaf extract of mint as a biosource of cost-effective, non-hazardous reducing and stabilizing agents. The optimum conditions for microwave extraction of mint leaves were 220 s at 800 W and a 5 g/L mint-to-water ratio. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles were as follows: concentration of silver nitrate solution = 2 mM, microwave reaction time = 100 s at 800 W, and pH = 8. The silver nanoparticles obtained by the microwave heating process showed a surface plasmon band centered at 420 nm with a higher peak height than those prepared by the conventional heating process. Dynamic light scattering analysis has shown the synthesized silver nanoparticles to have an average diameter of 54 nm.

Antioxidant activity test of combination of Centella asiatica leaf extract and mint leaf extract as an alternative herbal drink

Antioxidant compounds are vital for the body. An imbalance in the body's levels of free radicals and antioxidants will cause oxidative stress and cause disease because free radicals will damage the surrounding molecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), causing damage to tissues and cells. Today many studies are interested in using natural antioxidants in food, beverages, cosmetics, and therapies derived from plants. Centella asiatica is a plant often used as a source of antioxidants because it contains active compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, carotene, and vitamin C, which have antioxidant activity. In addition to containing 78% menthol, mint leaves contain resin and tannins, which are several polyphenolic antioxidants that prevent or neutralize the effects of free radicals. Antioxidants are compounds that can delay, slow down, or inhibit oxidation reactions and fight free radicals. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the combination of Centela asiatica leaf extract and mint leaf extract based on the results of the analysis showed that it was included in the strong category.

Synthesis of mint leaf extract and mint-leaf-based NiO nanoparticles, coating of extract layers without and with NiO nanoparticles on copper through drop-casting, and their analysis for the corrosion prevention in saline water

Synthesis of chloroform extract of mint leaves, coating of the extract on copper via drop casting, addition of NiO nanoparticles to the extract, and investigation of the corrosion behaviors of the coated copper specimens in 0.5 M NaCl.

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases