Minor Salivary Gland Tumors Research Articles

Perplexing Intraoral Swellings: A Cross-Sectional Study On Minor Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors

Background: This study aims to assess the prevalence and correlation between age, gender, and site of malignant minor salivary gland tumors among patients attending a tertiary healthcare centre in Trivandrum from 2015 to 2022. A total of 26 cases were reviewed, with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) being the most prevalent, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC). Our findings suggest a slight female predilection overall, though certain tumor types showed gender-specific trends. The study highlights important epidemiological insights that can help future research and clinical practice inmanaging malignant minor salivary gland tumors.

A case report: Cellular (Myoepithelial Rich) pleomorphic adenoma of hard palate: A diagnostic dilemma

Salivary gland tumors account for <3% of the head and neck tumors. Pleomorphic Adenoma is the most common salivary gland tumor which constitutes for about 60% of all major and minor salivary gland tumors. Among the minor salivary glands tumors, pleomorphic adenoma makes about 70% and the most common site in the oral cavity is the palatal area, followed by the lip, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, tongue, tonsil, pharynx, retromolar trigone, and gingiva. Females are more commonly affected than males. Pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate presents as a painless firm submucosal mass without tenderness, ulceration, or surrounding inflammation; usually lacking a well-defined capsule and frequently involves periosteum or bone.These tumors are located laterally, and they rarely cross the midline.

Traversing the Terrain: Potential Pitfalls within the AJCC 8th Edition Staging System for Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers.

In 1977, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) introduced the inaugural Cancer Staging Manual, which implemented the T (tumor extent), N (regional lymph node status), and M (presence or absence of distant metastasis) staging system. This systematic approach aimed to convey the extent of disease across various cancer types, providing clinicians with a practical framework to plan treatment strategies, predict prognosis, and assess outcomes. The AJCC 8th edition, effective from January 1, 2018, continues this tradition. However, certain shortcomings persist in the AJCC 8th edition, as identified through clinical experience. Specifically, challenges arise in accurately assessing depth of invasion in unique histological variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., Oral verrucous carcinoma, Carcinoma cuniculatum, and Papillary squamous cell carcinoma) and minor salivary gland tumors. Additionally, discrepancies exist in the perception of bone invasion patterns and in reporting practices. There is also a need for staging guidelines for malignant odontogenic tumors and multifocal tumors of the oral cavity, supplemented by diagrammatic representations. Lastly, there is a call for comprehensive staging criteria for carcinomas of the ear, external auditory canal, and temporal bone. We advocate for the inclusion of these considerations in future editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.

A rare case of an aggressive polymorphous adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland in the retro-maxilla

Abstract Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) is a low-grade malignant tumour of minor salivary glands of the oral cavity, which rarely presents with invasive features. Low metastatic and excellent survival rates are some of its favorable features. A 36-year-old woman reported with swelling, pain, and mobility of teeth in the left upper inner cheek region. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a large, lobulated, heterogenous mass in the left retro-maxillary region with a few enlarged left cervical lymph nodes (levels IB and II). After surgery, the final histopathology report gave a definitive diagnosis of PAC with certain invasive characteristics – perineural invasion, infiltration into skeletal muscle, and depth of invasion of 10 mm, which recurred in a different location 1.5 years later. A few predictable features of PAC include incidence in elderly women, asymptomatic presentation, occurrence in the posterior hard of soft palate, very low incidence of nodal or distant metastases, perineural spread, skeletal muscle infiltration, and low rates of recurrence with good survival outcomes. However, in our case, the patient appeared to present with a relatively aggressive form of PAC, considering her young age, symptomatic presentation, uncommon anatomic location in the retro-maxilla, cervical nodal metastasis, perineural and skeletal muscle infiltration, and local recurrence within a short period. Although PAC is a low-grade tumour with excellent prognosis, it may occasionally present with invasive characteristics, and early diagnosis and prompt management with strict adherence to post-operative regimens and follow-up is of prime importance to prevent any untoward outcomes.

Mutational analysis of BRAFV600E in a case of sialadenoma papilliferum of oral cavity

Abstract This case report presents a rare benign salivary gland tumour called sialadenoma papilliferum. It comprises 3 to 5% of head and neck tumours and about 1% of all minor salivary gland tumours. The focus is on discussing the BRAFV600E mutation analysis and exploring its clinical implications, along with delving into the histopathological differentials. We documented a 73-year-old male, who had a white patch in the left retromolar trigone region for 6 months. The tumour was excised with a clinical diagnosis of verrucous lesion. Microscopic examination revealed exophytic hyperplastic parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium and endophytic ductal papillary proliferation. The BRAFV600E mutation was present in the patient. Subsequent regular follow-ups were conducted, revealing no recurrence of the condition. This case underscores the pivotal role of BRAFV600E analysis as an invaluable diagnostic tool when confronted with the intricacies of intraoral salivary gland neoplasms.

Exercise Caution with Palatal Swelling: A Case Series on Minor Salivary Gland Tumours

Exercise Caution with Palatal Swelling: A Case Series on Minor Salivary Gland Tumours

Oral and oropharyngeal malignant minor salivary gland tumors: A retrospective study

IntroductionTumors of minor salivary gland origin are uncommon lesions, representing 2–3 % of all malignant neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract and 9–23 % of all salivary gland tumors.The aim of this study is to report the demographic features, sites, histological types and the management and outcomes of oral and oropharyngeal minor salivary gland tumors diagnosed and treated in a University Hospital with a multidisciplinary head and neck team. Materials and methodsA single-center retrospective observational study was conducted in a cohort of patients who received diagnosis of minor salivary gland carcinoma of oropharynx and oral cavity between July 30th 2000 and 30th September 2021. The following data of the included patients were collected: age, gender, smoke history, alcohol consumption, past medical history, comorbidities, anatomic location of the tumor, histopathology, staging, management, and outcomes. ResultsA total of 30 cases (16 females, 14 males) of oral and oropharyngeal minor salivary gland tumors were reviewed. The most frequent histotype was polymorphous adenocarcinoma (12 patients). The majority of patients presented with low stage at diagnosis, with 66,66 % of the population classified as stage I or II at diagnosis. On the whole, 29 patients out of 30 benefitted from a surgical approach as first treatment. In 11 patients, adjuvant radiotherapy was performed and in 6 cases it was associated with chemotherapy. Brachytherapy with different timing was performed in 5 cases. The recurrence rate was 26.66 %. Overall disease specific survival at five and ten years was found to be approximately 81 % and 33 % respectively. ConclusionsSurgery is still considered to be the gold standard of the treatment of minor salivary gland tumors. Radiation therapy, in spite of not being considered as a curative primary treatment for salivary malignancies, is extensively used as an adjuvant treatment.

Salivary gland tumors: an audit from a tertiary care centre in Northern India.

Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare and can exhibit various clinical behaviors. The study aims to understand the natural history, pathology, diagnostic workup, and treatment strategies for these tumors to improve patient outcomes. The audit included patients with salivary gland tumors detected through radiology or cytology. Patients underwent surgery, with some receiving adjuvant treatment. Demographic information, treatment interventions, and survival outcomes were analyzed using SPSS software. A total 89 as malignant salivart gland tumours were audited Malignant tumors were predominantly found in the parotid gland, with fewer cases in the minor salivary gland and submandibular gland.The median age of presentation was 47 years, and the majority of patients were male. The study examined various pathological and clinical factors, including tumor stage, nodal status, and the presence of facial palsy. Surgical procedures and histological types of tumors were documented. Adverse histological features like positive margins, lymph node positivity, lympho-vascular invasion, extracapsular spread, and perineural invasion were noted. POSTOP RT was administered to high-risk patients. Most malignant salivary gland tumors were found in the parotid gland, while minor salivary gland tumors were underrepresented in the audit. Surgical practices were diverse. Radiotherapy protocols were relatively standardized. The study found that certain histological features, such as lymph node positivity, margin positivity, lympho-vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and extracapsular spread, were associated with adverse effects on DFS and OS. The findings suggest that specific histological features, including LVI and ECE have emerged as independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS.

Oncocytic papillary cystadenoma of the larynx: a case report

BackgroundCystadenoma of the salivary glands is a rare benign clinical condition affecting both major and minor salivary glands equally. It constitutes approximately 2% of total neoplasms and 4.2–4.7% of benign formations in minor salivary glands. Typically presenting as a slow-growing, painless neoplasm, it can be distinguished from Cystadenolymphoma (Whartin’s Tumor) by the absence of lymphoid elements in histological examination. While mostly located in the oral cavity and oropharynx, it can also be found in sinonasal mucosa, and rare cases have been identified in the larynx.Case presentationA 75-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the ear, nose, and throat department with complaints of dysphonia and headaches persisting for several months. Dysphonia had developed months after an unspecified vocal cord surgery elsewhere. Flexible laryngoscopy identified a left-sided cystic swelling affecting the supraglottic space, leading to respiratory obstruction and dysphonia. Head and neck computed tomography confirmed a 1.9 × 1.7 cm bilobed cystic mass originating from the left Morgagni ventricle. Microlaryngoscopy with CO2 laser excision and biopsy revealed a histopathological diagnosis of oncocytic papillary cystadenoma. Post-surgery, the patient fully recovered from dysphonia, with no significant complications noted. Long-term clinical surveillance was advised to detect potential recurrences promptly.ConclusionEctopic minor salivary gland tumors, both benign and malignant, should be taken into consideration as potential differential diagnosis for any swelling arising within the upper digestive tract mucosa. Ears, nose, and throat clinical examination completed by videolaryngoscopy can easily point out the location of the mass. Imaging is mandatory for differential diagnosis and for surgical planning. Surgical excision can provide both diagnosis and definitive cure.

The immunohistochemical expression Ki-67 In Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma of the Salivary Glands

Background: Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of minor salivary glands. It has an unique histopathological, clinical and behavioural features. Most of its incidence has been presented in the palate. It shows a variety of growth patterns within the same one lesion, including cribriform, tubular, and solid areas that may mimic adenoid cystic carcinoma. The tumor cells histologically are characterized by lacking of nuclear atypical and hyperchromatism with rare mitoses. However, the prognosis of this tumor is good because of its low grade, although it has an unpredictable potential to metastasize.
 Objectives: To evaluate the histopathological expression of Ki-67 proliferation antigen in Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma and compare the results with the clinicopathological parameters and grading of the tumors.
 Materials and Methods: This study includes 20 cases with Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands diagnosed histopathologically and treated surgically, were investigated for the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 antigen. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a Labeled Strept- Avidin Biotin method (LSAB) and 0.05 (two-sided) was the level of significance.
 Results: Twenty cases of Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma of salivary glands were histologically diagnosed in this retrospective study to evaluate the expression of Ki-67. The mean age for patients with PLGA was nearly (50.6). (12) (60%) cases were males and (8) (40%) cases were females and also male to female ratio was (1.5:1).
 In regarding to site distribution, the most common site was the palate followed by the submandibular gland and floor of the mouth. 
 Conclusions: it was observed that there is a higher rate of cellular proliferation in malignant tumors with high grade, indicating their role in the malignancy and aggressive behavior of these tumors.

Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Presentation of Two Cases in a Less-Considered Anatomical Site.

Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the second-most common malignant tumour of the minor salivary glands. Although PAC predominantly affects the palate, it can also involve the buccal mucosa. This systematic review aims to investigate the literature data about PAC. Furthermore, we report two cases of patients affected by PAC in an infrequently considered anatomical site. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Observational studies conducted on patients with a histological diagnosis of PAC were selected and analysed. Furthermore, two cases of patients with PAC affecting the buccal mucosa were reported. Twenty-nine studies were included, and 143 patients affected by PAC were analysed (62 males, 75 females, and 6 undefined, with a mean age of 57.4 ± 14.5 years). The palate was the most affected site (99/143, 69.2%), followed by the buccal mucosa (12/143, 8.4%). Moreover, we report two cases of patients with PAC affecting the buccal mucosa (one male and one female, with a mean age of 70.5 ± 2.5 years). The present study underscores the importance of considering the buccal mucosa as a possible location of minor salivary gland tumours; although it is a less-considered affliction, it is not uncommon.

Pleomorphic Adenoma of Palate: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION Pleomorphic adenoma is one of the most common benign salivary gland tumor affecting the major salivary glands mainly parotid gland of approx. 80% but infrequently the minor salivary glands of palate of approx. 7%. Salivary gland tumors are rare accounting only 2–3% of tumors occurring in head and neck region. The majority of minor salivary gland tumors are malignant in nature. The most common sites for minor salivary gland where pleomorphic adenoma arises are the palates followed by lips and cheek. This case report presents a case of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary gland of palate treated successfully by wide surgical excision with 1 cm healthy margin with uninvolved anatomical barrier under general anesthesia.

Giant Pleomorphic Adenoma of Infratemporal Fossa: A Rare Case Report.

Of all the head and neck tumors, salivary gland tumors account to 3%. Pleomorphic adenomas are one of the most common benign tumors arising from major salivary glands, although it could also develop from minor salivary glands situated at accessory sites like nasal cavity, pharynx, parapharyngeal space, lacrimal glands etc. Tumors of infratemporal fossa are quite unusual, mainly because of its hidden location in retromaxillary region. We report an unusual case of 65 years old male presenting with complaint of progressive left cheek swelling for 4 years. FNAC revealed pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary gland tumor. Intraoperatively a giant lobulated tumor was seen occupying almost whole space of infratemporal fossa, which was removed in-toto via open approach. Patient was kept on regular follow up with no evidence of recurrence reported till date.

Minor Salivary Gland Tumors a Clinicopathological Study and Management

Salivary gland tumors are uncommon and most reported series include tumors affecting both major and minor glands. Very few series have focused solely on intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors. Is to report the clinicopathological d ata of intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors in sample of patients in Baghdad, Most important characteristic features of benign and malignant tumors, different pathological behavior and the importance of pathological classification in changing the management plans. Thirty five patients with tumors of minor salivary gland were analyzed clinlcopathologically and the management of these tumors is discussed. 19 female and 16 male patients, age range from9-79years. The range of duration of tu mors was about 3 years and the size range from 1-7cm. The most commo n site was the palate followed by floor of mouth, lips, cheek, and the maxillary alveolar ridge respectively. Different methods of surgical management of minor salivary gland tumors from simple excision of tumors mass to total maxillectomy were also described.

Epidemiological Profile of Salivary Gland Tumors in Southern Iranian Population: A Retrospective Study of 405 Cases.

Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are a rare and diverse group of tumors that account for 3 to 10% of all head and neck malignancies. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of SGTs in the south of Iran and compare the findings with previous reports from Iran and other parts of the world. Using a retrospective study, 405 patients diagnosed with SGTs were observed over an eight-year period between April 2013 and October 2021 in Shiraz, Iran. Patients' demographic and clinicopathological features were obtained from patients' records. Quantitative and descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS software. There were 302 benign (74.5%) and 103 (25.4%) malignant SGTs. Pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumors were the most common benign SGTs (70.5% and 21.5%, respectively). The most common malignant SGTs were mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (26.2% and 22.3%, respectively). There was a statistically significant association between tumor origin and its malignancy status (p < 0.001). In addition, the results indicated that benign tumors were most commonly detected in the parotid gland (p < 0.05). The benign tumors were more frequently observed among the younger population (p = 0.006). In summary, the findings of the current study were mainly consistent with the previous reports from Iran and the rest of the world. Benign tumors were the most prevalent type of SGTs, and the parotid gland was the most common site. While the majority of cases that developed from the major salivary glands were benign, all the minor SGTs were malignant. Older patients were more likely to develop malignant tumors compared to younger ones. This study provides insights into the prevalence, age-related incidence, gender distribution, and geographic variation of salivary gland tumors. This can be instrumental to develop a guideline for screening, diagnosis, and determining an optimal treatment.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the palate - A case series

ABSTRACT Rationale and Patient Concerns: This article highlights the case report of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the palate in a 37-year-old female patient and a 34-year-old male patient. Diagnosis and Investigations: Fine-needle aspiration cytology and computed tomography scan were performed to arrive at diagnosis. Interventions: Surgical excision was the most effective treatment plan. These tumors are mostly painless and are more common in the parotid gland, followed by the palate in case of minor salivary gland involvement. The tongue, tonsil, pharynx, floor of the mouth, lip, buccal mucosa, and retromolar region are other intraoral locations for this tumor. Lessons: PA is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, accounting for about 40%–70% of all major and minor salivary gland tumors. Palatal swellings are the most common complaints of patients; however, PA of the palate is a rare diagnosis. PA, also known as a benign mixed tumor, generally occurs in the parotid salivary gland and rarely in the minor salivary gland.

Malignant Minor Salivary gland neoplasms ofLarynx: Our Experience.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Malignant minor salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all laryngeal cancers.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; This study aims to share our experiences regarding clinical, radiological, pathological profiles and their management.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; The current study reviews 11 cases of malignant minor salivary gland tumors of the larynx treated surgically at our Institute between 2005 and 2019.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The mean age of the patients was 54 years (range 38-75 years) with six females and five males in the series (1.2:1). Subglottis and trachea were the sites of origin in 54% of the cases, and hoarseness with dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms. There were nine Adenoid cystic and two Mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. Surgery was the primary mode of treatment.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Most of the larynx's malignant minor salivary gland tumors are submucosal in origin. The outcome and prognosis vary considerably based on the tumor's histology, grade, and stage.&lt;/br&gt.

Myoepithelioma- An Uncommon Parotid Tumour in An Adolescent.

Myoepitheliomas are uncommon neoplasms of major and minor salivary glands. These tumours are encapsulated and slow growing in nature and are benign in majority of the cases. The mean age of presentation is 40 years and this entity is rarely reported in younger age groups. Here, we seek to report a rare case of a 10-year-old patient who presented with a swelling below the right ear. Clinical and radiological evaluation revealed a mass in the parotid gland. This patient was treated with a superficial parotidectomy and subsequent histopathological examination revealed it to be a myoepithelioma.

Non-Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx: A State-of-the-Art Review.

(1) Background: Non-squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma includes endothelial tumors, such as minor salivary gland tumors, lymphoepithelial tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, soft and hard tissue sarcomas, and malignant melanomas. (2) Methods: A state-of-the-art review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases was performed. (3) Conclusions: In order to optimize overall treatment outcomes, a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach to the management of non-SCC of the larynx must be adopted universally; a national or international registry on non-SCC laryngeal cancer can be useful to improve understanding about the behavior of this kind of tumor.

PALATAL SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS: REPORT OF THREE CASES WITH CHALLENGING CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF MALIGNANCY

The palate is the most common location of minor salivary gland tumors. Our study contributes three new cases of palatal salivary gland tumors (PSGT) with challenging clinical presentations. Case #1: A 54-year-old woman presented a dome-shaped, ulcerated, and normochromic swelling of a 2-year duration, measuring 4 cm, which was diagnosed microscopically as pleomorphic adenoma. Case #2: A 50-year-old woman presented a mild swelling of the reddish surface and 15 years of duration, measuring 1.5 cm, diagnosed microscopically as conventional mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Case #3: A 42-year-old woman presented an asymptomatic 1 cm papule with a reddish ulcerated surface lasting 5 months, which was diagnosed microscopically as a clear cell-rich MEC. From the present cases, the two malignant cases clinically showed pain and/or color alteration. These clinical features might be considered independent clinical predictors of malignancy in PSGT, supporting the decision to perform an incisional or excisional biopsy. The palate is the most common location of minor salivary gland tumors. Our study contributes three new cases of palatal salivary gland tumors (PSGT) with challenging clinical presentations. Case #1: A 54-year-old woman presented a dome-shaped, ulcerated, and normochromic swelling of a 2-year duration, measuring 4 cm, which was diagnosed microscopically as pleomorphic adenoma. Case #2: A 50-year-old woman presented a mild swelling of the reddish surface and 15 years of duration, measuring 1.5 cm, diagnosed microscopically as conventional mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Case #3: A 42-year-old woman presented an asymptomatic 1 cm papule with a reddish ulcerated surface lasting 5 months, which was diagnosed microscopically as a clear cell-rich MEC. From the present cases, the two malignant cases clinically showed pain and/or color alteration. These clinical features might be considered independent clinical predictors of malignancy in PSGT, supporting the decision to perform an incisional or excisional biopsy.