Minimum In November Research Articles

A comprehensive study on biological parameters of Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822): Conservation strategy

Osteobrama cotio, commonly referred to as Dhela locally, is one of the most essential sources of nourishment for humans. The present study was conducted at the Freshwater Station of the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute in Mymensingh to learn more regarding the sex ratio, length-weight relationship, condition factor, gonadosomatic index, and fecundity. Fish samples were taken monthly, and their total length and weight were measured and noted. Among the 310 samples of fish evaluated, 201 (64.85%) and 109 (35.15%) were found to be females and males, respectively (F: M= 1.88: 1). The chi-square test findings showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two sexes in the sex ratio study (χ2= 0.164, df= 1, p>0.05). It was shown that there was a substantial relationship (r2=0.76 for females, r2=0.96 for males, p<0.05) between fish fecundity and length. Positive allometric growth was observed in the length-weight relationships for both females and males (b=3.05 and 3.01, respectively; independent t-test; p<0.05). Throughout the study, the condition factor values for both sexes were more than 1, suggesting that both sexes are in excellent fitness (F=1.66 and M=1.67). Males and females showed GSI values ranging from 0.001 to 0.33 and 0.25 to 10.96, respectively. The gonadosomatic index scores for both sexes maximum in June while minimum in November. The range of fecundity was 297 to 6529; where June having the highest egg count, while November having the lowest.

Estimation of fine particulate matter in an arid area from visibility based on machine learning.

The absence of air pollution monitoring networks makes it difficult to assess historical fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures for countries in the areas, such as Kuwait, which are severe impacted by desert dust and anthropogenic pollution. We constructed an ensemble machine learning model to predict daily PM2.5 concentrations for regions lack of PM2.5 observations. The model was constructed based on daily PM2.5, visibility, and other meteorological data collected at two sites in Kuwait. Then, our model was applied to predict the daily level of PM2.5 concentrations for eight airports located in Kuwait and Iraq from 2013 to 2020. As compared to traditional statistic models, the proposed machine learning methods improved the accuracy in using visibility to predict daily PM2.5 concentrations with a cross-validation R2 of 0.68. The predicted level of daily PM2.5 concentrations were consistent with previous measurements. The predicted average yearly PM2.5 concentration for the eight stations is 50.65 µg/m3. For all stations, the monthly average PM2.5 concentrations reached their maximum in July and their minimum in November. These findings make it possible to retrospectively estimate daily PM2.5 exposures using the large-scale databases of historical visibility in regions with few particulate matter monitoring stations. The scarcity of air pollution ground monitoring networks makes it difficult to assess historical fine particulate matter exposures for countries in arid areas such as Kuwait. Visibility is closely related to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations and historical airport visibility records are commonly available in most countries. Our model make it possible to retrospectively estimate daily PM2.5 exposures using the large-scale databases of historical visibility in arid regions with few particulate matter ground monitoring stations. The product of such models can be critical for environmental risk assessments and population health studies.

СЕЗОННЫЕ ВАРИАЦИИ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ОХОТСКОГО МОРЯ И ПРИЛЕГАЮЩИХ РАЙОНОВ ПО ДАННЫМ СПУТНИКОВЫХ НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ И РЕАНАЛИЗА ERA5

Using the method of harmonic analysis and EOF decomposition of SST data for the surface of the Sea of Okhotsk and adjacent water areas (42–60° N, 135–160° E, SakhNIRO database and ERA5 reanalysis for 1998–2020), the main features of seasonal variations in thermal conditions were determined. It was revealed that the amplitude of the annual harmonic, which plays a decisive role in the seasonal variations of SST, generally decreases in the direction from west to east throughout the study area, the lowest values are in the zones of quasi- stationary upwellings. The phase increases along the northwest-southeast axis, the total shift is 24–25° (about 3 weeks). In the spatial distribution of the first mode (all values are positive), the water area of the Sea of Japan, the NWPO, and the southwestern part of the Sea of Okhotsk are characterized by high values. Its time function is characterized by a pronounced annual cycle, with a maximum in August–September and a minimum in February–March. The spatial distribution of the second mode has a nodal line running along the Kuril Islands from the Sea of Okhotsk side. The mode values vary along the northwest–southeast axis, with maximum positive values on the northwestern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk and negative values in the remote part of the NWPO. The time function of the second mode has a positive maximum in July–August and a negative minimum in November–December. This nature of the second mode shows that, against the background of the main SST field described by the first mode, a peculiar seasonal “heat wave” is distinguished, propagating from the northwest to the southeast and passing along this axis in about three weeks, which is an important specific feature of the thermal regime of the study area.

Phytoplankton and environmental drivers at a long-term offshore station in the northern Adriatic Sea (1988–2018)

A long term (1988–2018) data set of phytoplankton and physico-chemical parameters was analyzed for the first time in an offshore station of the LTER Senigallia-Susak transect (northern Adriatic Sea) not directly affected by the coastal nutrient input. The mean annual cycle of phytoplankton markedly differed from that observed in the coastal areas, showing the maximum in June and the minimum in November. The main component of phytoplankton community was represented by phytoflagellates, whose trend paralleled that of total phytoplankton. On average, diatoms peaked in July, dinoflagellates in June and coccolithophores in April. The phytoplankton maximum in summer is explained mainly by the allochthonous input of DIN and PO4 carried by the low salinity waters expanding eastward, during the stratification of water column. Resuspension processes seem to be less effective for PO4 than for DIN. The most representative phytoplankton taxa for each season as indicated by the IndVal analysis were identified and were only in part similar to those observed in the coastal area. The interannual anomaly trend showed a significant increase of temperature, DIN and phosphates. Although no significant changes were found for the total phytoplankton, a reduction of winter dinoflagellate and coccolithophore abundances was observed.

Hydrographic variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica during 2017-2019

Introduction: The Gulf of Papagayo (GP) is a site of socioeconomic importance located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. The ecosystem services of this site represent a benefit in local communities, and its dynamics are influenced by a coastal upwelling system that affects fishing and commercial activity.
 Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the main hydrographic parameters through measurements in situ during the period 2017-2019.
 Methods: Eight measurement campaigns were carried out, where a CTD probe was deployed to perform vertical profiles in 23 stations distributed throughout the GP, to characterize the variations in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll concentration.
 Results: A minimum in surface and bottom temperature associated with upwelling caused by the wind was found in the first period of the year. The increase in salinity was associated with the decrease in temperature, being its highest value in the first period of the year, decreasing until reaching a minimum in November. The maximum chlorophyll concentration ​​coincided with the lowest surface temperatures and the minimum oxygen values were associated ​​with the minimum bottom temperatures, both occurring during the upwelling season. The parameter distribution was similar on dry and rainy seasons in stations located inside Bahía Culebra, likely attributed to the bathymetry effect.
 Conclusions: Bathymetry determines a south-north asymmetry for salinity and temperature. Subsurface cooling events coincide with strong wind periods. Upwelling influences the surface and bottom hydrographic dynamic in GP and determines the seasonal variability. The negative ENSO phase of 2018 corresponded with the strongest upwelling period, possibly promoting the interaction of upwelled coastal waters and the Costa Rica Thermal Dome.

Surveillance of bacterial load and multi-drug resistant bacteria on bedsheets in a primary health care unit

ABSTRACT A patient is in close proximity to different types of textiles in hospital environment, which contribute to the transfer of drug-resistant bacteria in healthcare settings. This study was undertaken to estimate the temporal variations in bacterial load on bedsheets in a primary healthcare unit in Delhi. Data were collected for a period of 7 months. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was performed. The mean count of Acinetobacter spp. was highest (2.10 × 102 CFU/cm2), and Klebsiella spp. showed the least mean count (7.5 × 101 CFU/cm2). The mean bacterial count over the period showed maximum bacterial load for most microbial groups in June, and minimum in November. Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus spp. were highly resistant to different antibiotics, while Acinetobacter spp. and Group A Streptococcus showed the least resistance toward the antibiotics tested. Bacterial counts on bedsheets were found to vary with the time of the year, indicating that environmental factors affect bacterial load.

Productividad de forraje en maíces híbridos bajo diferentes densidades de población y dosis de fertilización

La fertilización y densidad de planta son algunos componentes tecnológicos esenciales dentro de la agricultura moderna. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la densidad de planta y dosis de fertilización sobre la productividad de forraje de tres híbridos comerciales de maíz. El experimento se estableció en el Campo Experimental Cotaxtla perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), bajo un diseño en bloques completamente al azar con arreglo en parcelas subdivididas con tres repeticiones. Se estudiaron tres factores: dosis de fertilización (207‑69‑60 y 253‑69-60), híbridos de maíz (H-564C, H-567 y HE-3B) y densidades de planta (62 500, 83 000 y 100 000 plantas ha-1). Durante el periodo de estudio, la precipitación mensual acumulada fue de 1003.6 mm y la temperatura promedio de 26.7 °C; la máxima temperatura ocurrió en el mes de agosto (28.7 °C) y la mínima en el mes de noviembre (25.3 °C). La prueba de Duncan (P ≤ 0.05), demostró que la dosis de fertilización integrada por la fórmula 253‑69‑60, incrementó el rendimiento de forraje verde, un 15.06% más con relación a la fórmula 207‑69‑60. Los híbridos H-564C y HE-3B expresaron los mejores rendimientos de forraje verde con 53 105 y 51 937 kg ha‑1, respectivamente. La mayor producción de forraje verde se obtuvo con el híbrido HE-3B y la dosis 253-69-60. El aumento de la densidad de planta (62 500 a 100 000 plantas ha-1) incrementó el rendimiento de forraje verde cuando se aplicó altas unidades de N. El incremento de la densidad de planta no afectó las características agronómicas de los híbridos evaluados. Los híbridos H-564C y HE‑3B, expresaron mayor rendimiento de forraje verde. Este último material es un candidato para ser liberado y comercializado con propósitos forrajeros en el área tropical del estado de Veracruz.

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DRIFTING PATTERN OF AQUATIC MITES IN RANDI GAD, A TRIBUTARY OF RIVER ALAKNANDA IN GARHWAL HIMALAYA, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

The present paper deals with the population structure and temporal drift pattern study of aquatic mites in Randi gad, which is a third order spring fed tributary of river Alaknanda in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The mites contribute significantly to the structure and function of a stream ecosystem as it is a preferred food of fish and insects. To significantly analyze the drift strength of mites in a stream, a new index, Dobriyal Bahuguna Drifting Index (DBDI) has been developed which is based on the density of mite population in nature and number of drifting individuals in unit time. The maximum mite population in the stream was observed in January (51 units.m-2 ) and minimum in October (35 units.m-2 ) with 7 species. It was found that the mites perform specific monthly and diel drift pattern. Various factors like current velocity, breeding, colonization, habitat disturbance and protection from predators are responsible for it. The DBDI value for different mite species was observed highest in February (0.264) and minimum in November (0.227). It was also observed that maximum drift was preferred during late morning hours (8-12 hrs).

Analysis of the 2014 Wet Extreme in Bulgaria: Anomalies of Temperature, Precipitation and Terrestrial Water Storage

Impact on the hydrology cycle is projected to be one of the most noticeable consequences of climate change. An increase in regional dry and wet extremes has already been observed, resulting in large socioeconomic losses. The 2014 wet conditions in Bulgaria present a valuable case study for analyzing the interaction between multiple drivers that are essential for early forecasting and warning of flood events. In this paper, time series analysis of temperature, precipitation and Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) is performed and cross-correlations between observations and climate variability indices are computed for a 12-year period. In Bulgaria, a positive linear temperature trend was found with precipitation and TWSA exhibiting negative trends for the period 2003–2014. The year 2014 started with a drier and warmer than usual winter followed by five consecutive wet months from March to July. We found the following long-term variations: (1) temperature showing a local minimum in November 2014, (2) precipitation peaks in July 2014 and (3) a local TWSA maximum in December 2014. Over a 12-year period, weak to moderate negative correlations were observed between the long-term components of temperature, precipitation and TWSA. Moderate positive correlations with a 3 to 6-month lag were obtained between precipitation and TWSA long-term components. The long-term trends of temperature and precipitation from surface observations and atmospheric reanalysis showed very good alignment. Very large subseasonal precipitation residuals from observations and atmospheric reanalysis were obtained for April and September 2014. Two oscillation indices showed: (1) weak correlations with precipitation and (2) weak to moderate correlations with TWSA.

Urban Heat Island in Moscow Derived from Satellite Data

The results of surface temperature measurements in the Moscow region by Aqua and Terra satellites are presented for the period of 2008–2015. High correlations between radiometer data and station data on air temperature and surface temperature from the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University are revealed. However, station data on surface temperature in summer are overestimated by 15°С as compared with satellite data due to the strong heating of the naked site with ground thermometers. The mean intensity of surface urban heat island in Moscow ∆T is 2.6°С; it poorly depends on the selection of boundaries of comparison of the outer area with the city (at distances >60 km differences do not exceed ±0.1°С). Numerical experiments demonstrate that if the cloud cover is not higher than 20% of the city area and 50% of the region area, a displacement in the estimates of ∆Т is small (±0.2 of the value). According to station data at the time of satellite flights, the urban heat island intensity in the air temperature field over Moscow is lower than the corresponding intensity in the surface temperature field obtained from satellite data due to the sparse ground meteorological network and incomplete representativeness of station data (four of five city stations are located in green park zones). According to the ground network data, the intensity of the surface heat island in the daytime hours of satellite flight is by about three times smaller than the mean daily value. On the other hand, ∆Т derived from satellite data is overestimated by ~40% due to the impact of anticyclones which enhance the heat island and allow the analysis of images. In the annual course, the surface heat island intensity is maximum in June and July (~4.0°С) and minimum in November (0.7°С). The surface temperature field in the Moscow region is also characterized by the geographic zonality: a total increase in the values toward southeast.

Indoor Aeromycroflora at Institute of Agriculture Library (Visva-Bharati): A Study

Existence of aeromycoflora inside Institute of Agriculture library, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan India was studied with the help of Burkard Personal one day Volumetric Sampler for eight months from August 2014 to March 2015 with variation of temperature from 11.200C to 33.390C and relative humidity (RH) 51%-86.87%. Ten fungal species namely Drechslera sp.; Aspergilli/penicillin sp.; Bispora sp.; Basidiospore sp.; Ascospore sp.; Nigropora sp.; Pericornia sp.; Fusarium sp.; Cladosporium sp.; Trichornis sp. were identified. Maximum fungal spores were identified in September (8052 spores /m-3 air) and minimum in November (1056 spore /m-3) in air. The findings help take proper preventive measures to control the presence of fungal spores in the air of the library which in turn will save library collections and reduce cause of health hazards to library personnel as well as users.

Spatial and seasonal variability of water quality in the Mopanshan Reservoir (Harbin, Northern China)

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variability of water quality from the Mopanshan Reservoir, which is a typical reservoir in the northern cold regions of China. The results indicate that preventive or remediation actions are necessary to improve its water quality. Water samples were collected between 2012 and 2013 at five sampling stations at the Mopanshan Reservoir, and analyzed for CODMn and total nitrogen (TN). SPSS software was used to carry out analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Spatially, CODMn and TN exhibited a rather small distinction in the horizontal direction, but there was a significant difference regarding TN in the vertical orientation. The concentration of TN also increased with the increase in sampling depth. Seasonally, the concentration of CODMn and TN showed a pronounced seasonal pattern and was divided into four periods. CODMn reached a maximum in September and was at a minimum in June. And TN reached a maximum in June and was at a minimum in November or December. The use of correlation analysis shows that the regular variations of TN were primarily affected by temperature. The main form of nitrogen in the Mopanshan Reservoir is NO3-N, and the change of TN is consistent with that of NO3-N. By Pearson correlation coefficient, the seasonal variability of CODMn correlated to changes in the reservoir's water level. The results showed that the concentration of TN exceeded the guideline values in most months and CODMn was slightly over the standard limit. Thus, it is urgent that preventive actions and remediation processes are developed to improve the water quality in this reservoir.

Observation of new particle formation on Curonian Spit located between continental Europe and Scandinavia

This study presents results of the research on atmospheric aerosol particles in the coastal environment, focusing on the investigation of new particle formation (NPF) events. Continuous measurements of the particle number size distribution (8.7–840nm) were performed at the Preila station throughout the year 2013. An estimation of the aerosol particle number concentration (PNC) of nucleation (8.7–20nm), Aitken (20–100nm) and accumulation modes (100–840nm) and their input to the total PNC were performed. The annual average value of the total PNC was 3.9·103cm−3. The seasonal variations of the total PNC essentially comprised the maximum monthly average in March (6.3·103cm−3) and the minimum in November (1.9·103cm−3). The highest input (44–64%) into the total PNC was influenced by Aitken mode particles. The particles of the accumulation mode made up 23% of the total PNC during spring, summer and autumn months, and comprised about 48% during winter months. The monthly average input of the nucleation mode particles to the total PNC varied from 11% to 20%. However, the diurnal average input of each nucleation mode particles to the total PNC had higher variations and showed the limits of the nucleation mode input to the total PNC depending on the inputs of Aitken and accumulation modes. It should be noted that the described limits of the nucleation mode input to the total PNC were constant for NPF event days and non-event day׳s datasets. During whole 2013 year were observed 111 NPF events, which were classified as Class I (18 days) and Class II (93 days). The average particle formation and growth rates were 0.45cm−3s−1 and 3.7nmh−1, respectively. The average condensation sink was 1.53·10−3s−1. The highest number of NPF days was observed when the air masses advected from northern directions (Scandinavia, the North Sea, and the Arctic) and contrary the NPF events were observed very rarely during advection of polluted continental air masses. Thus, the parameters estimated for the NPF events observed at the Preila station are partially similar to the Northern Europe stations. However, the PNC level, low seasonal PNC cycle and heterogeneous air masses showed similarity with Central Europe aerosol.

Using Acoustics to Determine Eelgrass Bed Distribution and to Assess the Seasonal Variation of Ecosystem Service.

Eelgrass beds are an important source of primary production in coastal ecosystems. Understanding seasonal variation in the abundance and distribution of eelgrass is important for conservation, and the objectives of this study were to 1) monitor seasonal variation in eelgrass beds using an acoustic monitoring method (Quantitative echo sounder) and 2) broadly quantify the carbon circulation function. We obtained acoustic data of eelgrass beds in coastal areas north and east of Ikunojima Island. Surveys were conducted nine times over the 3-year period from 2011 to 2013 in order to monitor seasonal variation. Acoustic data were obtained and used to estimate the spatial distribution of eelgrass by geostatistical methods. To determine supporting services, we determined carbon sink and carbon fixation by eelgrass beds using data from the National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea (2011). The height and distribution of eelgrass beds were at a maximum in May and at a minimum in November of each year. Distribution trends were different between the north and east areas. Supporting services showed the same patterns throughout the year. The area of distribution was considered to be coincident with the life history of eelgrass. Distribution differed by area and changed yearly due to the effects of bottom characteristics and wind direction. Quantifying the supporting services of eelgrass beds was shown to be useful for managing the conservation of coastal ecosystems.

ASSESSMENT OF FECUNDITY AND GONADO-SOMATIC INDEX OF POND REARED CIRRHINUS MRIGALA (HAM., 1822)

Mean body weight for both the sexes was 1270.9±10.96 g with mean total length of 473.95±11.92 g. GSI (%) values ranged from 0.23 to 7.93 in male with peak value in July (7.93) and 0.83 to 16.9 in female with peak value in July (16.09).The gonads attained maximum weight of 472.5 and 124.41g for females and males, respectively in the month of July and minimum in November. The fish has only one spawning season extended from May to August as indicated by the peaks of GSI with peak season between July-August. The relative and absolute fecundity varied from 69,244 to 2, 15,680/ kg and 74,783 to 4, 14, 416, respectively. Fecundity showed a significant positive correlation with total length (0.749), gonad weight (0.747) and body weight (0.807) of the sampled fish. C. mrigala exhibited maximum reproductive potential and fecundity in the month of July compared to June and August in the eco-climatic conditions of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Key words: Gonado-somatic index, fecundity, Cirrhinus mrigala, Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Seasonal cycle of volume transport through Kerama Gap revealed by a 20-year global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis

The temporal variability of volume transport from the North Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea (ECS) through Kerama Gap (between Okinawa Island and Miyakojima Island − a part of Ryukyu Islands Arc) is investigated using a 20-year global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis with the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation from 1993 to 2012. The HYCOM mean transport is 2.1 Sv (positive into the ECS, 1 Sv = 106 m3/s) from June 2009 to June 2011, in good agreement with the observed 2.0 Sv transport during the same period. This is similar to the 20-year mean Kerama Gap transport of 1.95 ± 4.0 Sv. The 20-year monthly mean volume transport (transport seasonal cycle) is maximum in October (3.0 Sv) and minimum in November (0.5 Sv). The annual variation component (345–400 days), mesoscale eddy component (70–345 days), and Kuroshio meander component (< 70 days) are separated to determine their contributions to the transport seasonal cycle. The annual variation component has a close relation with the local wind field and increases (decreases) transport into the ECS through Kerama Gap in summer (winter). Most of the variations in the transport seasonal cycle come from the mesoscale eddy component. The impinging mesoscale eddies increase the transport into the ECS during January, February, May, and October, and decrease it in March, April, November, and December, but have little effect in summer (June–September). The Kuroshio meander components cause smaller transport variations in summer than in winter.

Components of Soil Respiration and its Monthly Dynamics in Rubber Plantation Ecosystems

Aim: Our objective was to quantify four components and study effect factors of soil respiration in rubber plantation ecosystems. Providing the basic data support for the establishment of the trade of rubber plantation ecosystem carbon source/sink. Methods: We used Li-6400 (IRGA, Li-COR) to quantitate four components of soil respiration in rubber plantation ecosystems at different ages. Soil respiration can be separated as four components: heterotrophic respiration (Rh), Respiration of roots (Rr), respiration of litter layer (Rl) and respiration of mineral soil (Rm). Important findings: The soil respiration rate (Rs) showed significant seasonal variation. The maximum soil respiration rate of the whole year appeared in August and the minimum in November or December. The components of soil respiration rate order showed as: heterotrophic respiration>respiration of roots>respiration of litter layer> respiration of mineral soil. The soil respiration rate was highly significant correlation (p<0.01, Q₁₀ = 1.13~2.37) with 0~10 cm soil temperature in dry season and significant correlation (p<0.05, Q₁₀ = 1.10~1.77) with 0~10 cm soil temperature in wet season. And soil respiration rate was not significant correlation with soil water content of 5 cm (p≥0.05). The soil respiration components of four kinds forest ages accounted for the percentage contribution to the flux of annual carbon emissions (Rs) as: Rh: 35.28~52.75%, Rr: 21.73~39.97%, Rl: 17.13~19.63%, Rm: 6.605~10.27%%, respectively. The soil respiration rate carbon flux of 5, 10, 19 and 33a respectively were 10.03, 10.34, 11.96 and 11.09 t/hm².a. And the annual carbon flux of soil respiration increased with stand ages increasing in rubber plantation ecosystems.

Atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2): observations at the high-altitude site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Measurements of H2 at the high-altitude site of Jungfraujoch, Switzerland are reported upon for the period of August, 2005-November, 2009. The time series consists of measurements that are primarily representative of free tropospheric background conditions. Highest background H2 mixing ratios were observed in May, while the lowest were observed in November. The mean seasonal H2 peak-to-trough amplitude of 21 parts per billion (ppb, 10-9 dry air mixing ratio) at Jungfraujoch was considerably less than at other stations at similar latitudes and the seasonal minimum in November was comparatively delayed. These differences are primarily attributed to a dampening and delay of the surface soil sink signal during its vertical propagation to the free troposphere. Excess (mixing ratio minus corresponding baseline value) H2 (2) and excess CO (CO) displayed no significant correlation. This lacking correlation is attributed to H2 removal by soil during transport to Jungfraujoch, thereby significantly altering the H2CO ratio from traffic combustion sources, which is the largest source of anthropogenic H2 influencing measurements at Jungfraujoch.

Spectral and photometric observations of TT Ari. III.

The nova-like cataclysmic variable (CV) TT Ari was detected in its second deep minimum in November 2009. Study of its evolutionary phase is very important for research on the nature of CVs in the VY Scl group. During this phase the spectral energy distribution of the star changed rapidly. The emission lines of elements with high excitation, such as HeII λ4686 and NIII/CIII, as well as broad absorption in the hydrogen Balmer series, originating in the photosphere of the white dwarf or in the lower layers of an accretion disk, vanished. The average ratio of the intensities of the Balmer series emission lines in the normal state and in the deep low state can be explained in terms of a simple photoionization-recombination model. At the same time, the intensity ratios of the triplet-singlet levels of neutral helium, HeIλ5876/ HeIλ6678, differ greatly in the normal state of the star and in its deep minimum. In the deep minimum, the star’s spectrum contains only a very faint trace of the G band at a wavelength λ4300A, together with flarelike events with amplitudes up to Δm ≈ 2 m .0 or greater. These and some other observed characteristics indicate that during the deep minimum it is mainly emission from the secondary companion of the binary system, which is probably a T Tau star of an early K spectral class, that is observed.

Primary productivity stimation during autumm-winter in Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico.

We analyzed the variability of primary productivity in Bahía de La Paz during November 1997 and 2000, January 1998 and February 2001. Water was identified in the Gulf of California in higher proportion; Surface Water and Water Subsuperficial Equatorial Subtropical. In November 1997 we saw the average maximum temperature (~ 27.62 ° C) in February and the lowest value (~ 19.16 ° C). The index of Simpson (Ö) indicated that during November 1997 (~ 286.6 J-3 m) column of water with greater stratification, while in November 1998 (~ 60.4 m J-3) and February 2001 (~ 94.5 J m-3) was mixed. In November 1997 there were low values of nitrate (~ 1.52 µM), nitrites (~ 0.04 µM) and chlorophyll a (Cla ~ 0.44 mg m-3). In February2001, there were larger values of nitrate (~ 7.46 µM), nitrites (~ 0.76 µM) and chlorophyll a (Cla ~ 1.07 mgm-3). The primary productivity and integrated surface presented their highest averages in November 2000 (C ~ 5.09 mg m-3 h-1 and 75.54. mg m-2 h-1) and minimum in November 1997 (C ~ 2.93 mg m-3 h-1 and ~ 55.29 mg m-2 h-1), respectively. According to previous research, reported productivity values are characteristic of the cold season of the bay with exception of November 1997, which showed influence of El Niño.