Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Of Extract Research Articles

Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) ve Yeşil Çay (Camellia Sinensis) Yağının Çeşitli Patojenler Üzerinde İn Vitro Antimikrobiyal Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: EGCG, the polyphenolic component of Camellia sinesis catechins, and Camellia sinesis extract have broad antimicrobial activity. To investigate the invitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the Epigallocatechin gallate and Camellia sinesis extract. Method: The present study tested the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Epigallocatechin gallate and Camellia sinesis extract against some gram-negative, gram-positive, and fungal isolates of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Camellia sinensis extract were determined for each test microorganism. In general, EGCG and Camellia sinensis extract results were found to be compatible. Epigallocatechin gallate and Camellia sinesis extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against all test organisms. MIC was determined visually after 16-20 hours of incubation at 37°C according to broth microdilution methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Result: The Camellia sinesis extract and EGCG MIC for gram-positive bacteria was found to be lower than the MIC for gram-negative bacteria and the Camellia sinesis extract MIC for C. albicans was found to be higher than the EGCG MIC. Conclusions: However, EGCG was found to be more effective on C. albicans isolate than Camellia sinensis extract. Camellia sinesis extract Epigallocatechin gallate and Camellia sinesis extract may be a promising sources of antibacterial and antifungal for further studies.

In-vivo and in-vitro wound healing and tissue repair effect of Trametes versicolor polysaccharide extract

Regarding different medical benefits of fungi, using the medical mushroom extracts as wound-healing agents is gaining popularity. This study, evaluated the wound healing characteristics of Trametes versicolor. Anti-oxidant activity addressed by employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay resulting 53.7% inhibitory effect. Besides, for anti-microbial ability determination, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of extract measured which Escherichia coli growth was inhibited at 1.1 mg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus did not grow at 4.38 mg/ml of extract. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method indicated dose dependence of the extract with 63 ± 3% and 28 ± 3% viability at 1250 μg/ml and 156.25 μg/ml of extract, which higher concentration caused higher cell viability. The outcome of gene expression analysis determined that overall expression of FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), IL-1β (Interleukin-1β), and TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-β1) was 4 times higher at 48 h than at 24 h in treated cells, suggesting a stimulating effect on cell growth. An in-vivo animal model suggested enhanced wound healing process after treatment with 0.01 g of extract. Furthermore, the number of fibroblasts, epidermal thickness, and collagen fiber was respectively 2, 3, and threefold higher in treated mice when compared to untreated mice. The treated wounds of mice showed 100% and 60% of untreated mice of healing within 14 days. The results of this research show promise for the fungus-based wound healing treatments, which may help with tissue regeneration and the healing of cutaneous wounds.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant test of several mistletoe extracts (Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. Ex.Jack) Danser) from avocado plants

Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. Ex. Jack) Danser is a mistletoe plant which is used by the community as a medicine for lowering blood pressure, cough medicine, diabetes, diarrhea, wounds, smallpox, skin infections, ulcers, diuretics and hypertension. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial potential, determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) as well as determine the antioxidant activity and total polyphenols from fresh, boiled and steeped extracts of mistletoe (S. ferruginea) from avocado plants. The microbial tests used in this study were S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. This study carried out in experimented methods and designed in nested pattern. The results showed that the inhibition zone of the avocado parasite extract had a significantly different effect on S. aureus and E. coli, but did not have a significantly different effect on the C. albicans test microbe. The MIC of fresh extract is true against S. aureus and E.coli which is 6.125% with 50% MLC. The optimal antioxidant value was obtained from fresh mistletoe extract with an IC50 value of 117.8 µg/ml in the medium activity category and the highest total polyphenols obtained from fresh extract was 67.80 mg. GAE/ml.

Comparative antibacterial efficacies of the extracts of <i>Enantia chlorantha</i> (Awopa) on selected clinical isolates

Researchers and health scientists are challenged by the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance which has necessitated the need for the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of the bark of Enantia chlorantha (Awopa) based on extractions using selected polar and non-polar solvents (Aqueous, Dichloromethane, Petroleum ether, and N-hexane). Antimicrobial activities were investigated against six clinical isolates (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) via the agar well diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also determined by the macro broth dilution method. The phytochemical components of the extracts were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The dichloromethane extract of E. chlorantha expressed the highest antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms with K. pneumonia being the most susceptible with (21.50 mm zone of inhibition) at a concentration of 50mg/mL; while C. albicans was the least susceptible organism with 3.00 mm zone of inhibition at concentration of 500mg/mL. On the other hand, extract from the petroleum ether expressed no antimicrobial activities, based on the absence of the zones of inhibition around the cultures of the respective organisms. Mainly the Dichloromethane and aqueous extracts of E. chlorantha expressed varying organism-dependent MIC on the test isolates. While the lowest MIC of dichloromethane extract was expressed on S. aureus at 6.25mg/mL; the highest MIC (50mg/mL) was exerted on C. albicans. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of glycosides, oxalates, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenol, triterpenes, saponin and phytate; while terpenoid was not found in all the plant’s extracts. Findings in this study suggest that the bioactive ingredients of E. chlorantha barks could be best extracted by polar solvents which are evident in the superior antimicrobial activities of dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. The non-polar solvents such as n-hexane and petroleum ether are poor extractant, thus necessitating the need to carefully select suitable solvent for the extraction of any plant’s bioactive compounds.

Evaluation of Antifungal and anti-aflatoxin B1 efficacy of some crude extracts of Chamaerops humilis L. against Aspergillus flavus isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.)

The present study strengthens the food preservative potential of Chamaerops humilis extracts viz. hexane extract, chloroform extract, ethanol extract, chloroform extract, and methanol extract based on their antifungal, antiaflatoxin, and antioxidant efficacy. The isolation of molds from peanuts were carried out by the suspension-dilution technique and inoculation on agar medium. Antifungal determinations were conducted using the agar plate and liquid dilution methods. The effect of C. humilis L. extracts on the production of AFB1 was determined in a SMKY broth. The molds isolated were of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Alternaria sp. with A. flavus (BBH-6) which is identified as the highest AFB1 producer. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts against the toxigenic strain of A. flavus ranged between 3.00 mg/ml and 3.50 mg/ml. The extracts were found more efficacious as they inhibited the dry mycelium weight and aflatoxin production of the aflatoxigenic strain A. flavus (BBH-6) at lower concentrations. The extracts showed fungitoxic spectrum against four molds. The IC50 value of C. humilis L. ranged between 140.4 and 189.46 μg/mg, oxidation of linoleic acid was moderately inhibited by the extracts ranges between 53.54 and 69.33%, while their total phenolic content ranged between 47.80 and 115.71 μg/ml. Based on the findings of present investigation, C. humilis L. can be introduced as a proposed solution for formulating plant-based preservative food additives.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of a Traditional Herb, Strobilanthes Cusia (Nees) Kuntze.

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of bioactive components extracted from Hom herbs (Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze) using the solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The obtained bioactive components were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and active ingredient content. The Hom extracts were examined for antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities. The comparative analysis of extraction methods MAE was studied by using different solvents such as ethanol (EtOH), 50% ethanol (50EtOH) and distilled water (DW). The results obtained by the MAE method with DW as solvent show the TPC of 104.41±1.36mg GAE/g crude and tryptanthrin 0.1138±0.0014mg/g crude and indigo 0.0622±0.0015mg/g crude. Comparatively, values ​​detected in the 50% EtOH extract were not significantly different at the 95% confidence level. At the same time, levels of indirubin were detected at levels equivalent to that of ethanol extracts. The DW extract from MAE had an IC50 value against the DPPH scavenging assay of 0.1927±0.0756mg/ml, comparable to the test results of extracts of ethanol and 50% ethanol. The bioactive extracted using the MAE with water as solvent had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and could suppress infection at 10mg/disc. It was also observed that the extracts from the conventional extraction technique using ethanol as the solvent continued to be highly effective against Bacillus cereus even after employing the EtOH or 50% EtOH. Hom extract's MIC value representing inhibiting B. cereus was 0.625mg/disc. Still, EtOH-extracted Hom demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity against 16HBEo- by reducing cell survival rate by less than 50% while the others did not. Interestingly, Hom that had been extracted using 50EtOH and DW with MAE had an anticancer impact on A549 by reducing the survival rate in a dose-dependent manner.

Antibacterial efficacy of amla leaves

The present study was carried out to evaluate antibacterial potential of methanolic extract from amla leaves via agar-well diffusion method against two gram positive ( subtilis MTCC2389, MTCC7443) and three gram negative (MTCC4821, MTCC2127, MTCC7162) strains. Susceptibility of plant extract was tested by serial microdilution method (MIC) and agar well diffusion method was determined. The extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against (17.6 mm) followed by (16.5 mm) and (16.2 mm). However, activity was also reported against (15.5 mm) and (15 mm). The different concentrations of extract (10μl and 20μl) were used and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 62.5 to 2000 μg/ml was compared with the standard drug Chloramphenicol (5μg). The MIC of methanolic extract was found 550 μg/ml against and The results of present study revealed that leaves of amla possesses antibacterial potential and source of new antibiotics. Therefore, medicinal plants are finding their way into pharmaceuticals, neutralceuticals and food Supplements that could be useful in chemotherapy to control infectious diseases.

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Against Staphylococcus aureus

The current drug resistance in human pathogens is a result of the abuse of antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases. Early human civilizations used Moringa oleifera extracts to treat illnesses and infections caused by food-borne bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In order to calculate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus, methanolic extracts from its three parts were prepared. A photochemical analysis of the methanolic leaves, seeds, and roots extracts was performed when the extracts were ready for testing. We used well-diffusion methods to add the three extracts, and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic was used as the standard. From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made in order to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the phytochemical screening test, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids were most abundant in leaves extract, followed by seeds then roots extracts. Moringa oleifera seeds have the highest inhibition zone, which is about 10mm, followed by Moringa oleifera roots at 9mm, and Moringa oleifera leaves at 7mm. In comparison to the other two extracts, the MIC of methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves was 250 mm, the highest concentration, with a MIC of 125 mm for roots and 62.50 mm for seeds. Methanolic extracts of Moringa seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the present study. For further studies, it is suggested a deeper investigation to study the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may be used by the pharmaceutical industry.

Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and Oldenlandia umbellata L. whole plant extracts

BackgroundOldenlandia corymbosa and Oldenlandia umbellata are well-known medicinal plants in various traditional systems of medicine and used to treat bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, constipation, and leprosy. We evaluated the phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibitory action, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of the whole plant extracts of O. corymbosa and O. umbellata due to their therapeutic importance. MethodsThe phytochemical analysis includes qualitative analysis and quantification of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and vitamin E. Enzyme inhibitory assays were studied using α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and anti-inflammatory activity was determined by egg albumin denaturation assay. Antioxidant potential was estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical, superoxide, nitric oxide, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts were studied against ten bacterial strains by the microdilution method. ResultsThe aqueous extract of O.umbellata showed a higher extract yield (5.0%). The highest amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were observed in the ethanolic extract of O.umbellata (77.23±0.46 mg GAE/g) and O.corymbosa (19.01±0.26 mg GAE/g). Ethanolic extract of O.umbellata (IC50 of 31.71±0.32 µg/mL) and aqueous extract of O.corymbosa (30.53±1.83 µg/mL) showed notable α-amylase inhibitory effect and petroleum ether extract of both plants observed good inhibition against α-glucosidase enzyme. Likewise, petroleum ether extract of O.umbellata (IC50 of 57.16±1.88 µg/mL) showed a moderate anti-inflammatory effect. In all extracts, considerable antioxidant potential was recorded specially with aqueous extract in the nitric oxide scavenging assay with an IC50 of 40.72±1.25 µg/mL. Ethanolic extract of O.umbellata and petroleum ether extract of O.corymbosa (MIC of 56.25 µg/mL) showed good antibiotic potency in lower concentrations which proves these two valuable herb's potential in herbal preparations. ConclusionsThe results of the study provide a basis for further studies aiming to evaluate the possibilities of using the O. umbellata and O. corymbosa as natural sources of antioxidants, enzyme inhibitory, and antibacterial agents. Further studies could be directed to exploit these plants in experimental animal models as potential pharmaceutical agents.

Antimicrobial Activity of The Ethanol Extract of Coffea canephora L. Seeds Against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes

Acne is a skin disease that causes humans to lack confidence in carrying out activities. Besides being sick, acne worsens the beauty of human skin. The cause of acne is gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Many studies reported that Coffea canephora L can inhibit the growth of bacteria. The objective of this study is to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee seeds in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract of C. canephora L seed was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract obtained was evaluated for its antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method with perforation techniques. The extract was divided into five various concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%). The results of this study indicated that the ethanol extract of coffee seeds with a concentration of 50% resulted in a wider diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth in S. aureus, 30.00 mm compared to P. acnes, 26.22 mm. The MIC of ethanol extract for S. aureus at 3.00% while P. acnes was 6.00%. In conclusion, the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of coffee seeds at 50% concentration was stronger against S. aureus bacteria than P. acnes. The greater the concentration of the extract, the wider the resulting inhibition zone.

Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum citriodorum Leave Extracts Against Shigella dysenteriae

Dysentry is a disease caused by infection of Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae). This type of acute diarrhea characterized by the liquid stool mixed with blood and mucus caused by these bacteria. Ocimum citriodorum (O. citriodorum) leaves contain various chemical compounds that can inhibit the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of O. citriodorum leaves extracts obtained from graded extraction method against S. dysenteriae. The O. citriodorum leaves were extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents sequentially. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test was carried out using dilution method. The positive control used was 10 ppm ciprofloxacin (0.002%). The results showed that the extract of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol of O. citriodorum leaves all three have antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae with the same MIC value of 15%. The most effective MIC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract of O. citriodorum leaves was found at a concentration of 15% zone inhinbition with ethanol extract of O. citriodorum leaves

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) fruit

Neolamarckia cadamba also known as Kadamb, an important traditional medicinal plant belonging to the Rubiaceae family was utilised for treating several diseases. The present study was carried out to quantify secondary metabolites and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of an aqueous extract (AE) of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits. Different concentrations of plant extracts (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/disc) have been screened against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa) bacterial strains to detect antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by serial dilution method. AE of N. cadamba fruits with concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/disc showed significant antibacterial activity. The MIC of fruit extract was 3.75 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and 1.875 mg/ml for Bacillus subtilis. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcoholic groups, N-H bending, C-O stretching and aromatic compounds in the extract. The fruit extract was found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity with IC50 = 1.5 mg/ml. Quantitative phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids (52.00±1.00 mg/g equivalent of atropine), flavonoids (110.33±0.577 mg/g equivalent of rutin), phenols (50.33±0.577 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid) and saponin (22.33±0.333 mg/g equivalent of diosgenin) contents in the extract which might be the reason for its promising antimicrobial and antioxidant potential.

Depletion of reactive oxygen species induced by beetroot (Beta vulgaris) extract leads to apoptosis-like death in Cronobacter sakazakii

This research aimed to disclose the antibacterial activity of beetroot extract (Beta vulgaris) against Cronobacter sakazakii and its possible mechanisms. We evaluated its antibacterial activity by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill kinetics. We also evaluated the intracellular ATP levels, bacterial apoptosis-like death (ALD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels to reveal the possible antibacterial mechanisms. Our results showed that the MIC of beetroot extract against C. sakazakii was 25 mg/mL and C. sakazakii (approximately 8 log cfu/mL) was completely inhibited after treatment with 2 MIC of beetroot extract for 3 h. Beetroot extract reduced intracellular ATP levels and facilitated characteristics of ALD in C. sakazakii, such as membrane depolarization, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-like protein activation, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, and different from most bacterial ALD caused by the accumulation of ROS, beetroot extract reduced the intracellular ROS levels in C. sakazakii. Our experimental data provide a rationale for further research of bacterial ALD and demonstrate that beetroot extract can inhibit C. sakazakii in food processing environments.

The Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of the Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Archidendron pauciflorum against Multidrug-Resistant Strains.

Endophytes associated with medicinal plants are a potential source of valuable natural products. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of endophytic bacteria from Archidendron pauciflorum against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. A total of 24 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the leaf, root, and stem of A. pauciflorum. Seven isolates showed antibacterial activity with different spectra against four MDR strains. Extracts derived from four selected isolates (1mg/mL) also displayed antibacterial activity. Among four selected isolates, DJ4 and DJ9 isolates exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa strain M18, as indicated by the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (DJ4 and DJ9 MIC: 7.81µg/mL; DJ4 and DJ9 MBC: 31.25µg/mL). 2 × MIC of DJ4 and DJ9 extracts was found to be the most effective concentration to inhibit more than 52% of biofilm formation and eradicate more than 42% of established biofilm against all MDR strains. 16S rRNA-based identification revealed four selected isolates belong to the genus Bacillus. DJ9 isolate possessed nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene, and DJ4 isolate possessed NRPS and polyketide synthase type I (PKS I) gene. Both these genes are commonly responsible for secondary metabolites synthesis. Several antimicrobial compounds, including 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone and paenilamicin A1, were detected in the bacterial extracts. This study highlights endophytic bacteria isolated from A. pauciflorum provide a great source of novel antibacterial compounds.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA CAMARA AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, SERRATIA MARCESCENS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TO DEVELOP OINTMENT BASED THERAPY

Plant extract (Lantana camara) and earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) extract have been used to treat many illnesses for centuries; they have been reported to suppress the growth of many pathogenic bacteria and are specially used for wound healing. We analyzed the antibacterial activity of the different organic extracts obtained from these species against pathogenic strains of bacteria and compared them to know which is more potent for developing antiseptic ointment. Ethanol and acetone solvents were used for the extraction and analyzed for their antibacterial activity by the disk diffusion and shake flask test. Then we identified the minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative strains. Lantana camara showed the largest growth inhibitory zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. MIC for plant extract was 150μg/ml, while earthworm extract inhibited growth at a minimum dose of 200μg/ml. We found that the plant's ethanol extract (L. camara) exhibited robust antimicrobial activity compared to the worm extract. Current investigation reinforces the application of Lantana camara extract to develop ointment to treat wound infections.

Isolation and screening antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes from marine organisms samples of the area Khanh Hoa, Vietnam

The marine environmental conditions are particularly different from terrestrial ones; recent studies have showed that marine actinomycetes might produce many novel compounds with good biological activity. The objective of this study is to isolate and screen actinomycetes strains from the marine environment with activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Fifty strains of actinomycetes were isolated from 40 samples including: sediments, sponges, soft corals, echinoderms... collected from Van Phong Bay area of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. The strains fermented in A+ medium and fermentation broths were extracted 5 times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude extracts. Quantitative assay was used to determine MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of extract against 7 test strains, including three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Salmonella enterica ATCC13076), three Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579), and the yeast Candida albicans ATCC10231. The result of screening showed that: 18/50 strains have shown the antibacterial activities against at least 3 strains of tested microorganisms. In which, strains G650, G654, G657, G666, G675 inhibited three Gram-positive test microorganisms at MIC values from 8 to 64 µg/mL and C. albicans ATCC10231 with MIC values from 2 to 16 µg/mL. In addition, the two strains G657 and G666 had inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 và S. enterica ATCC13076 with MIC value 128 µg/mL. Morphological and phylogenetic investigations based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the selected five strains showed that: strain G650 belonged to species Streptomyces ardesiacus and strain G666 high similarity to the genus Streptomyces; strain G654 showed the highest similarity to the Salinispora arenicola species; strain G657 highest similarity to the Micromonospora aurantiaca; whereas G675 belonged to the Nocardiopsis flavescens species.

Multidirectional Characterization of Phytochemical Profile and Health-Promoting Effects of Ziziphora bungeana Juz. Extracts.

Ziziphora species (Lamiaceae) have been used in traditional medicine as sedatives, antiseptics, carminatives, or expectorants. Despite their common applications in phytotherapy, there is still lack of evidence about the composition of their extracts and its impact on biological properties of the plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of Ziziphora bungeana, a less studied species growing in Kazakhstan, using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS instrumentation and to determine its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity together with inhibitory properties against tyrosinase and toxicity in erythrocyte lysis assay. Extracts from Z. bungeana were found to be sources of flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, and terpenes that determined their antiradical activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts were lower for Gram-positive bacteria (1.25-10 mg/mL) than for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (5-20 mg/mL). The EC50 value calculated for antiradical activity ranged between 15.00 ± 1.06 µg/mL and 13.21 ± 3.24 µg/mL for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. Z. bungeana extracts were found to decrease the activity of tyrosinase by 50% (at 200 µg/mL) similarly to kojic acid and were slightly cytotoxic for human melanoma A375 cell line (at 200 µg/mL) with no effect on HaCaT keratinocytes. In the end, Z. bungeana did not reveal toxic effects in hemolytic assay as compared to the positive control Triton X-100. The performed tests show potential application of the plant in the treatment of infectious diseases, disorders caused by free radicals, and skin problems.

Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Effect of Lactuca serriola Extract Against Clinically Isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia: An in vitro study

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of Lactuca serriola (LS) extract against clinically isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia). 
 Methods: LS extract was prepared by solvent extraction method. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze phytochemical components. Plaque samples were obtained from periodontitis patients with probing pocket depth ≥6mm to isolate P. intermedia. Microbiological tests and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to confirm P. intermedia. Antibacterial activities of LS against the confirmed clinical strains (P. intermedia and revised P. gingivalis) were determined by agar well diffusion method. Broth macro dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The anti-biofilm assay of the LS was performed by using tube adhesion method. 
 Results: Antibacterial activity of LS against clinical isolates revealed that the inhibition zones ranged from 11.75 ±0.95mm to 24.25 ±1.7mm for P. gingivalis and 12.75 ±0.95mm to 25.5 ±1.29mm for P. intermedia. The MICs of LS extract were 212.5mg/mL and 106.2 mg/mL, while the MBCs were 425mg/mL and 212.5mg/mL against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, respectively. The anti-biofilm of LS extract exhibited strong anti-biofilm activity. 
 Conclusions: LS extract exhibited bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity against clinically isolated P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in an in vitro study.

MIC and MBC of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against periodontal pathogens bacteria

There are only few studies on the antibacterial activity of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against oral pathogenic bacteria. Thus, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of red fruit extracts by looking at the Minimum inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) against periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The subjects of this study were Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277). The antibacterial effectiveness of red fruit extract was tested by the liquid dilution method (microdilution). The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by a double comparison test with the Post Hoc Least Significance Different (LSD) test method. The red fruit extract effectively inhibited and eliminated test bacteria (p <0.05). Our study showed that the red fruit extracts at a concentration of 20% could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which was determined as the MIC strength of 80% as MBC of both bacteria tested. Furthermore, red fruit extract at the concentration of 10% showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum, which was determined as MIC of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the strength of 40% as MBC of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The red fruit extracts were significantly effective against the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis provide essential information for further in vivo clinical studies to determine the exact dosage and clinical effectiveness of periodontal disease.

Compound Identification from Bromelia karatas Fruit Juice Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of the Extract

Fruits of species of the genus Bromelia contain compounds with health benefits and potential biotechnological applications. For example, Bromelia karatas fruits contain antioxidants and proteins with bactericidal activity, but studies regarding the activity of these metabolites and potential benefits are required. We evaluated the bactericidal activity of the methanolic extract (treated and not treated with activated charcoal) and its fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) from ripe B. karatas fruit (8 °Brix) against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella flexneri. The methanolic extract (ME) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined at eight concentrations. The methanolic extract MIC was 5 mg/mL for E. faecalis and 10 mg/mL for the other bacteria; the MBC was 20 mg/mL for E. coli and E. faecalis, and 40 mg/mL for S. enteritidis and S. flexneri. Through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 131 compounds were identified, some of which had previously been reported to have biological activities, such as bactericidal, fungicide, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibiting, and anti-allergic properties. The most abundant compounds found in the ME of B. karatas fruits were maleic anhydride, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and itaconic anhydride. This study shows that B. karatas fruits contain metabolites that are potentially beneficial for health.