Mine Layout Research Articles

Research on collaborative management technology of deep multi-coal seam mining and pre-reclamation in coal-grain composite area

Subterranean coal mining results in the occurrence of surface subsidence, soil degradation, and damage to agricultural lands, which is especially severe in regions with high groundwater levels. The collaborative reclamation scheme combining surface pre-reclamation and underground mining layout optimization can effectively control the problem of damage to farmlands. Hence, it is imperative to study the collaborative management technology. The research area for this study is Jiulishan Mine, located in coal-grain composite areas with a high groundwater table. Initially, a combined UAV and USV measuring system was utilized to acquire spatial data of the proposed reclamation area. Furthermore, we examined the evolution features of the subsidence ponding related to various mining methods using FLAC3D numerical modeling. Ultimately, the ArcGIS spatial analysis module was utilized to model and calculate the reclamation volume and rate for each plan. Our findings indicate that: (1) The extent of damage caused by shallow coal seam mining includes an area of 50.67 hm2 for farmland damaged area (FDA), 31.49 hm2 for seasonal subsidence ponding (SSP), and 23.51 hm2 for perennial subsidence ponding (PSP). Additionally, the boundary subsidence values for each damaged area are 0.8 m, 1.6 m, and 2.8 m, respectively. (2) Through the optimization of deep coal seam mining designs, the spatial configuration of the subsidence basin is successfully altered, creating the necessary condition for the development of a dynamic pre-reclamation plan. (3) The reclamation rate of the optimized pre-reclamation (PR) scheme is significantly higher, ranging from 40 % to 44 %, compared to the reclamation rate of 24 % of the traditional reclamation (TR). The choice of a suitable land reclamation and ecological restoration strategy was determined by optimizing mining plans and considering the characteristics of the subsidence area. This offers empirical evidence and specialized assistance for the ecological rehabilitation of coal-grain composite areas with high groundwater levels.

Beyond the empirical pillar design method: The strain criterion and the pillar load inversion concepts

Pillar design is a crucial aspect of underground mining engineering, as it directly impacts the safety, stability, and overall effectiveness of mining operations. In this paper we present a method to calculate pillar stability based on the strain criterion and pillar load inversion concept, which complements the empirical pillar strength formulae. Those formulae do not account for certain parameters that can affect the stability of the pillars, e.g. weak layers, changes in stress orientations due to mining, orebody dip, mining layout complexity, and the influence of regional stabilizing pillars. The approach presented here is not intended to replace the empirical method; rather, we suggest using it as the initial step in the pillar design process. This should be followed by iterative numerical modelling to study pillar behaviour, define pillar stability, and optimize the pillar design by considering site-specific and representative rock mass properties and criteria.

Insights and future research directions from a bibliometric mapping of studies in stope layout optimisation

ABSTRACT Stope layout optimisation is an important sub-problem of the generic underground mining optimisation problem that contributes towards optimal ore extraction. It is a growing research area as some surface mines transition from open-pit to underground mining. Several researchers acknowledge the complexity of optimising underground mine layouts because exact methods are limited in generating three-dimensional optimal solutions, hence the growing use of metaheuristic approaches to solve the problem in three dimensions. This paper presents a PRISMA-based bibliometric mapping of stope layout optimisation approaches using R-Biblioshiny and VOSviewer software, their concomitant limitations, and suggests potential future research directions in stope layout optimisation.

Microseismic event locations and source mechanisms using dominant guided waves recorded in an underground potash mine

Microseismic event locations and moment tensors (MT) in underground mines can provide insights into the subsurface deformation and current state of stress. However, reliable estimation of these source parameters is rather challenging due to high-frequency waveforms and a low signal-to-noise ratio for negative magnitude events. We study microseismicity in an underground potash mine in Saskatchewan, Canada, recorded between 1 March and 30 June 2021, by a network of broadband seismometers. The active mining is carried out in low-velocity evaporites at depths of approximately 1 km below the ground level. The theoretical dispersion curves show that guided waves in the form of leaky P and P-SV/SH normal modes can exist in a 1D velocity model representing mine geology. These guided waves are detected as high-energy dispersive arrivals on the seismograms recorded at the underground receivers. We locate the events using the arrival times of the guided waves and their mean group velocities. Most (approximately 80%) of the detected events cluster around the mine layout between depths of 0.95 to 1.05 km. Next, we compute MT for 92 events using waveforms of guided phases. The MT show nondouble-couple components with only 28 events having double-couple percentages greater than 50%. These events occur near mined-out cavities with source mechanisms corresponding to the layer delamination in the roof and floor or pillar yield related to the closure of cavities. No abnormal microseismicity is detected away from the mine levels in the more competent carbonate rocks above or below the evaporite formations. Thus, guided waves enable the detection of microseismic events up to large distances and can provide high-resolution event locations and MT inversion. These can be interpreted in the context of local geology and mining activities to identify the dominant factors affecting microseismicity.

Study of the Impact of Hard Rock Pillar Behavior on the Raise Caving Mining System

Raise caving is a novel mining method with an active stress control approach, which is suitable for deep mining environments. The application of raise caving is investigated for LKAB’s Kiruna mine. This mining method consists of two different phases. In the de-stressing phase, inclined de-stressing slots are created with a minimum amount of infrastructure and long-raise bore holes. The de-stressing slots provide stress shadows for subsequent large scale mining activities. These slots are separated by massive pillars, with width to height ratios of up to 10 and a length of several hundreds of meters, which are required to control stresses and seismicity and prevent hangingwall caving. Due to the stress redistribution in the mine, pillars and abutment areas become highly stressed. In the so-called “production phase”, which follows the de-stressing phase, large scale mineral extraction is conducted. As pillars are highly stressed after the de-stressing phase, it is important to de-stress them in the production phase to be able to extract them in a safe manner. Overall, pillars play a decisive role for the success of the raise caving mining method. Hence, studies on pillars and their impact on the raise caving mining method are of great importance. The first part of the contribution outlines the importance of pillars in the raise caving mining method on a conceptual basis. Numerical simulations for different mine layouts and different pillar behavior are then conducted to study the impact of pillar behavior on the system. The stress redistribution in the mining system and the infrastructure stability, with the help of the RCF-value, are analyzed. For this purpose, simulations with a linear elastic material behavior are a well-suited method. Consequently, the de-stressing of the pillar due to crushing cannot be analyzed with a linear elastic model. To do so, a method for de-stressing the pillar has to be implemented into the simulation. The behavior for pillars with a different width to height ratio is implemented with the help of pre-calculated stress-strain curves from available knowledge on pillar strength and behavior. Since mining is a progressive process, the sequence of mining plays an important role for the stress development in pillars and abutment areas and is also included in the simulations. Different ways for pillar de-stressing are outlined and discussed. Furthermore, the influence of stoping in the production phase is discussed in this contribution.

Pattern of Influence of the Mining Direction of the Protective Seam on the Stress of the Surrounding Rock

The maximum principal stress of the original rock has obvious directionality, and the pressure relief effect is different when the protective seam is mined along different directions. In this paper, the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC3D 6.0) numerical simulation software was used to establish a numerical calculation model according to the actual stratum conditions of the Pingdingshan No. 8 Coal Mine. The distribution and evolutionary characteristics of three-dimensional stress and three-dimensional displacement of the stope are studied under the condition that the mining direction of the protective seam is parallel to or vertical to the maximum principal stress direction of the original rock; the pattern of influence of the mining direction on the pressure relief and outburst prevention effect of the protective seam mining is analyzed. For the protective seam, the maximum principal stress in the coal in front of the protective seam cut–hole is significantly reduced, and the outburst potential is reduced in parallel mining. However, in vertical mining, the maximum principal stress in the coal in front of the protective seam cut–hole increases significantly, and the outburst potential increases. For the protective seam and surrounding rock, parallel mining can more fully reduce the maximum principal stress of the protective seam, reduce the difference in the three-dimensional stress, and effectively reduce the outburst potential of the protective seam. Therefore, parallel mining can not only improve the safety of the protective seam but also improve the pressure relief and outburst prevention effect of the protective seam. This conclusion is verified by the outburst prevention effect of the parallel mining of the remote upper protective seam in the Pingdingshan No. 8 Coal Mine. The research results are helpful for optimizing mine outburst potential prevention and control work from the aspect of mining layout. Through parallel mining, the outburst potential of the mine can be effectively reduced overall.

Numerical simulation of large-scale pillar-layouts

A number of shallow coal or hard rock mines employ pillar mining systems as a strategy for roof failure control. In certain platinum mine layouts, pillars are designed to 'crush' in a stable manner as they become loaded in the panel back area. The correct sizing of pillars demands some knowledge of the pillar strength and the overall layout stress distribution. It is particularly important to understand the impact of the layout geometry on the effective regional 'stiffness' of the rock mass around each pillar. An important design strategy is to model relatively detailed layout configurations which include a precise representation of the local pillar layout geometry and to analyse multiple mining scenarios and extraction sequences to select optimal pillar sizes and barrier pillar spacing. Although computational solution techniques are now impressive in terms of run time efficiency, a major difficulty is often encountered in assigning suitable material properties to the pillars and in devising an effective material description of the layered rock strata overlying the mine excavations. This paper outlines an efficient numerical strategy that can be used to assess large-scale pillar layout performance while retaining the ability to modify individual pillar constitutive behaviour. The proposed method is applied to selected layouts to compare estimated average pillar stress values against values determined by detailed modelling and against observed behaviour.

A study of backfill confinement to reinforce pillars in bord-and-pillar layouts

This study explores the use of backfill in hard rock bord-and-pillar mines to increase the pillar strength and extraction ratio at depth. The use of backfill will also minimize the requirement for tailings storage on surface and the risk of environmental damage. A literature survey indicated that backfill is extensively used in coal mines, but rarely in hard rock bord-and-pillar mines. To simulate the effect of backfill confinement on pillar strength, an extension of the limit equilibrium model is proposed. Numerical modelling of an actual platinum mine layout is used to illustrate the beneficial effect of backfill on pillar stability at greater depths. The magnitude of confinement exerted by the backfill on the pillar sidewalls is unknown, however, and this needs to be quantified using experimental backfill mining sections equipped with suitable instrumentation.

Integrating the effect of abutments in estimating the average vertical stress of elastic hard rock pillars by combining numerical modelling and artificial neural networks

Estimating average vertical pillar stresses is a critical step in designing room-and-pillar mines. Several analytical methods can be used to estimate the vertical stresses acting on the pillars. However, the present analytical methods fail to adequately account for the influence of abutments on the distribution of vertical stresses, especially when applied to narrow panel widths and pillar layouts comprising evenly spaced barriers. In this study, a multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) was applied to predict the vertical loads of regular pillars more accurately. Hundreds of room-and-pillar mine layouts were modeled using a displacement discontinuity method (DDM), and a database of 2355 sampled pillar cases was compiled. The MLPNN was trained based on this database, and its prediction capabilities were further validated using simulations by a finite difference code (i.e., FLAC3D). The model predictions and the FLAC3D simulations reasonably agreed with a regression coefficient of 0.99. The model was also adapted for mine cases with evenly spaced barrier pillars, and its application to a real case study mine has shown to provide accurate pillar stress estimations; hence, this model is suitable for practical use at mines. Even though the MLPNN model cannot be applied universally to all mine situations, it seems as a significant improvement over existing analytical techniques in terms of accounting for the influence of abutments on pillar stresses.

A fast method to find smooth economic envelopes for block and panel caving mines

The first step in the planning of a mine is the determination of the economic envelope, which is the volume that encapsulates the mine layout and maximizes the total economic value; thus, it has a considerable impact in the design and planning of the mining project. The most common approach for calculating the economic envelope of block and panel caving mines is to determine the best envelope for each possible floor and then chose the est from manually. This method is very fast and effective but may generate footprints that are difficult to design and operate as they do not consider any geometrical constraint of the shape of the envelope that are relevant, for example, to limit abutment stress.In this paper, we present a novel method that incorporates geometrical constraints related to the connectivity and smoothness of the outline of the envelope, and the continuity and smoothness of the height of the draw columns. Our method is based on the same approach used to compute the ultimate pit, i.e., the economic envelope of open pit mines. Therefore, it is very efficient and ensures to find the optimal solution for the constraints that are set.We test the method, comparing the economic envelopes of the de facto approach and our proposed approach and show that the geometries obtained are more favorable geometries and generate economic values similar to or better than those calculated using the standard approach. That is, the method improves the geometry of the economic envelope without loss in value.

Calculation of reserve estimation in the new pit design using mining software at PT. Tanjung Alam Jaya pit x, Banjar, South Borneo.

The mining planning and design were carried out in PT. Tanjung Alam Jaya, a coal mining company in South Kalimantan. The company intends to re-mine the Pit X area and requires a comprehensive mine planning approach to achieve its mining objectives. The study focuses on long-term planning, specifically optimizing the pit design while considering the company's specified stripping ratio limit and calculating the potential reserve volumes. The research aims to develop an optimized pit design and estimate the quantity of mineable reserves based on the optimization results. The findings include a mining layout design drawing and the calculated coal reserves that can be extracted from the optimized pit design. The excavation area spans 38.1 hectares, with excavation limits reaching a depth of -56 meters above sea level. The shape of the excavation extends from northeast to southwest, with a length of 1,065 meters and a variable width of 310 to 460 meters. The excavation features a slope height of 10 meters and a single slope angle of 65 degrees. Moreover, the haul road measures 21 meters in width with a 10% grade. The pit design indicates a total mineable coal reserve of 1,400,263.48 tons across all seams. Additionally, it reveals that 21,565,312.42 bcm of overburden / interburden must be stripped, resulting in a stripping ratio of 15.40 for the specific pit design. The haul road measures 21 meters in width with a 10% grade. In conclusion, this research demonstrates PT Tanjung Alam Jaya's efforts to optimize their pit design for re-mining in the Pit X area. The study provides valuable insights through a comprehensive mine planning approach, aiding the company in achieving their mining objectives while adhering to specified limits.

Mechanical behavior of coal under true triaxial loading test connecting the effect of excavation- and mining-induced disturbances

In order to understand the mechanical behavior of a stope and analyse the stress conditions of surrounding rocks after ventilation shaft excavation and the abutment stresses of the top coal mining layout. In situ uniaxial stress monitoring tests were performed to understand the field abutment pressure evolution. Furthermore, the variation of the stress concentration factor was studied using the Tongxin Mine 8309 mining face of the TongMei Group, China, as a case study. A loading model of coal rock under excavation- and mining-induced disturbances was proposed, and the stress path and experimental method were designed to investigate the high excavation-damaged zone (HDZ), excavation-damaged zone (EDZ), and undisturbed zone (UZ). Moreover, the mechanical characteristics and failure characteristics of coal rock in different zones under site disturbance were obtained and the mesoscopic analysis is carried out by acoustic emission test. The results indicated that the strengths of the UZ, EDZ, and HDZ samples declined gradually. The volume of the UZ sample continuously expanded. However, the volumes of the EDZ and HDZ samples were compressed first and then expanded. Furthermore, the shear bands presented in all three samples resulted in failure. The cubic triaxial tests performed without considering mining-induced pressure produced higher strengths and less damage compared with the results of the true triaxial tests. The stress path used in the laboratory with the mining-induced stress throughout the stope could optimally reproduce the in situ mining process, which is significantly safe and efficient for the mining of deep resources.

Status of the H2020-ROBOMINERS Prototype

This article presents the current status of the H2020-ROBOMINERS project with focus on the prototype to be developed. The aim of this project is the development of a small-scale mining robot, which will be capable of exploring difficult to access deposits with the ability of selective mining underground, under water, and in slurries. Considerably low weight and power are challenges to be overcome. Environment-friendliness is secured by powering the entire robot water-hydraulically. Core element of the robominer is the main module, in which the locomotion and powering system will be implemented. Additional elements in the robot are sensors for navigation and perception and a production tool to excavate small amounts of material. The locomotion system consists of an Archimedes-screw mechanism, which can be extended in radial direction and used as grippers inside a tunnel to increase its traction capacity. Selective perception tools help the mining robot navigate in harsh terrains and find the ore. A small-scale longitudinal part-face cutter head has been selected as an excavation tool. This cutter head has been tested extensively in the laboratory by performing cutting tests with several rock samples. The performance allows a continuous excavation of soft rock material (successful tests with reasonable excavation rate up to a uniaxial compressive strength of 30 MPa). The mined ore is then slurrified and transported to a processing station. On-board analysis equipment using specializsed sensing systems allows the robot to analyse the slurry composition in real-time. The demonstration and final test of the full-scale prototype are planned in an open-pit oilshale mine. Eventually, the project will serve as a guideline for future mining robots including feasibility studies of different robot designs, potential mine layouts and mining scenarios as well as various excavation tools for different rock conditions.

Managing geotechnical uncertainty and risk in mining

The science of soil mechanics is 100 years old, and rock mechanics is about 80 years old. While methods of analysis and design have been developed and have evolved over time, these are relatively young sciences. The rapid increases in computing power and new technologies have enabled more sophisticated modelling and monitoring. However, there are still many aspects of soil and rock mechanics that are not well understood. Geotechnical failures, which have major consequences, still occur. These consequences may include environmental damage, major production holdups and associated loss of revenue, damage to infrastructure, and loss of life. High-consequence events, which are rare, are more difficult to anticipate and to design for, because by their nature they involve extraordinary circumstances or conditions, often geological in nature. The risks are usually mitigated by conservative designs and monitoring. Detailed geotechnical investigations help us to understand the natural variability of soil and rock masses and identify unusual or unexpected conditions. Investigating and researching major geotechnical failures is essential to enable these unusual circumstances to be anticipated. In the past, severe unanticipated events may have been treated as natural events or 'acts of God'. However, society now has much greater expectations and it is essential to have policies and procedures in place that enable appropriate management of these rare, high-consequence risks. A good example is the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM), which was introduced after the catastrophic dam collapse at Vale's Corrego de Feijao mine in Brumadinho, Brazil. The address will explain the concepts of uncertainty and variability, and how they should be taken into account in geotechnical design. The challenges facing geotechnical engineers, mine owners, and managers will be discussed. referencing a number of real case studies. Keywords: uncertainty, variability, risk, consequences, environmental, social, production, revenue, damage, geotechnical, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, design, mine layouts, GISTM, tailings dam, pillar, failure, mechanism, model, seismic, rockburst.

Field Investigation of Sandstone Escarpment Stability at East Mountain, Utah, USA

During the last three decades, a significant amount of research has been directed to developing predictive tools for assessing the stability of the Castlegate Sandstone escarpment, travel distances for the debris and the need for any control measures in Central Utah. The cliff-forming Castlegate Sandstone is 60 m thick at the study mine in Utah and lies approximately 250 m above multiple-seam coal reserves. To assess escarpment stability, the authors used multiple regression analysis and extensive data on geology, mining, and escarpment stability collected over many years. The volume of failed rocks was used as the response variable. Mine layout options were developed to minimize cliff instability and frequency of mining-induced surface fractures. Geologic and geometric variables were obtained along 3.7 km of escarpment exposure at 180 study locations. A regression analysis of data from 29 study locations showed that surface topography plays a critical role in influencing escarpment stability. With additional data collected over the next longwall block, important variables were identified including canyon slope, thickness of Castlegate Sandstone and mining influence angle. Finally, the model was used for prediction of escarpment stability in area 3. In remote mining areas of Utah, warning signs were posted at the study areas.

Determination of sublevel stoping layout using a network flow algorithm and the MRMR classification system

Reduced access to shallow mineral resources, increased demand for minerals, and advances in technology have led to the development of deep underground mines. The location of the stopes and, finally, the determination of the mine layout is one of the problems in the design of any underground mine. In this study, a network flow algorithm was used to optimize the underground mine layout where sublevel stoping was chosen as the mining method. Due to the geomechanical constraints, the empirical Mining Rock Mass Rating classification system was used to determine the maximum stable width of the mineable stopes in the mine layout of each mining level. The model was run on a copper deposit and optimized for one mining level. The results obtained from running the model showed that 40 mineable stopes with a total recovery of 97% could be achieved. For validity check, the results were compared with those obtained from the algorithm of maximum value neighborhood. Application of the proposed model into the example block model revealed approximately 7% more economic value for the network flow algorithm than the maximum value neighborhood algorithm.

Numerical simulation and protection of the dynamic change of Jinan karst spring based on coupling of seepage and conduit flow

The objective of this study was to predict the dynamic change in the spring water level more precisely, to provide timely solutions for karst spring protection. Using the Jinan spring region as a case study, this study established a numerical model of a karst groundwater system, and optimized the mining layout. The calculated maximum extraction volume following the optimized exploitation layout was 0.69 m3/s, in order to ensure the continuous flow of spring water in the median water year. A coupled karst groundwater numerical model with dual structure was developed using the MODFLOW-Conduit Flow Process (CFP), which simulates and then precisely predicts changes in the water level of the karst springs. Here, the plane extension direction of the karst conduit was determined by a tracer test and correlation analysis of the spring water levels and groundwater levels of the observation wells. Meanwhile, the vertical location of the karst conduit was determined by layered monitoring of the groundwater temperature and conductivity. Based on this, a coupling model of seepage and conduit flow was created to simulate the dynamic change in the spring water level, and the dual-media coupling model improved the simulation accuracy of the spring water level. The current study confirmed that, compared to the porous media seepage model, the dual-media coupling model can simulate the groundwater level dynamic change more accurately in a heterogeneous karst aquifer in northern China. The coupling model was used to analyze the effect of supplementation and optimize mining, to ensure that spring water continues to flow during the dry season while supplying the mining demand.

Analysis of SLAM-Based Lidar Data Quality Metrics for Geotechnical Underground Monitoring

Adverse ground behavior events, such as convergence and ground falls, pose critical risks to underground mine safety and productivity. Today, monitoring of such failures is primarily conducted using legacy techniques with low spatial and temporal resolution while exposing workers to hazardous environments. This study assesses the potential of novel simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)-based light detection and ranging (Lidar) data quality for rapid, digital, and eventually autonomous mine-wide underground geotechnical monitoring. We derive a comprehensive suite of quality metrics based on tests in two underground mines for two state-of-the-art mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems. Our results provide evidence that SLAM-based MLS provides data of the quality required to detect geotechnically relevant changes while being significantly more efficient for large mine layouts when compared to traditional static systems. Additionally, we show that SLAM-specific processing can achieve an order of magnitude better relative accuracy relevant for change detection than quality metrics derived from traditionally deployed tests would suggest while reducing SLAM drift error by up to 90%. In collaboration with an operating block cave mine, we confirm these capabilities in field tests on a mine-wide scale and, for the first time, demonstrate methods of rockfall detection using MLS data. While more work is required to investigate optimal collection, processing, and utilization of MLS data, we demonstrate its potential to become an effective and widely applicable data source for rapid, accurate, and comprehensive geotechnical inspections.

Rock burst forecasting technique and selecting a safe coal face advance direction

Mine planning involves selecting an optimal mine layout. At the same time key factors, including those influencing mining safety, should be comprehensively taken into account. A developed rock burst forecasting technique taking into account mine workings of an extraction area and a mine goaf enables determining the safe direction of a coal face. The proposed technique also takes into account all faulting/joint systems, occurring beyond a mine field. The distribution of specific potential energy in an intact rock mass is proposed to be used as the basis of the input data required for rock burst forecasting. The forecast is carried out via estimating the Lode-Nadai coefficient at different directions of coal face advancing. The stress (intensity) coefficient is proposed to be used as a criterion in order to determine a safe direction. We determined the safety criterion is equal to 10 in the Komsomolskaya Mine conditions. Besides, the safest direction of a coal face advance to mitigate the risks of rock burst was determined for this mine. The direction between 138° and 128° counter-clockwise from the north direction was identified to be the safest for the Komsomolskaya Mine conditions for any values of deformation modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

Local-Scale Groundwater Sustainability Assessment Based on the Response to Groundwater Mining (MGSI): A Case Study of Da’an City, Jilin Province, China

Sustainable groundwater utilization is important for social and economic development. There is a need for groundwater sustainability assessment in small-scale areas lacking detailed mining data. Here, exploiting water level data series, we propose an indicator of groundwater sustainability based on the response to mining (MGSI) for better evaluation; it integrates groundwater data and spatio-temporal variability at a local scale. A decomposition coefficient was applied to decompose the pressure exerted by groundwater mining on the groundwater system for each monitoring well. It correlated with the groundwater response state. In Da’an City, Jilin Province, China, the appraised results revealed that the aquifer type exhibiting the greatest risk to groundwater sustainability changed from phreatic to confined during 2008–2017. The spatio-temporal distribution of different sustainability levels between and within the aquifers indicated that adjustment of the groundwater mining layout should be the focus of groundwater management in Da’an City. Additionally, the Mann–Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope trend analysis effectively explained the sustainable evolution of groundwater in Da’an City and confirmed the reliability of the MGSI method. The proposed method highlights the effects of groundwater mining on sustainability and helps us better understand the interaction between anthropogenic activities and groundwater resources.