Minimal Standard Research Articles

The evolving hierarchy of naturalized philosophy: A metaphilosophical sketch

AbstractSome scholars claim that epistemology of science and machine learning are actually overlapping disciplines studying induction, respectively affected by Hume's problem of induction and its formal machine‐learning counterpart, the “no‐free‐lunch” (NFL) theorems, to which even advanced AI systems such as LLMs are not immune. Extending Kevin Korb's view, this paper envisions a hierarchy of disciplines where the lowermost is a basic science, and, recursively, the metascience at each level inductively learns which methods work best at the immediately lower level. Due to Hume's dictum and NFL theorems, no exact metanorms for the good performance of each object science can be obtained after just a finite number of levels up the hierarchy, and the progressive abstractness of each metadiscipline and consequent ill‐definability of its methods and objects makes science—as defined by a minimal standard of scientificity—cease to exist above a certain metalevel, allowing for a still rational style of inquiry into science that can be called “philosophical.” Philosophical levels, transitively reflecting on science, peculiarly manifest a non–empirically learned urge to self‐reflection constituting the properly normative aspect of philosophy of science.

Parrondo’s Paradox-Based Enhanced Beacon Transmission in 6TiSCH Networks

The standardized 6TiSCH network offers high throughput, reliable, delay-bounded, and energy-efficient communication in Internet of Things networks. For 6TiSCH bootstrapping, 6TiSCH minimal configuration standard has been released, which uses a fixed transmission rate of Enhanced Beacon (EB) control frame throughout the network’s lifetime. However, our theoretical analysis shows both high and low EB rates affect new joining nodes’ synchronization time and energy consumption. To address this, we propose Parrondo’s Paradox-based EB Transmission (PPET) scheme, which allows already joined nodes to transmit their EB frames probabilistically. Both theoretical and experimental results show the performance improvement by PPET compared to benchmark schemes.

Coconut oil versus standard of care for the prevention of diaper dermatitis in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of coconut oil (CO) for diaper dermatitis (DD) prevention. MethodsA prospective, 2-group, randomized trial compared organic CO applied at each diaper change to minimal standard of care (SOC) in 1 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). DD characteristics were documented in diaper rash logs. Primary outcome was “time to rash” calculated using log-rank tests of Kaplan-Meier plots. Adverse events and parental satisfaction were secondary measures. ResultsInfants (N = 149, 40% female, median gestational age 35 weeks) were randomized to CO (n = 75) or SOC (n = 74). Time to rash plots showed no DD prevention for either group. Adverse events were documented in 29% of participants. Parental satisfaction scores were driven by rash outcome with favorable scores related to no DD. ConclusionCoconut oil and minimal SOC protocols did not prevent DD in NICU infants. Parents should be advised that coconut oil may not protect against DD.

Exploring Regulatory Interplay in the Health Internet of Everything: Digital Health Technologies, Data Protection and Cybersecurity.

Against the backdrop of interconnected devices, people, and processes in the Internet of Everything (IoE) an examination of the MDR (Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EE), data protection and cybersecurity rules are carried out with respect to medical devices' privacy and security. The legal analysis therefore investigates how and to what extent the MDR could cope with the copious challenges of cybersecurity and data protection in the IoE of medical devices. The article sheds light on how the MDR sets a minimal standard of requirements for medical device safety and security. In this respect, an unexpected and complicated regulatory interplay is discussed providing for a well-coordinated approach for digital health technologies. Finally, the article discusses several key points of the proposed EU AI Regulation considering digital health technologies.

Comparison of Calcium Enriched Material Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregated Radiopacity with 3 Endodontic Sealers in Digital Periapical Radiography

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the radiopacity of calcium enriched material cement and mineral trioxide aggregated fillapex with 3 types of sealers: Endoseal, and AH26 at different focal distances of 15 cm and 30 cm.
 Methods: The research method was an experimental and lab trial. In this research, 3 endodontic sealers: Pulpdent, Endoseal, and AH26 and two root filling material: mineral trioxide aggregated fillapex and calcium enriched material cement were studied. From each material 6 samples were prepared. The samples were prepared on a glass slab by stirring with the help of a spatula and placed in molds with dimensions of 1 x 5 x 5 mm. Radiographs were prepared with the PSP Fire CR digital sensor system at a distance of 15 and 30 cm from the samples. Radio opacity information obtained was interpreted by Quantor Dent for Windows software. The obtained results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 statistical software and Two-way ANOVA and Tukey test.
 Results: The results showed that AH26 had the highest optical density value and calcium enriched material cement had the lower radiopacity. There was a significant difference between the radiopacity value of the 5 studied materials (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: All the studied materials had the minimal standard of radiopacity.

Writing IR after COVID-19: Reassessing Political Possibilities, Good Faith, and Policy-Relevant Scholarship on Climate Change Mitigation and Nuclear Disarmament

AbstractTo address the COVID-19 pandemic, states around the world adopted a range of unprecedented and far-reaching policy measures, which had for a long time been presented as impossible. In this article, we argue that such actions suggest not only present but also past political possibilities and that these possibilities have been overlooked or denied by policymakers and scholars alike. We focus on two existential challenges about which pledges for transformative actions have been continuously made throughout the previous decades: climate change and the danger from nuclear weapons. We document the gap between pledges and accomplishments in these two realms and show how claims of impossibility to act do not hold up. Adopting a minimal standard of good faith as seeking to keep one's promises, we argue that the lack of adequate action renders the assumption that policymakers are acting in good faith problematic. We then diagnose a Panglossian double failure of the policy-relevant international relations scholarship: a failure to provide policymakers with the necessary tools to address the root causes of these existential problems and enable them to learn from past experiences and a failure to hold policymakers accountable. We propose three modifications to the scholarship to avoid repeating such failures and conclude with a dual call for political courage and scholarly responsibility.

Time-Variant RGB Model for Minimal Cell Allocation and Scheduling in 6TiSCH Networks

IEEE has standardized the 802.15.4e Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode to provide stringent latency, higher reliability, and low duty-cycle in various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. TSCH eliminates interference and multi-path fading on channels, but its channel hopping feature severely affects the 6TiSCH (IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH mode) network formation. Further, 6TiSCH Minimal Configuration standard does not provide sufficient bandwidth (i.e., minimal cell) for quick transmission of control packets required by the new nodes (i.e., pledges) during their network association. Many works have been proposed on 6TiSCH network formation as it has high impact on network performance and lifetime. However, the existing works either did not use all the available physical channels while allocating minimal cell(s) or are not stable with topology changes. Therefore, this work proposes a <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</u> ime-Variant <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RGB</u> (TRGB) model for minimal cell allocation and scheduling, which results in faster association of pledges and maintains network stability. We evaluate the TRGB using Markov Chain model and also on a real 60-node testbed in FIT IoT-LAB. Testbed results show that TRGB achieves 51% and 23% improvement over the state-of-the-art scheme in terms of joining time and energy consumption, respectively, while maintaining stability of the network.

The results of the surgical treatment of otosclerosis at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, based on the guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

Introduction: Comparision of hearing outcomes in patients with conductive hearing loss after surgical treatment shouldbe standardized. In 1995 the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Headand Neck Surgery published guidelines to standardize the reporting of treatment results in ossiculoplasty, stapes surgery,Menieres disease and schwannoma of the cerebellopontine angle. Despite the fact that the quality of presenting resultssignificantly improved, some limitation remains. In 2012 Hearing Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery published minimal standard of reporting hearing outcomes relating average pure-tone thresholdsto word recognition score in scattegram.Aim: Authors present the results of surgical treatment of otosclerosis based on 46 cases treated at the Department ofOtorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland using the AAO-HNS guidelines from1995 and 2012. The aim of the study was to evaluate the postoperative hearing results and to compare them with preoperativeaudiometric results and with similar reports published in the medical literature.Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of medical history of patients with otosclerosis.Results: In this work the post-operative air bone gap 10 dB recognised as a very good result was obtained in 67.4% of patients.The post-operative air bone gap 20 dB, recognized as a good result was obtained in 89.1% patients.Conclusions: It is recommended to standardized the post-surgical audiometric data to compare the results among thedifferent Departments.

The Practice and Legitimacy of Border Control

AbstractThis article interrogates the widely held, but rarely defended, view that states wield legitimate power over potential immigrants when and because they refrain from violating their human rights. I reconstruct a strong argument for this view, which turns on a claim about the limited power states claim over migrants. Drawing on recent empirical work, I show how this argument is inapplicable to the border regimes of a set of wealthy democracies. These regimes are characterized by a practice that is coordinated and extraterritorial in a way that undercuts the case for holding them to a minimal legitimacy standard. By participating in this practice, these states wield significant power over potential immigrants. I argue that this power exposes potential immigrants to novel risk, which in turn triggers a demand for the satisfaction of a higher standard of legitimation.

Competing Incentives: For-Profit Hospitals Add Complexity to Graduate Medical Education (Commentary).

Competing Incentives: For-Profit Hospitals Add Complexity to Graduate Medical Education (Commentary).

Can L2 course duration compensate for the impact of demographic and educational background variables on second language writing development?

This article focuses on equity as inclusion in an adult L2 education system. Using a real-world high-stakes writing test, we examine to what extent learners with different educational backgrounds partaking in the same educational system have the same opportunity of achieving the same minimal standard. In the context of the current research, that minimal proficiency standard is the A2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Achieving that level is a requirement for all non-EU migrants to Flanders (Belgium), where the study was conducted. The research population consisted of 1056 adults attending three different L2 learning tracks of Dutch as a second language in Belgium. Each track caters to learners with different educational backgrounds, ranging from primary to tertiary education. Using logistic multilevel regression and many-facet Rasch analysis, this study compared writing performances of the different learning tracks. The results show significant differences in test scores and pass probabilities at the end of the different A2 tracks, as well as very different learner profiles in terms of syntactic and lexical complexity, and in terms of error types.

A Comparison of Status of Nutrition Management in Long-Term Care Facilities With and Without Dietitian

Objectives: The study was performed to compare the status of nutrition management with and without dietitian in residential facilities in order to provide basic data for high quality of nutrition management services across the country.Methods: Among long-term care facilities with claims of benefits, 747 samples were extracted through a proportionate stratified sampling method based on region, agents of foundation, types of food service, and facility size.Results: The subjects of the survey were dietitian, general managers, or facility directors. Nutrition evaluation, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring were performed by professional staff at the residential facilities with a dietitian. On the other hand, it was found that the rate of nutrition management performance was relatively low in residential facilities where no dietitian was assigned, and it was performed by non-professional personnel such as nurse aids and social workers.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that developing strategies is required to reinforce the safe minimal standard of dietitians’ staffing levels for systematic nutrition management.

The “SHRed Injuries Basketball” Neuromuscular Training Warm-up Program Reduces Ankle and Knee Injury Rates by 36% in Youth Basketball

To evaluate the effectiveness of a neuromuscular training warm-up prevention program, Surveillance in High school and community sport to Reduce (SHRed) Injuries Basketball, for reducing all-complaint ankle and knee injuries in youth basketball players. Quasi-experimental study. High school/club basketball teams (male and female players aged 11-18 years) in Calgary, Canada participated in 2016-2017 (control; season 1) and 2017-2018 (intervention; season 2). The control season included a standard-of-practice warm-up. In season 2, a SHRed Injuries Basketball coach workshop was completed by participating team coaches. Teams were randomized by school/club to an unsupervised or a supervised (weekly supervision by study personnel) implementation of the coach-delivered SHRed Injuries Basketball program. The 10-minute SHRed Injuries Basketball program included 13 exercises (ie, aerobic, agility, strength, balance). All-complaint ankle and knee injuries were collected weekly using validated injury surveillance. Multilevel, multivariable Poisson regression analyses (considering important covariates, clustering by team and individual, and offset by exposure hours) estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by intervention group (season 1 versus season 2) and secondarily considered the control versus completion of the SHRed Injuries Basketball program, unsupervised and supervised. Sixty-three teams (n = 502 players) participated in season 1 and 31 teams (n = 307 players: 143 unsupervised, 164 supervised) participated in season 2. The SHRed Injuries Basketball program was protective against all-complaint knee and ankle injuries (IRR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51, 0.79). Unsupervised (IRR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.83) and supervised (IRR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.85) implementations of the SHRed Injuries Basketball program had similar protective effects. The SHRed Injuries Basketball program was associated with a 36% lower rate of ankle and knee injuries. Neuromuscular training warm-ups are recommended as the minimal standard of practice for injury prevention in youth basketball. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(1):40-48. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10959.

Barriers to surveillance imaging adherence in early-staged lung cancer.

BackgroundFrequency of post-treatment surveillance is highly variable following curative resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to characterize surveillance practices after lobectomy for early-stage NSCLC and to identify the impact of various demographic factors on patterns of surveillance.MethodsWe included patients who underwent anatomic lobectomy for pathologic stage I NSCLC from 2007–2017. Demographic characteristics, post-operative imaging studies (internal and external), and travel distance were recorded. We defined the minimal standard of surveillance imaging studies (MSSIS) as ≥7 studies in the first 5 years (computed tomography/positron emission tomography). Patient sex, ethnicity, marital status, and distance traveled were evaluated as predictors of imaging receipt. Standard descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariate analysis (MVR) were performed.ResultsA total of 1,288 patients were included. The mean age was 65.5±10.1 years, 589 (45.7%) were male, 1,081 (83.9%) were Caucasian, and 924 (71.7%) were married. Only 464 (36%) achieved MSSIS; being married [75.6% (351/464) vs. 68.8% (567/824), P=0.01] and having larger tumor size (2.63±0.04 vs. 2.49±0.05 cm, P=0.03) were both associated with MSSIS. Patients residing <100 miles from the hospital were more likely to have MSSIS, and more imaging at 24 months (4.1±2.2 vs. 3.7±2.0; P=0.006), 60 months (8.0±5.1 vs. 6.6±4.2, P=0.001) and overall (10±7.3 vs. 8.2±6.3; P=0.001). On MVR, tumor size and marital status were associated with MSSIS.ConclusionsTwo-thirds of patients at our institution did not undergo recommended surveillance imaging. Tumor size, being married, and living <100 miles from the medical center were associated with an increased number of imaging studies and greater adherence to guidelines.

The challenge of maintaining necessary vascular and endovascular services at a referral center in Northern Italy during the COVID-19 outbreak

The Padova Hospital Vascular Surgery Division is located in Veneto, one of the area of the Northern Italy most hit by the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. The aim of this paper is to describe the protocols adopted and to evaluate their impact during the acute phase of Coronavirus spread, focusing on the management of elective and urgent/emergent surgery, outpatients activity, and also health staff preservation from intra-hospital Coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Several measures were progressively adopted in the Padova University Hospital to front the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, with a clear strong asset established by 9 March 2020, after the Northern Italy lockdown. Since this date, the Vascular Surgery Unit started a "scaled-down" activity, both for elective surgical procedures and for the outpatient Clinical activities; different protocols were developed for health preservation of staff and patients. We compared a two months period, 30 days before and 30 days after this time point. In particular, emergent vascular surgery was regularly guaranteed as well as urgent surgery (to be performed within 24 h). Elective cases were scheduled for "non-deferrable" pathology. A swab test protocol for COVID-19 was applied to health-care professionals and hospitalized patients. The number of urgent or emergent aortic cases remained stable during the two months period, while the number of Hospital admissions via Emergency Room related to critical limb ischemia decreased after national lockdown by about 20%. Elective vascular surgery was scaled down by 50% starting from 9 March; 35% of scheduled elective cases refused hospitalization during the lockdown period and 20% of those contacted for hospitalization where postponed due to fever, respiratory symptoms, or close contacts with Coronavirus disease 2019 suspected cases. Elective surgery reduction did not negatively influence overall carotid or aortic outcomes, while we reported a higher major limb amputation rate for critical limb ischemia (about 10%, compared to 4% for the standard practice period). We found that 4 out of 98 (4%) health-care providers on the floor had an asymptomatic positive swab test. Among 22 vascular doctors, 3 had a confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 infection (asymptomatic); a total of 72 swab were performed (mean = 3.4 swab/person/month) during this period; no cases of severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (deaths or requiring intensive care treatment) infection were reported within this period for the staff or hospitalized patients. Elective vascular surgery needs to be guaranteed as possible during Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. The number of truly emergent cases did not reduce, on the other side, Emergency Room accesses for non-emergent cases decreased. Our preliminary results seem to describe a scenario where, if the curve of the outbreak in the regional population is flattened, in association with appropriate hospitals containment rules, it may be possible to continue the activity of the Vascular Surgery Units and guarantee the minimal standard of care.

STS, Post-truth, and the Rediscovery of Bullshit

Post-truth politics has led to a number of prominent reflections on the extent to which the basic tenets of STS (social construction, the symmetry thesis, etc.) must be amended (Briggle 2016; Latour 2004; Sismondo 2017a). Alternatively, others have argued that the basic principles of STS should be maintained and the similarities of STS with post-truth should be embraced (Fuller 2016b; Woolgar 2017). After first critiquing other scholars read on post-truth politics, I argue that one of the central drawbacks of STS is the absence of epistemic grounds to identify people who are plainly bullshitters (Frankfurt 1986). I contend that the lesson that post-truth politics has to offer STS is that a minimal standard of an epistemological system is that it must have the intellectual resources to endorse the claim “Trump is full of shit.” Yet it is not clear how one could go about reconciling central STS tenets with the clear and present need to oppose dangerous trends in contemporary politics. Despite arguing that STS should change, I contend that it should not do so at the expense of what is distinctive and valuable about STS. After considering Steve Woolgar’s (2017) list of the strengths of STS scholarship I propose that with slight modification they can be preserved. As an example of an epistemology which does so, I introduce Helen Longino's critical contextual empiricism and then use it to analyze a case study of the recent FDA approval of flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder. I conclude by arguing that social epistemology, as developed in philosophy of science, is reconcilable with opposing post-truth politics and retains many of the primary virtues of STS.

The Meaning of Freedom: Slave Self-Purchase and the Making of Free Labour in Martinique

Abstract This article examines the introduction of legalized slave savings and compulsory slave self-purchase—the pécule légal and rachat forcé—by the Mackau Laws in the French colony of Martinique in the last years of the July Monarchy. Drawing on official correspondence, political debates, published pamphlets and individual cases of slave self-purchase, it examines official efforts to replace a system of bondage rooted in direct, personal domination and explicit violence with a system of colonial labour based on free labour and impersonal social controls. Their efforts were profoundly shaped by two sets of actors: members of the pro-slavery lobby and the enslaved. Together these two groups defined a minimal standard of free labour that would have far-reaching impact on colonial labour policy in the post-emancipation period.

Height Is Not Predictive Of Starting Nor Playing Time In FIFA World Cup Female Athletes

PURPOSE: At the present time, adolescent female athletes are being fed with misinformation on minimal height expectations for attaining elite level soccer success. This is particularly concerning because most adolescent athletes are yet to fully physically mature, and believing the validity of statements on minimal height expectations for elite level success without evidence to substantiate these claims may negatively affect future aspirations of many adolescent females. This study determined if the minimal height criterion of 165cm (5’4”), referenced from Next College Student Athlete (NCSA), is an important part of the female phenotype for playing soccer at the elite level. METHODS: Descriptive data were collected on the heights, matches played, and minutes played for 552 female 2019 World Cup athletes across 24 team rosters.The data were categorized into those below and those at or above the 165cm height criterion. Odds ratios were calculated to determine if differences existed in the likelihood of being a starter for those players on the team <165cm tall and those on the team ≥ 165cm tall. RESULTS: On average, 32.25% of players on the 2019 World Cup team rosters were <165cm, ranging from China with 4.35% to Thailand with 60.87%. Of the starters, 30.05% were under 165cm. For players on the team rosters, the odds of starting if they were <165cm (47.43%) were equivalent to the odds of starting if they were ≥ 165cm (47.58%), or .996:1. There were no differences in the number of matches played (MD=-0.09, ES=-.05; p=0.59), minutes played (MD=-15.60, ES=0.09; p=0.29), average minutes per game entered (MD=2.01, ES=0.06; p=0.53), nor average minutes per total team matches played (MD=2.86, ES=0.08; p=0.38) in those <165cm and those ≥ 165cm. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides clear evidence that being <165cm in height does not preclude reaching elite World Cup status as a professional female soccer player nor does it impact whether or not a player on the roster serves as a starter, the matches played, or the minutes played. The findings indicate that the 165cm minimal height standard is an ill-informed, biased criterion which has the potential to inhibit successful recruitment efforts for future female elite soccer players.

Does regular quality control improve the quality of surgery in Slovenian breast cancer screening program?

BackgroundThe aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of surgery of Slovenian breast cancer screening program (DORA) using the requested EU standards. Furthermore, we investigated whether regular quality control over the 3-year period improved the quality of surgical management.Patients and methodsPatients who required surgical management within DORA between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2018 were included in the retrospective study. Quality indicators (QIs) were adjusted mainly according to European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA) and European Breast Cancer Network (EBCN) recommendations. Five QIs for therapeutic and two for diagnostic surgeries were selected. Additionally, variability in achieving the requested QIs among surgeons was analysed.ResultsBetween 2016 and 2018, 14 surgeons performed 1421 breast procedures in 1398 women. There were 1197 therapeutical (for proven breast cancer) and 224 diagnostic surgical interventions respectively. Overall, the minimal standard was met in two QIs for therapeutic and none for diagnostic procedures. A statistically significant improvement in three QIs for therapeutic and in one QI for diagnostic procedures was observed however, indicating that regular quality control improves the quality of surgery. A high variability in achieving the requested QIs was observed among surgeons, which remained high throughout the study period.ConclusionsAdherence to all selected surgical QIs in patients from screening program is difficult to achieve, especially to those specifically defined for screen-detected lesions. Regular quality control may improve results over time. Reducing the number of surgeons dedicated to breast pathology may reduce variability of management inside the institution.

Медичний стандарт як історична компонента на шляху до клінічного аудиту

Aim - the search, analysis and systematization of historical facts concerning the formation and evo-lution of the world medical standartization; severance of its certain long-standing models for the optimization of settling and introduction of the existing, and future analogs, particularly, in the clinical audit format. Material and Methods. In order to study the medical standard as a historical component the fol-lowing methods were used: bibliographic, historical, analytical and methods of systematization and comparison. Results and Discussion. As a result of the conducted research the main historical events in the world development of the medical standartization starting from 1500 up till nowadays were col-lected. In order to study the evolution of the medical standartization, the analysis of the normative documents that have regulated the process of standartization, especially the Doctor's statute(s) in Russia, Minimal standard of the medical equipment and works of the American college of surgeons, was carried out. The scientific works that initiated the introduction of the clinical audit in the Health Care system in Ukraine, Turkey, the USA and Great Britain were throroughly analyzed. Conclusions. The improvement of quality as to rendering the medical aid is a job priority in the health care systems in many countries. For that reason, the search for its optimization was and is still retrieved for many centuries. The territorial formation of medical standartization is associated with England, Russia and the USA, but the occurrence of clinical audit is connected with Ukraine, Turkey, the USA and Great Britain. The foundations of the medical standardization was lauched in 1500 year, while the clinical audit - in 1854 year. The medical standartization is a reflection of the history of development of the organization of health care system, that's why the expertness (knowl-edge) of historical stages concerning the setting and the introduction of medical standartization may give a new impulse in its improvement and development under present-day conditions of reforma-tion in the medical sphere in Ukraine. The earlier beginning of implementation of the medical stan-dartization in the health care system in different countries makes it possible to actualize its introduc-tion into the clinical audit format, that, in its turn, allows to improve the quality of rendering the medical aid. Key words: medical standartization, clinical audit, quality of medical aid