Gibbs Free Energy Minimization Research Articles

Thermodynamic investigation of biomass-steam gasification in converter vaporisation flue for synthesis gas production

Biomass gasification for hydrogen production is a highly promising technology for energy conversion and utilisation. This paper proposed a novel technology for the injection of biomass and steam into the flue of a converter vaporisation to produce hydrogen-rich syngas. The feasibility of hydrogen generation through gasification between biomass, steam, and carbon dioxide in the high-temperature flue gas was investigated based on the thermodynamic principle of Gibbs free energy minimisation. The influence of gasification parameters on the composition of syngas was also explored. The results indicate that in the gasification process, biomass and steam injected into the converter vaporisation flue can effectively inhibit the generation of by-products such as tar. As the steam volume increases, the volume fraction of hydrogen in the product also increases, while the concentration of carbon monoxide decreases. By adjusting the steam-to-biomass ratio, syngas with a hydrogen content exceeding 20% can be produced. At a reaction temperature of 1200 °C, with a steam addition of 5%, a biomass addition of 8 g/L, and a [Formula: see text] ratio of 3, the gas products are composed of 25% hydrogen and 67% carbon dioxide. The process has the potential to achieve a hydrogen yield of up to 90%, a syngas yield of 94%, and a CO2 conversion rate of 70%. Additionally, the lower heating value of the syngas is measured at 11.24 MJ/Nm3. The research results have confirmed the viability of the new technology, thus establishing a theoretical foundation for the industrial implementation of injecting biomass and steam into the converter vaporisation flue to produce hydrogen-rich syngas.

Powder metallurgical processing of novel Al0.5CoCrFeNiNb0.5-Si0.1 high entropy alloys: Phase evolution and nanomechanical properties

In this research, the high entropy alloy (HEA) of Al0.5CoCrFeNiNb0.5-Si0.1 was successfully synthesized through mechanical alloying utilizing a high-energy planetary ball mill. The synthesized HEA powder was subsequently pressed and sintered at 1400 °C with varying holding times. The phase evolution was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. Furthermore, the microstructural, morphological, and compositional characteristics of the powders were examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The nano-mechanical properties of the HEA compact were evaluated through nanoindentation to determine nano-hardness and elastic modulus.The mechanical alloying process was conducted for a duration of 30 h, resulting in the formation of a single-phase BCC solid solution, as confirmed by XRD and SAED analyses. The study investigated the criteria for phase stability based on the minimum Gibbs free energy and Hume-Rothery rules, which were consistent with the observed microstructural characteristics. Furthermore, the sintering process resulted in porosity levels of 6.01 % and 4.71 %, with corresponding densities of 6.96 g/cm³ and 7.12 g/cm³ for holding times of 3 and 4 h, respectively. It was noted that extended holding times improved the mechanical properties, with the alloy achieving a maximum hardness of 546 HV, nano-hardness of 5.57 GPa, elastic modulus of 265.47 GPa, and yield stress of 1.89 GPa after a holding time of 4 h.

Z-scheme promoted interfacial charge transfer on Cu/In-porphyrin MOFs/CdIn2S4 heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

The rational modulation of charge transfer pathway within heterojunction is essential toward boosting photocatalytic activity for H2 production from water splitting Herein, the bimetallic-modified porphyrin MOFs (CuIn-PMOFs) crystals have been developed as a substrate for the epitaxial wrapping of CdIn2S4 (CIS) nanosheets via a facile solvothermal process to fabricate novel hierarchical CuIn-PMOFs@CdIn2S4 (CuIn-PMOFs@CIS) heterojunctions. The experimental results, combined with density-functional theory calculations, demonstrated that the CuIn-PMOFs have a more negative conduction band position and the electrons transfer pathway is inclined from CIS to CuIn-PMOFs, which leads to the formation of unique Z-scheme heterojunctions. Profiting from the special “O-In” charge transfer channel, extensive highly active photoinduced electrons areaggregated and depleted in the conduction band of CuIn-PMOFs, contributing to the improvement of H2 generation activity. Moreover, the heterojunction model also revealed the minimum Gibbs free energy for H* intermediate adsorption (ΔGH*). Concretely, the optimized composite displayed a maximum H2 evolution rate of 7527.54 μmol g–1h−1, which is around 13.12 and 6.63 times higher than that of pure CdIn2S4 and CuIn-PMOFs, respectively. This work aims to suggest that constructing distinctive Z-scheme modulated charge transfer mechanism is an advanced strategy for acquiring highly efficient photocatalysts.

Thermodynamic Modeling and Optimization of Biomass and Bio-Renewable Organic Source Gasification in Supercritical Water Using Gibbs Free Energy Minimization

Thermodynamic Modeling and Optimization of Biomass and Bio-Renewable Organic Source Gasification in Supercritical Water Using Gibbs Free Energy Minimization

Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of biomass gasification: Effects of operating conditions on gasifier performance

Biomass has remarkable potential to reduce harmful emissions and ensure stable and sustainable energy production. In this paper, various parameters such as operating temperature, type of gasifying agent, air–fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio are investigated on the qualitative characteristics of the syngas obtained from biomass gasification. The qualitative indicators considered were the percentage of combustible components under the energy aspect and the percentage of undesirable components under the environmental aspect. The composition of the syngas was determined for a temperature range of 500–1000 °C as an equilibrium composition using the Gibbs free energy minimisation method. The results showed that increasing the gasification temperature above 900 °C had a positive effect on the energy and environmental properties of the syngas. Air and water vapour were selected as possible gasifying agents. The results showed that water vapour was significantly more favourable than air as a gasifying agent in terms of syngas quality. In the best case, the H2 yield for gasification with air is 35 %vol, while this value reaches 65 %vol for gasification with steam. In addition to the type, the ratio of the gasifying agent to the amount of fuel was also analysed. The analysis showed that it was more favourable to carry out the gasification process at lower air-to-fuel and steam-to-fuel ratios, which is consistent with the work of other authors.

Experiment and simulation assessment of supercritical underground coal gasification in deep coal seam

To explain the impact of geological and process factors on underground coal gasification in deep coal seam (>2200 m) and promote the efficient and clean extraction and conversion of coal, this study employs the orthogonal experimental design method to investigate the impact of CO2 coefficient (0–1), moisture content (30–80 wt%), calcite content (0–10 wt%), albite content (0–10 wt%), kaolinite content (0–20 wt%), reaction temperature (550–650 °C), and reaction pressure (23–27 MPa) on the characteristics of coal underground gasification under supercritical H2O/CO2 conditions. Furthermore, range analysis and variance analysis are utilized to determine the degree of influence of each factor and the interaction between factors. Finally, the Gibbs free energy minimization method is used to conduct a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of coal supercritical H2O/CO2 gasification at high temperatures (750–1000 °C). The results indicate that the three most significant factors affecting the process of coal supercritical H2O/CO2 gasification are the CO2 coefficient, moisture content, and reaction temperature. The maximum carbon gasification efficiency at 650 °C in experimental cases and 1000 °C in simulation cases is 22.2% and 88.1%, respectively. Although the addition of CO2 at lower temperatures reduces the carbon gasification efficiency, at high temperatures (>900 °C), a higher initial CO2 concentration increases the carbon gasification efficiency. The addition of CO2 under conditions of low moisture content increases the mole fraction of H2, but reduces it under conditions of high moisture content (≥70 wt%). Among the three minerals, calcite has the most significant influence on the gasification process.

Theoretical study on coal gasification behavior in CO2 atmosphere driven by slag waste heat

Blast furnace slag, a main by-product of ironmaking process, contained high-quality sensible heat, accounting for almost 30 % of total energy consumption in iron and steel industry. This paper proposed CO2 coal gasification method aimed at recovering waste heat from blast furnace slag. Based on Gibbs free energy minimization, influence of temperature, CO2/C, pressure and steam were investigated. Under optimal operating conditions at 1023–1198 K, CO2/C of 1.5–2.0 and atmospheric pressure, total amount of syngas was 2.78 kmol, with 67.1 % CO and 8.79 % H2. Addition of steam could adjust compositions of syngas. H2/CO of syngas reached 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 when H2O(g)/CO2 were 1.45/0.55, 1.73/0.27 and 1.95/0.05, which could be used as organic raw materials for chemical industry. Meanwhile, energy and exergy efficiencies of coal gasification were found to be 63.84 % and 62.58 %, respectively, under optimal operating conditions. For different syngas products, when H2O(g)/CO2 was 1.95/0.05, exergy loss was the lowest, with internal and external exergy loss amounting to 31.80 % and 2.16 % respectively. These works provided theoretical guidance on use of the coal gasification reaction for recovering waste heat from blast furnace slag and contributed to the achievement of the strategic goal of CO2 energy saving and emission reduction.

Thermodynamic Model for Hydrogen Production from Rice Straw Supercritical Water Gasification.

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology is highly promising for its ability to cleanly and efficiently convert biomass to hydrogen. This paper developed a model for the gasification of rice straw in supercritical water (SCW) to predict the direction and limit of the reaction based on the Gibbs free energy minimization principle. The equilibrium distribution of rice straw gasification products was analyzed under a wide range of parameters including temperatures of 400-1200 °C, pressures of 20-50 MPa, and rice straw concentrations of 5-40 wt%. Coke may not be produced due to the excellent properties of supercritical water under thermodynamic constraints. Higher temperatures, lower pressures, and biomass concentrations facilitated the movement of the chemical equilibrium towards hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield was 47.17 mol/kg at a temperature of 650 °C, a pressure of 25 MPa, and a rice straw concentration of 5 wt%. Meanwhile, there is an absorptive process in the rice straw SCWG process for high-calorific value hydrogen production. Energy self-sufficiency of the SCWG process can be maintained by adding small amounts of oxygen (ER < 0.2). This work would be of great value in guiding rice straw SCWG experiments.

Analyzing the methanation thermodynamic feasibility of steel plant byproduct gases

To improve the utilization of byproduct gases in the steel plant, the coke oven gas (COG) methanation combined with blast furnace gas (BFG) and basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG) was proposed in viewpoint of economy and environment. The optimization mathematics model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was established to predict the thermodynamic feasibility of the proposed methanation. To solve the proposed model, the convenient method was implemented by using the Gibbs module in Aspen Plus software. Effects of operation parameters on the methanation performance were revealed to identify the optimized conditions. To reduce the solid carbon concentration, it was found that the optimized conditions of temperature, pressure and stoichiometric number were 650 °C, 30 bar and 3.0, respectively. Moreover, it was discovered that 10 mol% of BFG or BOFG could be mixed into COG to obtain the maximum methane yield. In addition, it was testified that there were the good agreements between calculated results and industrial and published data, which indicated that the proposed methanation was thermodynamically feasible. Therefore, the simple and easy method was developed to evaluate the methanation operating conditions from the aspect of thermodynamic equilibrium, which provided the basic process conditions of byproduct gases methanation to enhance the steel plant efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.

H2-enriched gaseous fuel production via steam-gasification of biomass by using lime-based sorbents

The main objective of the present study was to compare the catalytic activity of selected limestones (Göynük, Dikmen, Polatlı Yolu, Kınık Tüneli and Köserelik) in terms of H2-rich syngas production from biomass gasification. In order to achieve this goal, an ASPEN plus-based model for biomass gasification integrated with carbonation reaction was developed. Tar formation was also considered and the gasification process was carried out based on Gibbs free energy minimization. A combined effect of temperature (600-710 °C), steam/biomass ratio, S/B (0.58-1.58), and limestone/biomass ratio, L/B (0-2.0) on gas composition, H2 yield (HY) and gas yield (GY) was also studied. An increase in both S/B and L/B was beneficial for H2 enrichment. The CO2 content declined sharply from 16.83 vol% to 10.28 vol% with increasing L/B from 0 to 1.5; however, a marginal reduction in CO2 content was observed with further increase in L/B. The highest HY (51.01 g/kg) was produced with Dikmen followed by Göynük, Polatlı Yolu, Kınık Tüneli and Köserelik. The results also showed that the limestone samples with high CaO content in general exhibits a better H2 production capacity than limestones with low CaO content. To the best of our knowledge, no simulation study has been presented to compare the catalytic activity of different limestones in terms of H2 production.

A hybrid approach combining mechanism-guided data augmentation and machine learning for biomass pyrolysis

Process accuracy modelling requires comprehensive thermodynamics and kinetic knowledge, which is not feasible for complex biomass pyrolysis. Here, we propose a hybrid modelling strategy that combines mechanism-guided modelling (Aspen Plus) with data-driven machine learning (ML) models to accurately predict biomass pyrolysis products. Specifically, we establish the pyrolysis equilibrium model based on the first principles and Gibbs free energy minimization approach; then, the equilibrium model is leveraged to augment data by selecting points with smaller residuals; finally, the augmented data and experimental data serve as input for the ML models training. The results revealed that the hybrid model exhibited superior performance, with average R2 and MAPE values of 0.981 and 0.266, respectively, for predicting biochar yield and heating value. Conclusively, this work introduces new insight and strategy to accelerate the engineered application of bioenergy via modelling biomass pyrolysis and screening biomass.

VALORIZATION OF WASTE FRUIT PEELS: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON PREDICTION OF GASIFICATION PRODUCT COMPOSITION

In this work, a variety of discarded fruit peels are investigated using a computational technique in order to anticipate the products of their gasification when subjected to higher temperatures, namely 800°C and 900 °C. The proximate and ultimate analyses of eight different fruit peels were collected from a variety of published sources, and the composition of gasification was predicted by applying the Gibbs free energy minimization method to each fruit peel individually and to both temperatures using the Solver Tool feature of the Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. As input for the simulation, the thermodynamic constants for each gaseous component and the elemental analysis of each fruit peel were needed. The predicted gaseous composition was compared with some of the data obtained in the literature, and it was determined to be in a close match based on the root mean square error for each number. This was done while taking into account the fact that the carbon conversion process during gasification was only partially successful. For citation: Khedkar R.S., Khonde R.D., Meshram P. Valorization of waste fruit peels: a computational study on prediction of gasification product composition. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 6. P. 127-134. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246706.6959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Woody biomass waste derivatives in decarbonised blast furnace ironmaking process

Modern ironmaking process relies significantly on fossil-related fuels, which ultimately results in the enormous CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. Biomass of plant origin, as a carbon-neutral energy source, has been considered as an alternative to fossil-based reducing agents such as coke. This study aims to investigate the potential of three woody biomass waste derivatives produced from biomass waste pyrolysis and gasification, namely charcoal, bio-oil, and bio-syngas, as the reducing agents in blast furnace. A model based on heat and mass balance and Gibbs free energy minimisation is proposed to simulate an ironmaking process with assistance of these derivatives. The effects of specific composition of biomass waste derivatives on process operation, CO2 emissions, and coke replacement are explored. Also the effects of H2-rich gas produced from biomass waste gasification on the blast furnace operation are estimated. Results indicate that reactions of woody biomass waste derivatives in blast furnace are complex and greatly dependent on composition. When charcoal has a higher carbon content, lower CO2 concentration is found from the top gas. The higher content of hydrogen in bio-oil will inhibit further reduction in CO2 emissions. Bio-syngas with H2/CO ratio of 1.3 proves to have a remarkable potential to reduce CO2 emissions. From the aspects of available biomass waste resources across the world, woody biomass waste derivatives as reducing agents are more suitable for countries with the limited pig iron production. This study provides a reference on the future of moving forward the decarbonised ironmaking by using woody biomass waste derivatives.

Chemical looping reforming of the micromolecular component from biomass pyrolysis via Fe2O3@SBA-16

AbstractTo solve the problems of low gasification efficiency and high tar content caused by solid–solid contact between biomass and oxygen carrier in traditional biomass chemical looping gasification process. The decoupling strategy was adopted to decouple the biomass gasification process, and the composite oxygen carrier was prepared by embedding Fe2O3 in molecular sieve SBA-16 for the chemical looping reforming process of pyrolysis micromolecular model compound methane, which was expected to realize the directional reforming of pyrolysis volatiles to prepare hydrogen-rich syngas. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction system was carried out based on the Gibbs free energy minimization method, and the reforming performance was evaluated by a fixed bed reactor, and the kinetic parameters were solved based on the gas–solid reaction model. Thermodynamic analysis verified the feasibility of the reaction and provided theoretical guidance for experimental design. The experimental results showed that the reaction performance of Fe2O3@SBA-16 was compared with that of pure Fe2O3 and Fe2O3@SBA-15, and the syngas yield was increased by 55.3% and 20.7% respectively, and it had good cycle stability. Kinetic analysis showed that the kinetic model changed from three-dimensional diffusion to first-order reaction with the increase of temperature. The activation energy was 192.79 kJ/mol by fitting. This paper provides basic data for the directional preparation of hydrogen-rich syngas from biomass and the design of oxygen carriers for pyrolysis of all-component chemical looping reforming.

Development and performance assessment of a novel multigeneration clean energy system based on biomass-LNG using a dynamic model and supervised learning algorithms

Combining process integration mechanisms with artificial intelligence (AI) can be used as a tool for maximum use of biomass capacity and energy production. This study proposes a continuous multi-generation hybrid energy production system based on biomass-LNG using the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) method. In this system, using the Gibbs free energy minimization approach, a process based on the fluidized bed gasifier was designed, which in addition to producing hydrogen and electricity from biomass, also produces liquid CO2 and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from liquid natural gas and limestone for the first time. This process was also examined from thermal (HHV) and thermodynamic (Exergy) standpoints. The simulation of the gasification unit was able to predict the percentage of exhaust gases from the gasifier with errors of RMSE = 3.8 and RMSE = 3.2 for almond shell and rice shell biomass, respectively. Following that, a dataset with more than 14 million records was generated. Then, machine learning methods were employed to investigate and improve the process's simulation characteristics. The evaluation of 15 machine learning algorithms in the construction of the predictive model showed that ANN, Extra Tree Regressor, and Random Forest are the most accurate algorithms in predicting the desired values (such as hydrogen, work, PCC, liquid CO2, exergy, and HHV) with R2 > 0.99. The dataset analysis showed that the current process could produce 130 kg/h of hydrogen, 375 kWh of work, 2600 kg/h of PCC, and 531 kg/h of liquid carbon dioxide on average. As a final step, a WPF desktop application was developed that simplifies the use of ML models so that the impact of changing the variables can easily be calculated.

Equilibrium Study of Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Syngas

Fugacity coefficients for the components in the gas mixture are determined using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation of state. The Gibbs free energy minimization method is employed to determine the equilibrium composition of the components for CO2 reforming of CH4 to syngas. To utilize CO2 efficiently and avoid carbon deposition, CO2 composition in the initial feed should not be greater than 1 (nCH4,0 = 1), and the reaction is preferably operated at atmospheric pressure. Setting nCH4,0:nCO2,0 to 1:1, and increasing nO2,0 in the feed from 0 to 1.0 to adjust the initial composition, results in a decrease in the syngas equilibrium yield, and a increase in both nCO2,e and nH2O,e. The temperature required for complete carbon deposition removal decreased. Considering the effective utilization of CO2 at nCH4,0:nCO2,0 1:1, it is recommended to set nO2,0 in the feed to less than 0.5.

ბუნებრივი რესურსის ბაზაზე მიღებული სორბენტებით CO2-ის ადსორბციისას შესაძლო პროცესთა თერმოდინამიკური ანალიზი

This research paper examines the potential mechanisms involved in the adsorption of carbon dioxide using sorbents derived from the natural resources found in Georgia (with a primary focus on zeolite-based materials). A succinct characterization of zeolites obtained from the Dzegvi deposit is provided, along with the presentation of the average chemical composition of the collected samples. The study identifies three distinct series of reactions for in-depth investigation. According to the referenced sources, the standard molar values of the thermodynamic properties of the substances involved in the reaction are sought. The Gibbs free energy minimization method is employed to ascertain both the magnitudes and directions of the free energy changes and equilibrium constants for the proposed reactions within the temperature range spanning 400 to 1200 Kelvin. Their temperature dependence is expressed graphically. Reactions are evaluated based on thermodynamic point of view.

Metallurgical analysis of laser welded AZ31/5A06 lap joints with Ti–Ni interlayer

The presence of brittle Mg–Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in Mg/Al welded joints significantly degrades their mechanical properties. Understanding of the joint interfacial metallurgical reactions is essential for improving the performance of Mg/Al joints. Various single element interlayers, such as Ti, Ni, Zn, Fe, Ce and Cu, have been introduced to improve the joint performance, and the Miedema model has been applied to analyze the priority of phase generations in binary systems. However, the metallurgical reactions in the Mg/Al interface with bi-alloy interlayers cannot be fully explained using only a binary system. In this study, laser welding of AZ31-5A06 using a Ti–Ni interlayer was comprehensively investigated Then, the aggregation tendency of the elements in the Mg–Ni–Ti–Al system was explained using the Toop model and the ternary phase diagram was used to analyze the solidification process in the interlayer. With the increasing of laser power, the interlayer became from intact to incomplete, and finally completely destroyed. As a result, the Mg–Al IMCs with a thickness of 4.5 μm (1617 W) increased to 17–21 μm (1815 W) and 130 μm (2013 W) respectively. The distribution of Mg–Al IMCs also changed from being distributed between Mg-interlayer (1617 W) to being discontinuously distributed within the joint (1815 W) and continuously distributed within the joint (2013 W). When the interlayer remained intact at 1617 W, the maximum shear strength of the joint was 145.76 MPa, and the fracture exhibited a mixed fracture pattern consisting of brittle and ductile fracture. At 1617 W, the distribution of elements at the joint interface revealed that the interlayer was composed of Al, Ni, and Ti without Mg, which successfully blocked the diffusion between Mg and Al. The Gibbs free energy calculated from the Toop model indicated that the minimum Gibbs free energy of an Al–Ni–Ti system was −59.3 kJ/mol, which is lower than that of a Mg–Ni–Ti system (−48.1 kJ/mol); therefore, the Al–Ni–Ti system would be preferentially generated in the joint. The composition of the interlayer was mainly concentrated in the α-Ti and β-Ti phase region of the liquid-phase projection phase diagram and in the TiAl+τ3-Al3NiTi2 and Ti3Al+τ3-Al3NiTi2 phase regions of the isothermal cross-section phase diagram. Consequently, the interlayer consists of multiple phases such as Ti3Al, TiAl, and Al3NiTi2. The Ti3Al and TiAl with superior strength and deformability in the interlayer inhibited the generation of Mg–Al IMC, and the partially melted Ni layer facilitated the connection between Mg/Ni/Ti, thus improving the strength of Mg–Al dissimilar alloy joints.

H2-rich syngas generated from forestry waste gasification by recycling hot blast furnace gas

H2-rich syngas injection and decarbonization of blast furnace gas are the main technical routes for achieving low-carbon iron-smelting in the iron and steel industry. In this study, a novel process of H2-rich syngas generated from forestry waste (FW) gasification by hot recycling blast-furnace gas (BFG) is proposed. A model of FW gasification by the hot BFG in an entrained-flow gasifier is constructed using Aspen Plus with a focus on minimizing Gibbs free energy. Meanwhile, the techno-economic analysis of H2-rich syngas generated from FW gasification is also evaluated via taking 36 tones/hr of FW gasification as the objective. The model is experimentally validated with gasification results derived from published studies. The technology analysis reveals that the optimum performance for H2-rich syngas generated from FW gasification by the hot BFG with total energy efficiency of 74.75 % is observed at a gasification temperature of 850 °C, steam/FW ratio of 0.18 kg/kg, and BFG/FW ratio of 2 m3/kg. The economic analysis indicated that the net present value (NPV), payback period (PBR), and internal rate of return (IRR) are in sequence as 336.70 M$, 2.40 yr, and 71.19 % assuming the cost of H2-rich syngas is 0.11 $/Nm3. Meanwhile, 1.67 kg syngas production yield and 1.9 kg CO2 recycled per kg of FW gasification by the proposed process. The proposed process is not only a competitive technology for H2-rich syngas generation, but also an effective strategy to reduce carbon-emitting.

Prediction of RNA Secondary Structure Using Butterfly Optimization Algorithm

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure is vital to its ability to function within the cell. The ability to predict RNA structure is essential to implementing new medications and understanding genetic illnesses. It is also important in synthetic and computational biology. All these functions are directly related to its secondary structure. Also prediction of RNA secondary structure process is the most significant step to determining the tertiary structure of RNA. On account of this, prediction of secondary structure of RNA is the crying topic in bioinformatics. In this research, we present the swarm-based metaheuristic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) method for predicting the secondary structure of RNA. The main feather of the BOA is that it can conduct both local and global search simultaneously. According to the problem perspective, we have redesigned the operators of BOA to perform global and local search operations in different ways. We have followed a thermodynamic model for the selection of the stable secondary structure with minimum Gibbs free energy. Predicting the minimum free energy value we also developed an “Optimize” function to search the new optimize structure. This function increases the prediction efficiency, creating new stable structure and also decreases the time complexity of global searching procedure. We have used a public dataset to perform the prediction operation. To accuse our prediction efficiency, we have compared our outcomes to existing popular algorithms. The result shows that the proposed approach can predict secondary RNA structure better than other state-of-the-art algorithms.