Minor Figures Research Articles

Minor characters, genre, and relationality: Antigone’s sister in contemporary literature

This essay investigates the distinction between major and minor characters by analysing the contemporary literary reception of a minor figure from one of the most canonical works in world literature: Ismene, Antigone’s sister in Sophocles’s Antigone. While Sophocles’s tragedy continues to elicit a startling number of rewritings and adaptations, the last two decades have seen a remarkable increase in rewritings which bring the heroine’s sister Ismene, a minor character in the original play, to the forefront. This multilingual, multi-generic, world literary corpus engages with Ismene’s relationship to heroism and sacrifice, moving away from tragedy and instead turning to a variety of genres: monologues, short stories, non-tragic plays, comedies, as well as hybrid forms that incorporate intermedial references. While much has been written about postcolonial and feminist rewritings of canonical Western texts, very little has been said about the attachments which secondary figures might elicit in peripheral literatures and minor authors. This focus, as this essay will show, helps refine notions of agency, solidarity, and connectivity in theories of the minor. The analysis presented here underscores the aesthetic, generic, and political implications of the revisionary representation of minor figures by contrasting Jeremy Menekseoglu’s theatrical rewriting Ismene (US, 2004) and Lot Vekemans’s monologue Zus van (Sister of, The Netherlands, 2005) as two distinct modes of engaging with Ismene as a paradigmatic minor figure. Pursuing the genre-theoretical and political questions raised by what Jeremy Rosen has termed “minor-character elaborations”, this essay identifies the practice of rewriting as a key literary strategy to decentre the major position of certain figures and genres in world literature. In dialogue with Rosen’s theoretical work, I argue for an aesthetic, enunciative, stylistic understanding of genre, which is best able to raise both the question of the minor character and that of minor-character elaborations within debates surrounding the minor.

Passion and Politics in Diego de Brea and Jakub Čermák’s "Edward II": Marlowe’s Controversial History on Czech Stages

The present article outlines the stage history of Christopher Marlowe’s history Edward II on Czech stages, focusing chiefly on how the respective directors approached the titular character of Marlowe’s play and his sexuality. The study focuses on two post-2000 productions of the play: Diego de Brea’s Edvard Drugy for the Slovenian National Theatre, which toured to the 16th “Divadlo” International Theatre Festival in Pilsen, West Bohemia, in 2008; and Jakub Čermák’s production of Edvard II. for the independent Czech theatre company “Depresivní děti touží po penězích” (Depressive Children Yearn for Money) that premiered in 2023 in Prague. Since for both Czechs and Slovenians, King Edward II is a minor figure of English history and Elizabethan history plays are generally less appealing to them than other genres, both the directors sideline the political dimension of the story to fully explore the issue of social and sexual norms and relate it to current social and cultural discussions both in the West and the former Eastern Bloc. Stressing the motif of social and sexual otherness even more bravely than most recent Western productions, de Brea and Čermák offered not only valuable contributions to both local and global reception of Marlowe’s Edward II, but also raised the visibility of LGBT theatre in a region where it has only a modest history and tradition.

William Munro Tapp: Colonial Investor and Caius College Philanthropist, 1925–1937

AbstractWilliam Munro Tapp, the largest post-foundation benefactor to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, was a prominent lawyer who directed multiple businesses interested in water utilities, motor car manufacturing, and brewing. That much is acknowledged at Caius today. Yet Tapp was also a director of the sugar refiners Manbré & Garton Limited, and he helped establish a sugar plantation in Kenya. Alongside his involvement in an African estate, he held investments in other plantations and colonial enterprises. He was part of a class of gentlemanly capitalists who participated in imperial expansion and then donated their wealth to British cultural institutions, including colleges and universities. While much public attention has been paid to Cecil Rhodes, this article argues that both Tapp and Rhodes were members of a larger group of men and women who provided their wealth to educational institutions, thereby entrenching the financial legacies of colonialism in universities. By focusing on more minor figures in the British empire, like Tapp, historians can better address the continuities of universities’ financial connections to coerced labour and colonialism across time and understand that private connections and affective attachments between individuals and institutions were as significant as governmental policies in directing the spoils of empire.

ATTITUDE OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS USAGE OF HEARING AIDS: A SURVEY-BASED STUDY

In the modern world merely 1 in 4 people with hearing loss buys a hearing aid, and an even minor figure make use of them. The study was carried out to know and compare the social depiction of hearing aids and also to know the social attitude of general public on individuals who use hearing aids. The study was carried among 425 participants within the age range of 18-55 years belonging to different gender and geographical location. The survey showed a negative attitude towards usage of hearing aids and also on individuals who use hearing aids. The overall attitude towards usage of hearing aids and the societal acceptance of individuals who use hearing aids needs to change towards the positive side

Il sacrificio di Argillano: sedizione e orrore nella Gerusalemme liberata

ABSTRACTThe article presents the character of Argillano, a minor figure in Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata (cantos VIII-IX). Firstly, it examines the general narrative and Argillano’s symbolic function, which can be read as an allegory of sedition per se. Secondly, after showing a series of connections with canto XXVIII of Dante’s Inferno, it discusses the possible influence of Giovan Battista Giraldi Cinzio on Tasso, by highlighting the similarities between Argillano’s story and that of the protagonist of one of the tales included in the Ecatommiti (I. 6). Finally, the geographic origin shared by the two characters is analysed, pointing out how the choice of Ascoli Piceno is linked with its (now lost) reputation as a seditious city.

‘The ʿAbbas after Whom Those Who Rule in Baghdad Are Named’

This article is concerned with the representation of al-ʿAbbās b. al-Walīd’s involvement in the Muhallabid revolt (102/720) and the third fitna (126–36/744–54) across Arabic-Islamic and Christian sources. The contribution makes a case for the study of “minor figures” as a means to contend with the eulogizing and historiographical re-imagining of the Marwānid past by later ʿAbbāsid compilers. It sheds light on the status of concubine-born sons of Marwānid caliphs, who were unable to become caliph until precisely this period and the generational shift that occurred in the 120s/740s. Al-ʿAbbās appears in Arabic-Islamic sources as foreshadowing the impending fitna, warning of its consequences and attempting to dissuade his brother, Yazīd b. al-Walīd (d. 126/744), from revolting against the caliph al-Walīd b. Yazīd (d. 126/744). Eventually “captured” by his brother Yazīd b. al-Walīd’s supporters, al-ʿAbbās’ bayʿa (oath of allegiance) turns the tide in Yazīd’s favor. In contrast, late antique Christian sources in Arabic, Armenian, Greek, and Syriac see him as instrumental in the fall of al-Walīd b. Yazīd, wanting the caliphate for himself and betraying his cousin. The following analysis will demonstrate how Christian sources employed figures internal to their own traditions to understand and explain caliphal history. The overlapping but competing historiographies of al-ʿAbbās shed light on the source material and agendas of Arabic-Islamic and Christian late antique sources. This study also helps to disentangle some of the conflicting elements of the fitna narrative, while underlining the polycentric nature of Marwānid rule and how members of the imperial elite were legitimized and exerted authority.

Consider the Aunty: The Obfuscation of Desire in My Beautiful Laundrette

This essay reads the aunties on the peripheries of Hanif Kureishi and Stephen Frear’s film, My Beautiful Laundrette (1985), as minor figures, enacting a methodological turn to the seemingly insignificant in analyses of South Asian culture and sexuality. I ask why the aunties’ desire feels so impossible, especially in a film centred on a Pakistani protagonist’s queer utopia. Both ubiquitous and precluded from a complexity of desire, representations of the Pakistani aunty suffer from a deficit of imagination. Aunties tend to be shown as middle-aged women who surveil and police their kin and have a neutered or absent sexuality, as the film’s paradigmatic figuration of the aunty exemplifies. This article argues that such creative constraint derives from the construction of female sexuality as deviance in South Asia, and then tries to look beyond these constraints. While asking what a more capacious imagining of the aunty and her desires might make possible, I offer parameters for reading sexuality in Pakistan and its diasporas by foregrounding deprivation of pleasure and choice.

Archiving Black Diasporas

Archiving Black Diasporas

Finding the Center:Mrs Dalloway's Bureaucrats and State Centralization

AbstractAlthough the rise of the bureaucratic state was one of the most startling transformations of early twentieth-century British society, novelists raised on a diet of laissez-faire liberalism tended to shy away from direct representations of bureaucracy (with some prominent exceptions, such as the Circumlocution Office in Charles Dickens's Little Dorrit or Anthony Trollope's Three Clerks). Although squarely set within the “governing-class spirit” of Westminster and populated with a bevy of civil servants, Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway tends to be read as maintaining a strict public-private division with a marked preference for the richness and beauty of private life. This article argues that Woolf, no stranger to the civil service through her family and personal networks, had a more strained and ambivalent response to bureaucracy as an idea and government form. A close reading of the structural importance of Hugh Whitbread's character, a minor figure who is often read as an empty, flat Dickensian caricature of the gentleman, shows a more ambivalent response to how bureaucracy and its forms impacted the wider concerns raised about governmentality in Woolf's novel.

Shakespeare and the Romantics

Shakespeare and the Romantics

For Better, for Worse, for Richer, for Poorer, in Sickness and in Health: A Cognitive-Linguistic Approach to Merism

ABSTRACT This paper is a qualitative usage-based treatment of merism from a cognitive-linguistic perspective. Considered a minor or non-basic figure of speech, especially if compared to the master tropes, metaphor and metonymy, merism is approached here as a figure of speech whose complexity has been largely and unfairly underestimated. We provide a principled account of the relationship of merism with metonymy starting off from the well-known assumption that merism is a particular kind of synecdoche. The notion of merism is delimited and used in its etymological sense, which serves as a starting point for a two-fold classification of this figurative use into contrast-based merism and merism in which contrast plays no role (bare merism). We also explore the constructions which might trigger meristic uses and the characteristics of the terms involved in meristic binomials and trinomials which make them readily available for fusion into specific syntactic patterns like “X and Y,” “both X and Y,” “X and Y alike,” “X as well as Y,” and “X, Y, and Z.”

The Politician: Action and Creation in the Practical Ontology of Gilles Deleuze

This paper addresses an action that, from a Deleuzian perspective, is capable of modifying the despairing current social situation in which we are immersed, through the creation of political Ideas. Even though Deleuze conceives social Ideas as vast civilizing structures, we propose to bring into the political domain the logic of other acts of creation, such as the artistic or the philosophical, where the monumental coexists with minor figures that are nonetheless capable of introducing novelty into the world. The politician is the figure of those who are capable of having an Idea that allows to break the habits that perpetuate the current situation, and gives consistency to the intensive forms of life that continually create and dissolve themselves in the flow of becoming. Thus, macro- and micro-politics do not oppose each other, but offer in their immanence an alternative to social nihilism.

A Tale of Two Funerals: Surrogation and the Legacy of Florence Mills in Show Boat's Black Chorus (1927)

A Tale of Two FuneralsSurrogation and the Legacy of Florence Mills in Show Boat's Black Chorus (1927) Bethany Wood (bio) Solemnity suffused the streets of Harlem on Sunday, November 6, 1927, as thousands of mourners thronged the route of Florence Mills's funeral procession.1 The local chorine-turned-headliner had been diagnosed with pelvic tuberculosis months earlier while touring in England with the revue Blackbirds. Knowing the cast and crew depended on her for employment, the thirty-two-year-old Mills had kept her diagnosis confidential and continued to perform, traveling with the show to Glasgow, Manchester, and Liverpool before returning to the United States in late September.2 Upon her return, Mills attended parties and discussed future projects, including a starring role in Florenz Ziegfeld's Follies and a possible film version of the novel Porgy with Paul Robeson. Few knew of Mills's illness at the time and none, including Mills and her family, recognized its severity. Without fanfare, Mills entered the Hospital for Joint Diseases in late October and died November 1 from complications following an operation performed to alleviate her condition.3 In his book Cities of the Dead, Joseph Roach discusses surrogation, the process by which individuals succeed a figurehead to perpetuate the departed's social and cultural function. Roach identifies various "vortices of behavior," events that function "to canalize specified needs, desires, and habits in order to reproduce them … the grand boulevard, the marketplace, the theater district, the square, the burial ground—where the gravitational pull of social necessity brings audiences together and produces performers (candidates for surrogation) from their midst."4 The literal and metaphorical "burial ground" of Mills's funeral acted as one such behavioral vortex, which resonated with a second vortex [End Page 68] occurring in the actual and conceptual "theatre district" where Mills had made her career. On November 15, just nine days after Mills's funeral, Ziegfeld presented the first preview performance of Show Boat. The musical previewed in Washington, DC, traveled to Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh again, and then opened on Broadway in late December, where it ran for 575 performances. The musical featured a chorus "of the most beautiful girls ever glorified by Mr. Ziegfeld," and, for the first time in a Ziegfeld show, the production included a contingent of Black chorus girls, several of whom had previously appeared onstage with Mills.5 The commingling of Mills's funeral with the musical's opening thrust Show Boat's Black chorines into the gravitational pull of these behavioral vortices, positioning the dancers as primary candidates to succeed Mills. The history of Show Boat's Black chorus girls, like much non-white dance history, lies largely outside the archive. Choruses in 1920s musicals functioned as a multitude, seemingly without individuality, crafted, trained, and critiqued as a cohesive unit. As Saidiya Hartman notes, "Every historian of the multitude … is forced to grapple with the power and authority of the archive and the limits it sets on what can be known, whose perspective matters, and who is endowed with the gravity and authority of historical actor."6 The nomenclature of the "chorus girl," deployed to evoke youth and vitality, positioned female chorus dancers as children, individuals lacking the agency, maturity, and importance associated with historical relevance. Rather than in individual chorus dancers, historical import rested in the era's famous impresarios, men understood as experts in discovering and shaping young women's "raw" talent into successful, artistic performances.7 Records of chorus girls from the period, particularly those who never achieved stardom, thus remain sparse, their histories overshadowed by the men who produced them. In conjunction with the chorus girl's lowly status, Black chorus girls confronted racist understandings of Black dance and dancers as essentially primitive, a construct that further distanced their stories and work from the cultural status that lends itself to documentation, acknowledgment, and preservation. Like the women Hartman studies, the Black chorus dancers in Show Boat were "young black women … destined to be minor figures" and thus were largely disregarded in contemporary and historical accounts.8 Accordingly, while studies analyzing "the chorus" in Show Boat abound, individual histories of the chorus dancers are rare...

The Secular Enlightenment by Margaret C. Jacob

Reviewed by: The Secular Enlightenment by Margaret C. Jacob Anna Tomaszewska The Secular Enlightenment. By Margaret C. Jacob. (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2019. Pp. xi, 339. $29.95. ISBN 9780691161327.) The author of the seminal Radical Enlightenment (1981) has proposed another category encapsulating intellectual, social, and political metamorphoses spurred by [End Page 214] the "Age of Enlightenment." In eight chapters that take the reader through Western European and trans-Atlantic spaces and times spanning from the late seventeenth century until the 1790s, Margaret Jacob pictures the emergence of "the secular world" in which human life would increasingly center on the here and now without "a necessary reference to a transcendent order" (pp. 1–2). For Jacob, secularization does not imply a complete repudiation of religion, but redefining its meaning as a cultural practice, an approach traceable to The Religious Ceremonies and Customs (1723–43) by Jean Frederick Bernard and Bernard Picart. The secular Enlightenment turned toward science under Newton's auspices, witnessed budding sensitivity to social injustice and inequalities, criticized the alliance between church and state, and brought the development of the university culture. Clandestine literature and new forms of sociability, practiced in masonic lodges, city clubs, and cafés, created a global space of shared ideas and ideals: equality, cosmopolitanism, universal brotherhood. Inventions, such as that of the pendulum clock, prompted changes in the perception of time dedicated more and more to this-worldly activities. The secular ways became manifest in the lives of countless travelers, publishers, industrialists, academics, scientists, and poets—both minor figures, some of them female, and the leading protagonists of the epoch. France prepared the ground for the outbreak of its 1789 revolution: the deism, materialism, and atheism of the philosophes provided a setting in which the absolute monarchy and priestly privilege could be challenged. The Scottish enlighteners favored pragmatic topics: taxes, commerce, and how to counteract poverty, which would set the background for the development of capitalism and the conception of historical progress. Germany staged the advocacy of secular ethics and politics, the publication of subversive writings attacking organized religion, conflicts between rationalist philosophers and state authorities, and finally the resurgence of Spinozism that constituted the naturalist underpinnings for "a universal humanism" (p. 197). The Italians, overcoming tensions between the Catholic Church and the enlightened values, contributed to political economy with theories of money and trade, and to political theory by laying the foundations for a constitutional republic that would later serve as a model for the Americans. The way was also paved for abolishing torture, slavery, and eventually death penalty. Social and political unrest accompanied the demise of the Enlightenment, which set in motion the "creation of the democratic citizen," necessitating a "personal transformation … often transgressive of customs and mores" (p. 236), particularly those related to family life. The Enlightenment, which persisted in the writings of the Romantics, brought along "the secular" that "had become all pervasive" (p. 264). Jacob's fascinatingly many-layered and multifaceted account of the Enlightenment unfolds the extent to which its ideas have shaped our times, yet occasionally her usage of '"enlightened" slips from merely descriptive into normative. Jacob does not side with the proponents of the "religious Enlightenment"—the claim that religious controversies could have triggered the secularizing impulse (Jeffrey D. Burson) or that the "Age of Reason" made possible new forms of belief (David Sorkin). Her allegiance stays with those who, like Peter Gay, link the Enlightenment with the [End Page 215] secular. However, although Jacob's account expresses attachment to the secular values which have come to be associated with liberal democratic culture that some believe to prevail nowadays, it also perpetuates the view of those critics of the Enlightenment who would see in it a movement of dissent from Christianity. Anna Tomaszewska Jagellonian University in Krakow Copyright © 2022 The Catholic University of America Press

Demonizing the Aggressors: Russian Icons of The Battle of Novgorodians against Suzdalians

This paper discusses the role of details and minor figures in Russian medieval iconography. Studying an icon of The Battle of Novgorodians against Suzdalians, painted in the middle of the 15th century, the author reveals small visual elements that helped the artist(s) to blame and demonize the aggressors of the distant past. Combining details, the icon-painter enriched the image with many important nuances. However, tiny visual elements were hardly noticeable and clear to the viewers. The author analyses absurd figures that appeared in different icons as the result of the painters’ mistakes (the pagans with halos, the black angel) to ensure that little details normally remained unnoticed by parishioners and priests. This leads to the more general question about the possible recipient of the visual ‘micro-text’ and the role of details for the icon-painters.

An untimely geographer: Friedrich Engels, ideas and geography in Oxford

Friedrich Engels is something of a minor figure in geography. In this commentary, we trace Engels’ association with Oxford Geography as a point of departure for examining the major and minor registers of an Engellian geography.

Empire's Mistress, Starring Isabel Rosario Cooper by Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez

Reviewed by: Empire's Mistress, Starring Isabel Rosario Cooper by Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez Thea Quiray Tagle VERNADETTE VICUÑA GONZALEZ Empire's Mistress, Starring Isabel Rosario Cooper Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021. 219 pages. What can minor stories uncover about the intimacies of US empire? University of Hawai'i at Manoa Professor of American Studies Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez's second monograph, Empire's Mistress, Starring Isabel Rosario Cooper, breaks decisively with historiographical conventions to address this question using provocative and refreshing methods uncommon to Philippine studies and Filipino American studies. Focusing its attention on Isabel Rosario Cooper, a biracial Filipina child star-turned-bodabil (the Philippines's homegrown version of vaudeville) performer in Manila who reinvented herself multiple times over, Empire's Mistress rewrites the life story of a mysterious and contradictory woman footnoted in history as "Gen. Douglas MacArthur's mistress" and makes a critical feminist intervention into now familiar histories of US imperialism in the Philippines. To understand Gonzalez's masterful contribution to transpacific Filipino history and cultural studies, it is important to situate this book alongside other interdisciplinary scholarship that similarly attends to the intimate labor of empire building and the sexuality of race in the US. The essays in Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History (Duke University Press, 2006), edited by Ann Laura Stoler, come to mind immediately, along with Lisa Lowe's The Intimacy of Four Continents (Duke University Press, 2015), of which an article-length version appears in Stoler's [End Page 481] edited collection. These texts assess comparatively and relationally the ways in which policing indigenous, mestiza, and colonized women's sexualities and intimacies was central to settler colonial and imperial nation-building projects in North America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Like these texts, Empire's Mistress also recognizes colonized women's intimate labor (which includes flirting, sex, and seduction) with imperial men as survival strategies that reveal the profound sexual and racial violence at the heart of empire (17). The first half of the book, in particular, illuminates the ways both Cooper and her mother, Josefina, navigated the shifting terrain (both literal and metaphorical) of the "New Filipina" in the Philippines and the US during the Philippines's modernizing and transitional period between Spanish and American colonial rule and during the archipelago's immediate postindependence period. And in its focus on early–to mid–twentieth-century Filipina women's history as national history, Empire's Mistress is a standout text among Filipino studies scholarship by US-based academics, of a kind along with Denise Cruz's Transpacific Femininities: The Making of the Modern Filipina (Duke University Press, 2012) and Genevieve Clutario's articles and forthcoming monograph. How Gonzalez tracks this story through the Cooper archives—or, more accurately, despite the lack of archives—is what truly distinguishes this manuscript from the other aforementioned works, which hew closely to historiographical methods of uncovering lost or buried materials in order to tell different stories. What Empire's Mistress does, instead, is to write into the absences, elisions, and lies of the archive to imagine motivations for Cooper's actions far more complicated than the dominant narrative of her as simply or only the Filipina paramour of famed US General MacArthur. It utilizes a method described by scholar and writer Saidiya Hartman as a practice of "critical fabulation," articulated in her 2008 essay "Venus in Two Acts" (Small Axe, 2008:1–14) and more fully fleshed out in her latest book Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval (W. W. Norton, 2020: 13, xv), which speculates on the practices of "minor figures" of black women as "radical thinkers who tirelessly imagined other ways to live." Within the pages of Empire's Mistress, Cooper emerges as a "dangerously desiring subject," a woman who refuses to be captured or contained by the colonial archive, and whose "choices illuminate how people adapted and survived in conditions not of their own making, and in circumstances that were designed to wear away their dignity and humanity" (6–7). Writing across [End Page 482] genres, geographies, and temporalities, Gonzalez creates a "shadow narrative of archival detritus, fabrications, second takes and other...

КРИЗИС В МЬЯНМЕ КАК МОМЕНТ ИСТИНЫ ДЛЯ АСЕАН

The article is devoted to the acute problem of confrontation between ASEAN and the military administration of Myanmar. According to the consensus reached at the special ASEAN summit in April, dedicated to the events in Myanmar after the military coup on February 1, 2021, the special envoy of the bloc was entrusted with the mission to facilitate negotiations between all interested parties. However, Myanmar's military leadership refused to allow Erivan Yusof to meet with key participants in the conflict, detained State adviser Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint, offering minor figures for negotiations. The State Administrative Council of Myanmar counted on the compliance of the divided ASEAN and its susceptibility to the manipulations of the junta. The result was an unprecedented decision by ASEAN to refuse to invite Senior General Min Aung Hlaing to the October summits, which automatically meant a refusal to legitimize the regime. This decision may be a moment of truth for ASEAN, which has tacitly decided to reconsider the principle of non-interference and the tradition of consensus.

Знахідки в басейні р. Тясмину мідних монет Ольвії з Деметрою та «істрійським» варіантом міської емблеми

У районі басейну р. Тясмину, як і в цілому на території Дніпровського Правобережного Лісостепу, зустрічаються знахідки давньогрецьких монет ІV ст. до н.е., у тому числі й досить рідкісні. Серед корпусу знахідок давньогрецьких монет на території басейну р. Тясмин особливе місце належить монетам Ольвії. У статті розглядаються знахідки в басейні р. Тясмину мідних монет Ольвії з Деметрою та «істрійським» варіантом міської емблеми. Номінал цього типу монет дослідники досить часто визначають як «обол». В історіографії містяться відомості про імена монетних магістратів відповідальних за випуск цього типу монет. Кількість цих імен у різних дослідників коливається від 14 до 20. Проте, ймовірно, ця кількість імен має бути більшою. Проаналізовані у статті ольвійські оболи з Деметрою та «істрійським» варіантом міської емблеми, знайдені далеко за межами ольвійської хори, вперше введені до наукового обігу монети даного типу, що значно розширює раніше відому топографію знахідок монет цього типу. Знахідки в басейні р. Тясмин на території Олександрівського району Кіровоградської та Чигиринського району Черкаської області монет, карбованих у IV ст. до н.е. у грецькій колонії Ольвії, свідчать про існування зв’язків населення басейну р. Тясмин з мешканцями грецьких міст Північно-Західного Причорномор’я у вказаний хронологічний період. Знахідки давньогрецьких монет на території Дніпровського Правобережного Лісостепу, у тому числі й районі басейну Тясмину, спростовують побутуючу в історіографії думку про те, що мешканці Середнього Подніпров’я мали виключно товарообмінні операції з грецькими колоніями в Північному Причорномор’ї, а бронзові монети, які випадково і в незначних обсягах потрапляли до даного регіону, могли використовуватися як сировина для виготовлення бронзових предметів.

Hippon of Croton (or Samos) from Aristotle to the Anonymus Londiniensis: medicine and research on nature

Abstract Even though Hippon is a minor figure among the so-called Presocratics, a new analysis of some of his fragments confirms that he was a famous and valuable scientist, who explored nature, starting from the vegetal world (botany). He assumed it as a model also for animal and human physiology. The passages examined do him justice against the contempt expressed by Aristotle.