Minimal Weight Loss Research Articles

A novel edible biocomposite coating based on alginate from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii loaded with beeswax nanoparticles extends the shelf life of yellow passion fruit

In this study, an edible biocomposite coating of alginate extracted from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii was loaded with beeswax nanoparticles (BDMAB) to extend the shelf life of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). The films were characterized by morphology, moisture content, contact angle, water vapor permeability, solubility, and optical and mechanical properties. Using a 4 × 6 factorial design, coated fruit was evaluated during six storage intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days) at 22.5 ± 0.5 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH, focusing on respiration rate, weight loss, peel thickness and color, pulp yield and color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and sensory acceptance. The BDMAB coating, composed of 67.9 % (w/w) ADM (bleached), 5 % (w/w) glycerol, 8.5 % (w/w) beeswax, and 18.6 % (w/w) Tween 80, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the respiration rate, minimized weight loss, and preserved quality attributes, such as acidity, ascorbic acid, phenols, and antioxidant capacity. A 3-day extension in shelf life was inferred based on the climacteric peak delay of BDMAB-coated fruits compared with the control. Sensory analysis confirmed the acceptance of BDMAB coating. Therefore, BDMAB biocomposite coatings have great potential for preserving yellow passion fruit and promoting sustainability and conservation.

Remarkable recycling processes of conjugated polymers with titanium dioxide quantum dots as photocatalysts for photodegradation of hazardous industrial wastewater

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a novel polyaniline-titanium dioxide quantum dot (PA-TQD) composite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of hazardous industrial wastewater. The composite was synthesized via in-situ polymerization and characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM, BET, and TGA, confirming the integration of TiO₂ quantum dots (2.8–5.3 nm) into the polyaniline matrix (particle size 35–40 nm). BET analysis revealed a surface area of 50.30 m²/g for PA-TQD, significantly higher than 28.18 m²/g for pure polyaniline, contributing to its improved photocatalytic activity. Photocatalytic degradation experiments on methyl orange dye demonstrated a 60.1% degradation efficiency under xenon irradiation, compared to 35% for polyaniline alone. The photocatalytic rate constant of PA-TQD was 0.032 min⁻¹, indicating enhanced performance.In recycling tests, PA-TQD retained 73.8% of its photocatalytic efficiency after four cycles, showcasing strong reusability. TGA analysis confirmed the composite's enhanced thermal stability, with minimal weight loss up to 250 °C. COD analysis of real industrial wastewater samples showed effective pollutant reduction, with COD values for PA-TQD ranging from 756 to 1212 ppm. However, further optimization is needed to meet regulatory limits set by Saudi environmental laws (<1000 ppm COD). The synergy between polyaniline and TiO₂ quantum dots enhances charge separation, increases active sites, and makes PA-TQD a promising recyclable photocatalyst for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.

Weight change does not impact long-term outcomes following cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation

Abstract Background Weight loss has been suggested to reduce frequency and burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) in overweight patients (pts). However, there are limited data on weight loss impact on outcomes in pts with AF who have undergone pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Purpose To understand the impact of weight change on long-term outcomes, as assessed by freedom from recurrent AF in pts undergoing cryoballoon (CB) PVI. Methods We enrolled consecutive pts with AF who underwent CB PVI; all had implantable loop recorders (ILR) for long-term ECG monitoring. The cohort was divided into 4 groups based on weight change 1-year post ablation: (1) optimal weight loss (OWL) – weight decrease ≥ 10%; (2) minimal weight loss (MWL) - weight loss (WL) 3-9% weight decrease; (3) no weight change (NWC) - weight change &amp;lt; 3%, (4) weight gain (WG) ≥ 3% weight increase. We assessed for AF recurrence after excluding a 3-month post-ablation blanking period. Results Out of a total of 322 pts who underwent ablation, 241 (75%) pts (69 ± 10 years; 159 (66%) male; 133 (55%) PAF; CHA2DS2-VASc 2.7 ± 1.5; BMI 30 ± 5) had weight information available at ablation and last follow-up. All were off antiarrhythmics by 1 year. There were no differences in the 4 cohorts with respect to baseline characteristics. During the first year, about ¼ of pts were able to lose ≥ 3% of weight but only 8 pts (3%) were able to lose ≥ 10%. AF recurred in 153 (63%); they were older, more likely to have persistent AF (PeAF), and a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score. However, weight change did not impact outcome (Figure). In a multivariate Cox Regression hazards analysis, PAF vs. PeAF at ablation was the only factor associated with any recurrence at follow-up (Figure). Conclusions Post CB PVI only about ¼ of pts are able to lose weight. Weight changes in the first-year post ablation in obese pts did not alter outcomes with respect to likelihood of recurrent AF. These data should be taken into account when considering catheter ablation.

Bio synthesis of chitosan from shrimp shell chitin using Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG:Characterization and application as coating material to enhance shelf life of tomatoes (var. Ruby pusa) in post-harvest storgae condition

In this investigation, chitosan was successfully obtained from shrimp shell chitin through microbial degradation by Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG. The resulting chitosan showcased remarkable characteristics, including high solubility, a high degree of deacetylation, a well-defined crystalline structure, and a rough surface with minimal pores. The application of chitosan as a coating material for tomatoes demonstrated significant preservation benefits compared to commercially available chitosan. The chitosan coating proved effective in minimizing weight loss, reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and preserving essential compounds such as anthocyanin content and antioxidant enzymes in tomatoes. Firstly, the chitosan coating served as a physical barrier, preventing moisture loss and maintaining the tomatoes' structural integrity. Secondly, the antimicrobial properties of chitosan hindered the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms, extending the shelf life of the tomatoes. Additionally, the chitosan coating exhibited antioxidant properties, scavenging ROS and preserving the natural antioxidants in tomatoes. Furthermore, the chitosan coating facilitated controlled gas exchange, allowing optimal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to maintain the freshness of the tomatoes without accelerating the ripening process. With the help of the above-mentioned mechanisms, the potential of the microbially synthesized chitosan to enhance the shelf life of the tomatoes can be explained which was found better than the commercially synthesized chitosan coating. This research underscores the potential of microbially synthesized chitosan as an effective coating material but also provides insights into the intricate mechanisms involved in preserving tomatoes. The findings pave the way for innovative applications of chitosan-based coatings in the food industry, ensuring prolonged freshness and nutritional quality of perishable fruits and vegetables.

Improving storage duration of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) through electron beam technology.

Electron beam (EB) technology typically consists of high-energy electron streams produced by a linear accelerator. Although promising, the use of EB irradiation as a technique to delay ripening and prevent spoilage in tomatoes has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the effectiveness of EB irradiation in prolonging the shelf life of tomatoes postharvest was investigated. The results indicated that EB irradiation successfully reduced microbial contamination and decay, preserved key quality attributes (such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and firmness), and significantly minimized weight loss. Notably, the treatment delayed the biosynthesis of lycopene, a key indicator of ripening, without adversely affecting phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which remained consistent regardless of irradiation. Additionally, different methods for detecting irradiation were evaluated. Thermoluminescence analysis proved to be the most dependable technique, especially for doses exceeding 600Gy, due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, photostimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance analyses showed limitations in accurately identifying the irradiation status of foods with high moisture content, such as tomatoes. This study confirms that EB irradiation, while maintaining postharvest quality, extends the shelf life of tomatoes by 5-10days, suggesting its potential for commercial application in food preservation.

8570 Association Between Preconception Lifestyle and Anthropometric Modifications and Fertility outcomes in Women with Infertility and Obesity

Abstract Disclosure: A. Thibodeau: None. C. Richer dit Laflèche: None. G. Ngueta: None. M. Belan: None. F. Jean-Denis: None. M. Langlois: None. M. Pesant: None. B. Carranza Mamane: None. J. Baillargeon: Grant Recipient; Self; Ferring Pharmaceuticals. Introduction: Infertility is a common problem that is affected by many lifestyle behaviors, and preconception lifestyle modifications are recommended in women with infertility and obesity. This study thus aims to explore whether preconception lifestyle or anthropometric changes are associated with a viable pregnancy or a live birth in this population. Methods: This prospective cohort study, nested within a randomized controlled trial that recruited 127 women with infertility and obesity at an academic fertility clinic, reports on 70 women who had at least one research visit during their follow-up until the onset of pregnancy or a maximum of 18 months. Lifestyles were assessed using a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between changes in lifestyle or anthropometry and the occurrence of a viable pregnancy or live birth. Changes were defined by the incremental area under the curve (divided by follow-up time; iAUC) and the difference between baseline and the minimum or maximum measure achieved during follow-up. Regressions were corrected for baseline measures of the age of both partners, waist circumference, multiparity, socioeconomic status and multivitamin use. Results: The odds of a pregnancy and live birth were higher among women who had a greater minimum change (improvement) in their weekly consumption of fruits (p=.028/.014) or dairy products (p=.005/.003), in their reduction of tobacco use (p=.038/NS), in their sleep duration (p=.044/NS), or in their loss of weight, waist circumference or fat mass (p=.007/.007; .006/.006; .045/.019). Unexpectedly, a higher maximum change in energy expenditure was associated with lower odds of pregnancy (p=.013). Multivariate analyses showed that a higher minimum change in fruit consumption (p=.008), in tobacco use reduction (p=.033), and waist circumference loss (p=.002), and a lower maximum change in energy expenditure (p=.008) were all independently associated with the occurrence of pregnancy, after adjustment for the abovementioned potential confounders. For live birth, a higher minimum change in dairy products consumption (p=.012), in tobacco use reduction (p=.017), and in weight loss (p=.003) were all independently associated with a live birth. Conclusion: Our exploratory analyses are among the first to show that preconception lifestyle improvements are associated with the occurrence of a viable pregnancy and live birth in women with infertility and obesity, particularly higher minimal and sustained changes in fruit and dairy product intake and tobacco reduction. Higher minimal and sustained weight or waist circumference losses also contributed to improve their fertility, as expected. However, the negative association between higher energy expenditure and pregnancy was unexpected and requires further evaluation. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Evaluation of cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates for sustainable pavement base/subbase construction

Rapid urbanization and population growth have caused a substantial rise in the generation of all kinds of waste globally. The use of recycled waste not only can replace the enormous volume of virgin materials used in construction but also alleviate environmental concerns by lowering landfilling loads. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using non-treated and cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in pavement base and subbase layers. A detailed study focused on the strength, durability and microstructural aspects of treated RCA. To fulfill this, experimental test program and analysis covered particle-size distribution, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact value, modified Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), weight loss under wet-dry cycles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The recycled aggregates are found to show excellent physical and mechanical characteristics in terms of abrasion and aggregate impact values. Cement treatment has shown to significantly enhance the strength and durability characteristics of RCA, rendering it suitable for pavement base/subbase layer application. RCA samples treated with a cement content of 3 % and above (by weight) are found to satisfy the minimum specified unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 2 MPa at 7 days of curing, according to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and Austroads guidelines for pavement base and subbase layer applications. However, a relatively higher cement contents (5 % and 7 %) is required to meet the minimum 7-days UCS criterion of 3 and 4.5 MPa for base layer applications of low- and high- volume roads, respectively, according to Indian road standards (IRC SP 72 (2015) and IRC 37(2018)). Cement-treated samples with 2 % cement or above showed minimal weight loss after 12 alternate wet-dry cycles, which was well within the maximum permissible limit (14 %) specified in various standards for stabilized materials. Additionally, microstructural investigations have clearly showed formation of hydration products corroborating the mechanism behind strength gain with time. Findings from this study provide references to promote the use of RCA in construction of pavement base and subbase layer, contributing towards the goal of net zero set by the United Nations.

Immunity and Protective Efficacy of a Plant-Based Tobacco Mosaic Virus-like Nanoparticle Vaccine against Influenza a Virus in Mice.

The rapid production of influenza vaccines is crucial to meet increasing pandemic response demands. Here, we developed plant-made vaccines comprising centralized consensus influenza hemagglutinin (HA-con) proteins (H1 and H3 subtypes) conjugated to a modified plant virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanoparticle (TMV-HA-con). We compared immune responses and protective efficacy against historical H1 or H3 influenza A virus infections among TMV-HA-con, HA-con protein combined with AddaVax™ adjuvant, and whole-inactivated virus vaccine (Fluzone®). Immunogenicity studies demonstrated robust IgG, IgM, and IgA responses in the TMV-HA-con and HA-con protein vaccinated groups, with relatively low induction of interferon (IFN)-γ+ T-cell responses across all vaccinated groups. The TMV-HA-con and HA-con protein groups displayed partial protection (100% and 80% survival) with minimal weight loss following challenge with two H1N1 strains. The HA-con protein group exhibited 80% and 100% survival against two H3 strains, whereas the TMV-HA-con groups showed reduced protection (20% survival). The Fluzone® group conferred 20-100% survival against two H1N1 strains and one H3N1 strain, but did not protect against H3N2 infection. Our findings indicate that TMV-HA and HA-con protein vaccines with adjuvant induce protective immune responses against influenza A virus infections. Furthermore, our results underscore the potential of plant-based production using TMV-like nanoparticles for developing influenza A virus candidate vaccines.

Enhancing Shelf-life and Quality of Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) Using UV-C Radiation and Natural Preservatives

AbThe influence of UV-C radiation and garlic extract on the shelf life and storage of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum L. cv. Arka Rakshak) was investigated in this study. Fresh tomatoes were subjected to four treatments: control (untreated), UV-C (1.2 kJ/m²), garlic (10% w/v aqueous extract), and UV-C (1.2 kJ/m²) + garlic (10% w/v aqueous extract). The treated tomatoes were preserved at 4°C for 14 days, and their physical, chemical, and microbial properties were analyzed at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. The combination of UV-C and garlic treatments lowered the loss of firmness, maintained color, and minimized weight loss. The UV-C treatment enhanced the initial lycopene and total phenolic content, while the combination treatment showed the best retention of these bioactive compounds during storage. The garlic treatment contributed to the antimicrobial activity, and the combination treatment significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the total plate count and yeast and mold count compared to the control. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in the samples throughout the storage period. The results demonstrate the potential of UV-C radiation and garlic extract as natural preservatives for improving the shelf life. The combination treatment can be an effective approach to reduce post-harvest losses and ensure the safety and nutritional value of the produce.stract

Ecofriendly and low-cost high-entropy sulfides with high thermal stability and ZT > 1 via entropy engineering and anion compensation

The thermoelectric performance and thermal stability of high-entropy sulfides (Cu7Mg2Sn2ZnGeS13, Cu5MgSnZnSiS9, and Cu7Mg2Sn2ZnSiS13) were studied and compared with copper-based monosulfides (Cu2S) and binary sulfides (Cu12Sb4S13). High-entropy sulfides exhibit superior thermal stability, characterized by higher decomposition onset temperatures and minimal weight loss, maintaining their structural stability up to 750 ℃. Cu7Mg2Sn2ZnSiS13 demonstrates a peak ZT of 0.52 at 500 ℃. Further optimization through sulfur compensation (Cu7Mg2Sn2ZnSiS13.5) results in a 200 % improvement of the peak ZT value to 1.12 at 550 ℃, which is comparable to other pristine copper-based sulfides, while being more eco-friendly and cost-effective. Entropy engineering provides a new way to improve the inherent thermal and structural stability of sulfides and can also optimize their thermoelectric performance using non-toxic and earth abundant cation elements.

Active bio-nanocomposites from litchi seed starch, tamarind kernel xyloglucan, and lignin nanoparticles to improve the shelf-life of banana (Musa acuminata)

Valorization of agricultural byproducts to biodegradable packaging films aids in reducing plastic dependency and addressing plastic perils. Herein, starch (LSS) from litchi seeds and xyloglucan (XG) from tamarind kernels were recovered, and composite films were developed. The XG addition strengthened the weak polymer networks of LSS and improved rheological, molecular, morphological, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties. The incorporation of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) into the LSS-XG network further increased the tensile strength (14.83 MPa), elastic modulus (0.41 GPa), and reduced surface wettability (80.07°), and water vapor permeability (5.63 ± 0.38 × 10−7 g m−1s−1Pa−1). The phenolic hydroxyls of LNPs imparted strong UV-shielding and free radical scavenging abilities to films. These attributes aided in preserving the quality of coated banana fruits with minimal weight loss and color change. Overall, this research highlights the potential transformation of underutilized abundant byproducts into sustainable active bio-nanocomposites for food packaging and shelf-life extension of fruits.

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of zinc-isonicotinic acid MOF

The synthesis and characterization of Zn (INA) microcrystalline MOF was conducted, revealing its high catalytic activity in the production of substituted benzyl alcohol (BzOH) to substituted benzaldehyde (BzA). The MOF was found to be cost-effective and efficient, with a short synthesis time and moderate reaction conditions. The MOF's structure was confirmed through XRD, SEM, and TEM imaging, and its purity was confirmed through EDS analysis. The TGA investigation revealed significant thermal stability with minimal weight loss and BET studies shows the substantial surface area and pore volume, suggesting potential for various industrial uses. The MOF's efficiency under mild reaction conditions, low cost, and absence of noble metals makes it a promising candidate for sustainable catalytic applications.

Effect of Co-Diet Supplementation on Biodegradation of Polyethylene by Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Pollution coming from plastic polymers, particularly polyethylene (PE), poses a serious threat to both humans and animals. The biodegradation of plastics facilitated by insects is a crucial and eco-friendly approach that can be employed to combat this global concern. Recently, the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.) have been recognized as avid 'plastivores'. The current study was aimed at evaluating the feeding efficiency of G. mellonella larvae on PEs of various densities with a co-diet supplementation of wheat germ + honey and beeswax. The results reveal that maximum PE consumption (9.98 ± 1.25 mg) was recorded in the case of 1.0 mm thick PE after a 24 h interval; however, the same scenario also achieved the greatest reduction in larval weight (27.79 ± 2.02 mg). A significant reduction in PE mass (5.87 ± 1.44 mg) was also observed in 1.0 mm PE when fed beeswax; however, the larvae experienced minimal weight loss (9.59 ± 3.81 mg). The larvae exhibited a higher PE consumption in 1.0 mm PE, indicating that the lower the density of PE, the greater the consumed area. Moreover, the biodegradation levels were notably higher within the 24 h interval. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the density of PEs and the supplementation of the co-diet have an impact on PE biodegradation. Additionally, the utilization of G. mellonella for the biodegradation of PE proves effective when combined with beeswax, resulting in minimal weight loss of the larvae. Our findings offer initial insights into how Galleria mellonella larvae biodegrade polyethylene (PE) of four different densities, along with co-diet supplementation. This approach helps us evaluate how varying densities affect degradation rates and provides a better understanding of the larvae's capabilities. Additionally, our observations at three specific time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) allow us to identify the time required for achieving degradation rates. Through examining these time points, our method offers valuable insights into the initial phases of plastic consumption and biodegradation.

Структурные особенности и трибологические свойства многослойных высокотемпературных плазменных покрытий

Introduction. Multilayer high-temperature coatings obtained using plasma spraying, are studied. The combination of layers of different chemical and phase compositions made it possible to increase wear resistance by 1.5–2.0 times. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the chemical composition of sprayed coatings on the phase composition, structure, micromechanical and tribological characteristics under conditions of dry sliding friction of surface layers. Materials and methods of research. Coatings A and B consist of sequentially sprayed layers. The first and second layers were sprayed in a reducing atmosphere: the first layer was a heat-resistant self-fluxing powder of two systems: 1 – Fe-Cr-Si-Mn-B-C for coating A and 2 – Fe-Ni-Si-Mn-B-C for coating B; the second layer was a mixture of self-fluxing powder with iron powder in a 1:1 ratio. The third layer was obtained by spraying iron powder in an oxidizing atmosphere to form a metal oxide coating. To create a layer of scale on the surface, coated specimens were subjected to high-temperature annealing at a temperature of 1,000 ℃. The chemical composition and nature of the distribution of elements over the thickness of the coatings were determined by micro-X-ray spectral analysis using a TWSCAN scanning electron microscope with an Oxford energy-dispersive attachment. Microhardness and micromechanical properties were studied using an instrumental microhardness tester of the Fischerscope HM2000 XYm system at a load of 0.980 N. Determination of tribological properties was carried out on a laboratory installation using the “finger-disc” scheme at loads of 30, 75, 100 and 130 N. To measure roughness parameters and obtain 3-D profilometry of surfaces after testing, a non-contact profilometer-profiler Optical profiling system Veeco WYKO NT 1100 was used. Results and discussion. Metallographic studies have shown that the formed multilayer coatings consist of an internal metal layer and an external oxide layer with a total thickness of the entire coating up to 800–850 μm. It is established that the first sprayed layer has the highest level of microhardness, which is due to the high-volume fraction of the strengthening phases contained in it (~ 95 %). It is shown that the coating A has increased wear resistance, which is expressed by minimal weight loss (~ 1.5 times less than that of the coating of the coatimg B), the friction coefficient was f = 0.3 for coating A and f = 0.4 for coating B. The study of wear surfaces has shown that for all selected test loads under sliding friction conditions, the coating of both compositions was preserved, even at a maximum load of 130 N.

Applying pH Modulation to Improve the Thermal Stability of Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Containing Butyl Stearate as a Phase-Change Material.

This paper presents a two-stage microencapsulation process that uses pH modulation to enhance the thermal stability of microcapsules that consist of a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) shell and a butyl stearate core. In the first stage, the pH value was modulated between 6.0 and 8.0. Rising the pH value to 8.0 slowed the polycondensation rate, allowing the MF resin with a lower degree of polymerization to migrate to the capsule surface and form a smooth shell. Lowering the pH value to 6.0 accelerated polycondensation. In the second stage, a relatively fast, continuous reduction in the pH value to 5.0 led to further MF polycondensation, hardening the shell. Post-curing at 100 °C prevented shell damage caused by the liquid-gas phase transition of the core material during the process. The microcapsules produced by increasing the pH value to 8.0 twice demonstrated improved thermal stability, with only a minimal overall weight loss of 5% at 300 °C. Significant weight loss was observed between 350 and 400 °C, temperatures at which the methylene bridges in the MF shell undergo thermal degradation. The results from differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry analyses confirmed a successful optimization of the microencapsulation, showing that these microcapsules are promising for thermal energy storage and other applications that require high thermal stability.

Spraying with encapsulated nitric oxide donor reduces weight loss and oxidative damage in papaya fruit

The combination of nitric oxide (NO) donors with nanomaterials has emerged as a promising approach to reduce postharvest losses. The encapsulation of NO donors provides protection from rapid degradation and controlled release, enhancing the NO effectiveness in postharvest treatments. Moreover, the application method can also influence postharvest responses. In this study, two application methods were evaluated, spraying and immersion, using S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, a NO donor) in free and encapsulated forms on papaya fruit. Our hypothesis was that GSNO encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles would outperform the free form in delaying fruit senescence. In addition, this study marks the pioneering characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing GSNO within the framework of a postharvest investigation. Overall, our findings indicate that applying encapsulated GSNO (GSNO-NP-S) through spraying preserves the quality of papaya fruit during storage. This method not only minimizes weight loss, ethylene production, and softening, but also stimulates antioxidant responses, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Consequently, it stands out as the promising technique for delaying papaya fruit senescence. This innovative approach holds the potential to enhance postharvest practices and advance sustainable agriculture.

Zirconium carbide modified SiOC composites with porous lamellar structures for broadband microwave absorption and thermal stability

The inherent dielectric properties and thermal stability of transition metal carbides (TMCs) have generated significant interest because of their potential use in electromagnetic (EM) wave applications at various temperatures. However, the high relative complex permittivity and conductivity of TMCs can cause impedance mismatch issues when utilized as absorbers, thereby limiting their effectiveness in absorbing EM waves. To solve these problems, ZrC/ZrO2–SiOC composites with a porous lamellar structure were prepared using polymer-derived ceramics (PDC) technology, which involved dispersing zirconium carbide (ZrC) into modified polysiloxane (PSO). The resulting ZrC/ZrO2–SiOC composite (with 5 wt% ZrC content sintered at 900 °C) achieved remarkable EM wave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −33.52 dB at 13.0 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) extending up to 7.75 GHz. This exceptional absorption of EM waves is due to the synergistic interplay of various factors such as interface polarization, dipole polarization, and conduction loss. Moreover, the composites exhibit a minimal weight loss of less than 2 % when exposed to air at temperatures ranging from 25 to 1200 °C. This study not only broadens the application possibilities of TMC materials in microwave absorption but also highlights their potential for further improvement and deployment in high-temperature environments.

Haptoglobin is dispensable for haemoglobin uptake by Trypanosoma brucei.

Haptoglobin is a plasma protein of mammals that plays a crucial role in vascular homeostasis by binding free haemoglobin released from ruptured red blood cells. Trypanosoma brucei can exploit this by internalising haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex to acquire host haem. Here, we investigated the impact of haptoglobin deficiency (Hp-/-) on T. brucei brucei infection and the parasite´s capacity to internalise haemoglobin in a Hp-/- mouse model. The infected Hp-/- mice exhibited normal disease progression, with minimal weight loss and no apparent organ pathology, similarly to control mice. While the proteomic profile of mouse sera significantly changed in response to T. b. brucei, no differences in the infection response markers of blood plasma between Hp-/- and control Black mice were observed. Similarly, very few quantitative differences were observed between the proteomes of parasites harvested from Hp-/- and Black mice, including both endogenous proteins and internalised host proteins. While haptoglobin was indeed absent from parasites isolated from Hp-/-mice, haemoglobin peptides were unexpectedly detected in parasites from both Hp-/- and Black mice. Combined, the data support the dispensability of haptoglobin for haemoglobin internalisation by T. b. brucei during infection in mice. Since the trypanosomes knock-outs for their haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor (HpHbR) internalised significantly less haemoglobin from Hp-/- mice compared to those isolated from Black mice, it suggests that T. b. brucei employs also an HpHbR-independent haptoglobin-mediated mode for haemoglobin internalisation. Our study reveals a so-far hidden flexibility of haemoglobin acquisition by T. b. brucei and offers novel insights into alternative haemoglobin uptake pathways.

Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated nisin and selenium: antimicrobial/antibiofilm/anti-attachment/immunomodulatory multi-functional agent

BackgroundThe increase in the resistance of bacterial strains to antibiotics has led to research into the bactericidal potential of non-antibiotic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antibacterial/ antibiofilm properties of nisin and selenium encapsulated in thiolated chitosan nanoparticles (N/Se@TCsNPs) against prevalent enteric pathogens including standard isolates of Vibrio (V.) cholerae O1 El Tor ATCC 14,035, Campylobacter (C.) jejuni ATCC 29,428, Salmonella (S.) enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 19,430, Shigella (S.) dysenteriae PTCC 1188, Escherichia (E.) coli O157:H7 ATCC 25,922, Listeria (L.) monocytogenes ATCC 19,115, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus ATCC 29,733.MethodsThe synthesis and comprehensive analysis of N/Se@TCsNPs have been completed. Antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities of N/Se@TCsNPs were evaluated through broth microdilution and crystal violet assays. Furthermore, the study included examining the cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells and exploring the immunomodulatory effects of N/Se@TCsNPs. This included assessing the levels of both pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGFβ) cytokines and determining the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4.ResultsThe N/Se@TCsNPs showed an average diameter of 136.26 ± 43.17 nm and a zeta potential of 0.27 ± 0.07 mV. FTIR spectroscopy validated the structural features of N/Se@TCsNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed their spherical shape and uniform distribution. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests demonstrated the thermal stability of N/Se@TCsNPs, showing minimal weight loss of 0.03%±0.06 up to 80 °C. The prepared N/Se@TCsNPs showed a thiol content of 512.66 ± 7.33 µmol/g (p < 0.05), an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 69.83%±0.04 (p ≤ 0.001), and a drug release rate of 74.32%±3.45 at pH = 7.2 (p ≤ 0.004). The synthesized nanostructure demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against various isolates, with effective concentrations ranging from 1.5 ± 0.08 to 25 ± 4.04 mg/mL. The ability of N/Se@TCsNPs to reduce bacterial adhesion and internalization in Caco-2 cells underscored their antibiofilm properties (p ≤ 0.0001). Immunological studies indicated that treatment with N/Se@TCsNPs led to decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (14.33 ± 2.33 pg/mL) and TNFα (25 ± 0.5 pg/mL) (p ≤ 0.0001), alongside increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 (46.00 ± 0.57 pg/mL) and TGFβ (42.58 ± 2.10 pg/mL) in infected Caco-2 cells (p ≤ 0.0001). Moreover, N/Se@TCsNPs significantly reduced the expression of TLR2 (0.22 ± 0.09) and TLR4 (0.16 ± 0.05) (p < 0.0001).ConclusionIn conclusion, N/Se@TCsNPs exhibited significant antibacterial/antibiofilm/anti-attachment/immunomodulatory effectiveness against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative enteric pathogens. However, additional ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations are needed to fully assess the performance of nanostructured N/Se@TCsNPs.

A sustainable and economical solution for CO2 capture with biobased carbon materials derived from palm kernel shells.

This study investigates the synthesize of activated carbon for carbon dioxide adsorption using palm kernel shell (PKS), a by-product of oil palm industry. The adsorbent synthesis involved a simple two-step carbonization method. Firstly, PKS was activated with potassium oxide (KOH), followed by functionalization with magnesium oxide (MgO). Surface analysis revealed that KOH activated PKS has resulted in a high specific surface area of 1086 m2/g compared to untreated PKS (435 m2/g). However, impregnation of MgO resulted in the reduction of surface area due to blockage of pores by MgO. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that PKS-based adsorbents exhibited minimal weight loss of less than 30% up to 500 °C, indicating their suitability for high-temperature applications. CO2 adsorption experiments revealed that PKS-AC-MgO has achieved a higher adsorption capacity of 155.35 mg/g compared to PKS-AC (149.63 mg/g) at 25 °C and 5 bars. The adsorption behaviour of PKS-AC-MgO was well fitted by both the Sips and Langmuir isotherms, suggesting a combination of both heterogeneous and homogeneous adsorption and indicating a chemical reaction between MgO and CO2. Thermodynamic analysis indicated a spontaneous and thermodynamically favourable process for CO2 capture by PKS-AC-MgO, with negative change in enthalpy (- 0.21 kJ/mol), positive change in entropy (2.44 kJ/mol), and negative change in Gibbs free energy (- 729.61 J/mol, - 790.79 J/mol, and - 851.98 J/mol) across tested temperature. Economic assessment revealed that the cost of PKS-AC-MgO is 21% lower than the current market price of commercial activated carbon, indicating its potential for industrial application. Environmental assessment shows a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (381.9 tCO2) through the utilization of PKS-AC-MgO, underscoring its environmental benefits. In summary, the use of activated carbon produced from PKS and functionalised with MgO shows great potential for absorbing CO2. This aligns with the ideas of a circular economy and sustainable development.