Minimal Loss Of Time Research Articles

Identifying patterns of change in traffic flows’ parameters depending on the organization of public transport movement

This study examines the issue of traffic organization on sections of city streets, in which there are public transport stop zones of different configurations (with a drive-in pocket and along a traffic lane). Accordingly, the object of research is the parameters of traffic flows; the subject is the regularities in their change on such specific sections of the street-road network, taking into account the configuration of stops, the number of traffic lanes, and priority conditions for the movement of public transport. The task addressed in this work was the quantitative assessment of the efficiency of traffic management in public transport stop zones. It was also important to compare different configurations of street segments in terms of their impact on delays of private and public transport. As a result of the research, the speed and time characteristics of the traffic flow and their dependence on its composition and intensity for different number and specialization of traffic lanes, as well as the location of the public transport stop, were determined. The resulting quantitative indicators of delays of all types of transport for each modeling option made it possible to determine the best of them according to the criterion of minimal time loss. This applies to both private and public transport, as the values of delays may differ from each other by 10–50 %. An applied aspect related to using the scientific result is the possibility of justifying the number of traffic lanes, or their allocation for public transport, as well as determining the appropriate configuration of stops. This constitutes the prerequisites for the transfer of the scientific results to the relevant interested structures in the field of transport, which are responsible for the organization and safety of traffic under urban conditions

Fast track to a million: A simulative case study on the influence of charging management on the lifetime of battery electric trucks

Battery electric trucks are a well-suited solution for decarbonizing freight transport to achieve the emission reduction targets set by the European Union. Intelligent charging management is crucial to minimize time loss and to synchronize charging times with rest periods. In this paper, we investigate the impact of holistic charging management on the lifespan of the truck's battery. Based on battery aging models for the LFP and NMC chemistry, we present a framework for the end-of-life simulation and extend the existing time-optimal charging management to include overnight and weekend charging. Our results show that time-optimal on-route charging management positively impacts the lifetime, and with aging-focused overnight charging functions, a lifespan of over 1,100,000 km is achievable for trucks with a 500 kWh LFP battery. Furthermore, our study reveals that the shares of total aging up to the end-of-life are distributed almost evenly between the various operation events driving, on-route, overnight, and weekend charging for the long-haul application.

Speed of performing complex movement tasks under decision-making conditions as a determinant of the tactical preparation level in kickboxers

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the speed of performing a complex motor task carried out under conditions requiring decision-making and the sports level of the kickboxers being studied. The authors constructed a test involving a complex author’s kickboxing task that mirrored the competitive conditions during a sports fight. Forty-seven K-1 kickboxing Polish National Team members (37 men and 10 women) performed a specific series of strikes across three variants. The relationship between the speed of these complex movement tasks, performed under decision-making conditions, and the sports level of the kickboxers, was evaluated. Deciding to start or change an action in reaction to external stimuli significantly (p < 0.001) increased the total task completion time in the male and female subject groups. The time spent deciding to take action and the time spent on deciding on the action were not significantly different. Quick execution of complex tasks under decision-making conditions, such as selecting the appropriate technical and tactical action, can become a decisive factor in determining a sports result. Making decisions to start or change an action as a reaction to external stimuli significantly (p < 0.001) extended the total time of task execution in the studied group. However, the time spent deciding to start the action and the time devoted to deciding during the action did not differ significantly. Therefore, the tactical solution an athlete uses makes no difference, though they must perform it confidently and with minimal time loss.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease in youth elite football: Minimal time-loss and no association with clinical and ultrasonographic factors

BackgroundOsgood-Schlatter Disease is the most common cause of knee pain in youth. Scientific research in youth elite football is limited. ObjectivesTo assess clinical and ultrasonographic factors associated with Osgood-Schlatter Disease and calculate point prevalence of clinical diagnosis and time-loss in youth elite male football. Study designNested case-control study and cross-sectional prevalence study; Level of evidence: 3. MethodsWe obtained data during the pre-season periodic health evaluation. Osgood-Schlatter Disease diagnosis was defined as (1) athlete-reported anterior knee pain and (2) clinical confirmation by pain provocation at the tibial tuberosity. Time-loss was defined as inability to participate in team training and/or competition.For the nested-case control study, we examined clinical and ultrasonographic factors in the U13 to U16 teams. We matched on calendar-age. The clinical factors were: self-reported history of Sever's disease, growth measures, leg muscles flexibility and strength and ultrasonographic bone maturity stages according to Ehrenborg, For the cross-sectional study, we included players of the U13 to U19 teams to calculate the point prevalence. ResultsThe case-control study consisted 30 players and the cross-sectional study 127 players. Previous Sever's disease was strongly associated with Osgood-Schlatter Disease (OR = 16.8; p = 0.02; 95% CI = 1.6–174.5). None of the other clinical or ultrasonographic factors were associated. The point prevalence was 17% and 80% had no time-loss despite presence of clinical symptoms. ConclusionConsidering the 16.8OR, previous Sever's disease indicates a strong association with Osgood-Schlatter Disease. Although generally suggested, growth velocity and bone maturity are not associated in an age-matched comparison.

Optimization of Urban Cargo Distribution Network and Station Points with Open Source GIS

The cargo and transportation sector is growing day by day. Resources need to be managed more efficiently in the face of growth in the sector and fast delivery demand in customer requests. Location selection of cargo branches and route planning processes of cargo vehicles are important in order to manage resources more efficiently. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide significant advantages in site selection and route planning processes. Especially open source GIS data and GIS software offer low cost and effective solutions. In this study, the branch locations of a cargo company in ġehitkamil district of Gaziantep province were examined and the routes of the vehicles were analyzed in a way to minimize time loss and fuel consumption. In this context, isochrone maps were produced over the road network. The population numbers within these isochrone zones were calculated and vehicle liability zones were determined according to the population data. Finally, the daily route planning of more than a hundred cargoes, which are required to be delivered by cargo vehicles in one day, has been made.

A study to evaluate ocular changes in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position.

Background and Aims:AA present prospective study was conducted to evaluate ocular changes occurring in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position.Material and Methods:A total of 44 patients of either sex, belonging to American society of Anaesthesiology I and II (aged 18-60 years) scheduled for elective spine surgery in prone position were enrolled in the study. Baseline IOP and MAP measurement were taken prior to induction. After induction of anaesthesia patients were intubated using flexo-metallic tube of appropriate size. IOP and MAP were recorded after induction of anaesthesia, following completion of surgery and immediately after turning the patient supine and 30 min following extubation. Blood loss and duration of surgery was also noted. The OPP was derived using the formula (OPP = MAP-IOP). Ophthalmic examination was also performed using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy on the day prior to surgery and on first post-operative day to rule out anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), and retinal ischemia.Results:Mean IOP significantly increased (18.91 ± 3.56 mm Hg) (P < 0.001) at the end of surgery as compared to baseline value 12.85 ± 3.07 mm Hg. As a result mean OPP significantly reduced (75.12 ± 16.45) (P = 0.0018) at the end of the procedure.Conclusion:In patient’s undergoing spine surgery in the prone position, careful patient positioning with no extrinsic pressure on the eyes, minimal surgical time and blood loss, and prevention of intraoperative hypotension, should be ensured to prevent the IOP rise and a reduction in OPP which can further prevent post-operative visual disturbance.

Development and validation of a targeted LC-MS/MS quantitation method to monitor cell culture expression of tetanus neurotoxin during vaccine production

The tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is one of the most toxic proteins known to man, which prior to the use of the vaccine against the TeNT producing bacteria Clostridium tetani, resulted in a 20% mortality rate upon infection. The clinical detrimental effects of tetanus have decreased immensely since the introduction of global vaccination programs, which depend on sustainable vaccine production. One of the major critical points in the manufacturing of these vaccines is the stable and reproducible production of high levels of toxin by the bacterial seed strains. In order to minimize time loss, the amount of TeNT is often monitored during and at the end of the bacterial culturing. The different methods that are currently available to assess the amount of TeNT in the bacterial medium suffer from variability, lack of sensitivity, and/or require specific antibodies. In accordance with the consistency approach and the three Rs (3Rs), both aiming to reduce the use of animals for testing, in-process monitoring of TeNT production could benefit from animal and antibody-free analytical tools.In this paper, we describe the development and validation of a new and reliable antibody free targeted LC-MS/MS method that is able to identify and quantify the amount of TeNT present in the bacterial medium during the different production time points up to the harvesting of the TeNT just prior to further upstream purification and detoxification. The quantitation method, validated according to ICH guidelines and by the application of the total error approach, was utilized to assess the amount of TeNT present in the cell culture medium of two TeNT production batches during different steps in the vaccine production process prior to the generation of the toxoid. The amount of TeNT generated under different physical stress conditions applied during bacterial culture was also monitored.

Promoting Infrastructural Development Affecting Private Organization Supply Chain Management and Productivity Through PPP, Nigeria

Modern-day organizations place so much emphasis on its supply chain management. This is a necessity to ensure optimal production is achieved with minimal loss of time and revenue. However, the success of the supply chain is dependent on the infrastructural facilities available in their operating environment which has been provided by the government. In Nigeria, public infrastructural facilities are still at a struggling stage, making it difficult for private firms to depend solely on this infrastructure and seek alternative means. This research has highlighted the importance of private public partnership in developing infrastructure to enhance supply chain management and productivity. Keywords: Supply chain management, Public infrastructure, Productivity, Private public partnership DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-2-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Revisiting Telemetry in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System

The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) lacks a system for measuring canal inflows, storages, and outflows that is trusted by all parties, transparent, and accessible. An earlier attempt for telemetering flows in the IBIS did not deliver. There is now renewed interest in revisiting telemetry in Pakistan’s IBIS at both national and provincial scales. These investments are typically approached with an emphasis on hardware procurement contracts. This paper describes the experience from field installations of flow measurement instruments and communication technology to make the case that canal flows can be measured at high frequency and displayed remotely to the stakeholders with minimal loss of data and lag time between measurement and display. The authors advocate rolling out the telemetry system across IBIS as a data as a service (DaaS) contract rather than as a hardware procurement contract. This research addresses a key issue of how such a DaaS contract can assure data quality, which is often a concern with such contracts. The research findings inform future telemetry investment decisions in large-scale irrigation systems, particularly the IBIS.

SESAMOID INJURIES IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ATHLETES PRESENTING TO SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC

Background Sesamoid injuries of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint in athletes occur with sports that place repetitive stress on the plantar aspect of the great toe. Performing artist athletes are particularly at risk for injury given the load placed on the hallucal sesamoid bone often inherent in the activity. Risk factors may include choice of sport, volume of training, sex, bone density, BMI and biomechanical profile of the lower extremity. Hallucal sesamoid evaluation and treatment remains poorly defined in the literature. The aim of this study is to analyze all sesamoid injuries presenting to a sports medicine clinic. The goal of the study is to increase understanding of the injury profile, diagnostic evaluation, treatment regime, and return to sport of athletes with hallucal sesamoid injuries. The long-term goal is to develop evaluation and treatment algorithms that serve to guide clinical decision-making, and improve time to return to sport. Methods A comprehensive retrospective chart review was conducted of athletes presenting to a tertiary level sports medicine clinic located within a pediatric medical center. Electronic medical records were searched using the search term sesamoid. To be included in the study, the injury had to definitively involve the hallucal sesamoid and be related to sports participation. Exclusion criteria included patients with a chronic disease or condition that might affect bone healing or confuse the diagnosis of sesamoid injury, prior history of surgery to the foot, and insufficient management records. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze outcome variables including specific diagnosis, clinical prognoses, diagnostic imaging tools and treatment types. Additionally, a correlation analysis was performed for time from pain onset to first clinic visit, and time to return to participation. Little or no correlation was considered 0.00-0.25, weak correlation was considered 0.25-0.50, moderate correlation was considered 0.50-0.75 and strong correlation was considered 0.75 -1.00. Results 326 athletes with 359 hallucal sesamoid injuries were identified. The mean age of the cohort was 15.8 ± 3.8 years (median: 15.3, 95% CIs: 15.46 – 16.24); 86% (n=309) were female and 14% (n=50) of the injuries were male. The mean BMI of the cohort was 21.28 ± 3.5 mg/kg2. Table 1 presents the sports for the athletes in the cohort. The leading sports included 40% (n=144) dance, 13% (n=48) running, and 13% (n=47) soccer. Activities that top the list for females include dance 44% (n=137) and running 13% (n=39). In comparison, male athletes participated in soccer (20%, n=10), running (18%, n=9), and football (10%, n=5) as well as other diverse sports. The most common injuries across both sexes were sesamoiditis (30%, n=107), followed by sesamoid stress fracture (13%, n=46). Table 2 Where self-reported data on dance/sport practice time was recorded, 31% (n=65) reported practicing 10-15 hours per week. Figure 1 The average reported time between injury or the onset of pain to the first clinic visit was 143 days (median: 42, 95% CIs:116.87-169.15). The mean time between pain onset and first clinic visit was greater for female athletes as compared to male athletes (146 days and 119 days). The average time from first presentation to clinic to returning to participation was 115 days (median: 72, CIs:100.7-129.49). Spearman’s rho demonstrated a strong correlation between time from pain onset to first clinic visit and the time to return to participation in both males (? (rho) = 0.82, p &lt; 0.001) and females (? = 0.79, p &lt; 0.001). Males experienced a shorter duration from the first clinic visit to return to participation (mean: 72 days, median 33), than females (mean: 121 days, median 77). The most common diagnostic imaging modalities used were radiographs (72.14%, n=259) and MRI (56.55%, n=203). In both males and females the most common initial treatments included a combination of: walking boot (51.53%, n= 185), physical therapy (38.72%, n=139), and activity modification (34.82%, n=125). These remained the most popularly prescribed treatments in the second and third treatments as well. Conclusions/significance Female athletes participating in dance and running, and male soccer, running and football athletes lead the list for injury to the hallucal sesamoid. Sesamoiditis and sesamoid stress fracture were the leading diagnoses in this cohort. Athletes who presented to clinical attention sooner also returned to sport/dance sooner when compared to athletes who delayed seeking medical attention. Continued research will serve to support anticipatory guidance and education surrounding hallucal sesamoid clinical presentation and need for timely evaluation and treatment in order to minimize time loss from sport/performing artist activity. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]

Steady-state and transient modelling of a microchannel reactor for coupled ammonia decomposition and oxidation

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was developed to describe the transient and steady-state behavior of NH3 decomposition in an experimental autothermal microchannel reactor. The effects of NH3 decomposition and NH3 oxidation flows on the axial temperature profile and product gas composition were investigated. During reactor start-up, the NH3 oxidation reaction was initiated at 300 °C, and attained a steady state value of approximately 650 °C after 6 h. Thus modelling of the reactor start-up regime enabled an accurate interpretation of temperature increases and H2 production in this dynamic period. Appropriate governing equations were used to account for mass, momentum, energy, and species transport. As a result of the different time scales associated with the chemical reaction and the heat transfer respectively, it was necessary to develop a new solution method to solve the model, especially in the transient period. This numerical method and results are described in detail in this paper. The experimental and simulated temperature and H2 production performance are found to be within reasonable accuracy during the transient period, while the steady-state results compare very well. Indications are that CFD can be used in future reactor designs to minimize time loss and accelerate H2 production during start-up.

Task scheduling techniques in cloud computing: A literature survey

Cloud computing manages a variety of virtualized resources, which makes scheduling a critical component. In the cloud, a client may utilize several thousand virtualized assets for every task. Consequently, manual scheduling is not a feasible solution. The basic idea behind task scheduling is to slate tasks to minimize time loss and maximize performance. Several research efforts have examined task scheduling in the past. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of task scheduling strategies and the associated metrics suitable for cloud computing environments. It discusses the various issues related to scheduling methodologies and the limitations to overcome. Distinctive scheduling procedures are studied to discover which characteristics are to be included in a given system and which ones to disregard. The literature survey is organized based on three different perspectives: methods, applications, and parameter-based measures utilized. In addition, future research issues related to cloud computing-based scheduling are identified.

Forensic audio authentication analysis technique of first or higher generation copies of analog magnetic audio tapes

In forensic audio examination, standard listening and visual sound spectrogram analysis methods often lead to incorrect conclusions due to the losses in data when the tape is copied. Furthermore, conducting the standard examinations on audio files which are digitally edited and re-recorded on the tapes, leaving very little trace behind, also result in incorrect decisions made by forensic experts. In this study, a novel and a very simple technique was developed, where the electronic edit traces on an electronically edited tape become easily detectable on copy generation tapes. Thus, regardless of the duplication speed, copied tapes can be analyzed for their originality and integrity with this technique and digital changes on them can be determined. The technique is based on increasing the tape playback speed by modifying the playback system of a player device. This essentially alters the time base of the signal and expands the low frequency scale of the recording in the frequency domain, and makes manipulation marks easily observable. It can be applied to most analog magnetic tape recorder devices. Edit marks can be precisely detected with minimal loss of time by using specially modified nonstandard devices rather than available conventional standard devices.

Efficacy and retention of Basic Life Support education including Automated External Defibrillator usage during a physical education period.

The American Heart Association (AHA) advocates for CPR education as a requirement of secondary school curriculum. Unfortunately, many states have not adopted CPR education. Our aim was to investigate a low-cost, time effective method to educate students on Basic Life Support (BLS), including reeducation. This is a prospective, randomized study. Retention was assessed at 4 months post-initial education. Education was performed by AHA-certified providers during a 45-minute physical education class in a middle school in Florida. This age provides opportunities for reinforcement through high school, with ability for efficient learning. The study included 41 Eighth grade students. Students were randomized into two groups; one group received repeat education 2 months after the first education, the second group did not. All students received BLS education limited to chest compressions and usage of an Automated External Defibrillator. Students had skills and knowledge tests administered pre- and post-education after initial education, and repeated 2 and 4 months later to assess retention. There was a significant increase in CPR skills and knowledge when comparing pre- and post-education results for all time-points (p < 0.001). When assessing reeducation, a significant improvement was noted in total knowledge scores but not during the actual steps of CPR. Our study indicates significant increase in CPR knowledge and skills following a one-time 45-minute session. Reeducation may be useful, but the interval needs further investigation. If schools across the United States invested one 45–60-minute period every school year, this would ensure widespread CPR knowledge with minimal cost and loss of school time.

Abstract 15507: CPR Education in Middle School Students During Physical Education Class

Introduction: AHA advocates for CPR education as a required element of the secondary school curriculum. Unfortunately, many states have not adopted CPR education as part of their standard curriculum. Our aim was to investigate a low-cost, and time effective method to educate students on Basic life Support (BLS) during a physical education (PE) class, including evaluation of the use of re-education. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that a 45 minute BLS class during PE class is sufficient to provide with CPR and AED knowledge and skills. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized study. The study included forty one 8 th grade students in an Alachua County Middle School in Gainesville, Florida. Education was performed by an AHA-certified provider during a 45 minute PE class. Education was limited to chest compressions and the usage of an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED). Students were randomized into two groups; one group received repeat education at two months post-initial education, while the second group did not. Students had a skills and knowledge test administered pre- and post-education, given after initial education and repeated two and four months later to assess retention. Total scores were compared between pre- and post- education, as well as between groups. Results: There was a significant difference in CPR skills and knowledge when comparing pre- and post-education results for all time-points (p&lt;0.001). When assessing retention, no significant difference in mean total scores was observed between the initial post-education as compared to two and four months (p&gt;0.1). Mean total scores compared between groups showed no statistical significance of re-education. However, a statistical significance was noted for AED usage in the repeat education group. Conclusions: Our study indicates significant increase in CPR knowledge and skills following a one-time 45 minute session. Repeat education may be useful as a yearly event, but would need further investigation. If schools across the United States invested one 45-60 minute period a year for each school year, this would ensure widespread CPR knowledge with minimal cost and loss of school time.

Incidence of Stingers in Young Rugby Players

Background: A stinger is a type of neurapraxia of the cervical roots or brachial plexus and represents a reversible peripheral nerve injury. The incidence of and major risk factors for stingers among young rugby players remain uninvestigated. Purpose: To investigate the incidence, symptoms, and intrinsic risk factors for stingers in elite rugby union teams of young players. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 569 male rugby players, including 358 players from 7 high school teams and 211 players from 2 university teams, were investigated using self-administered preseason and postseason questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of a history of stingers was 33.9% (95% CI, 30.3-37.9), and 20.9% (119/569) of players experienced at least 1 episode of a stinger during the season (34.2 [95% CI, 26.2-42.1] events per 1000 player-hours of match exposure). The reinjury rate for stingers per season was 37.3% (95% CI, 30.4-44.2). Using the multivariate Poisson regression method, a history of stingers in the previous season and the grade and position of the player were found to be risk factors for stingers during the current season. The mean severity of injury was 2.9 days, with 79.3% (191/241) of the players not losing any time from playing after sustaining a stinger injury and 5.8% (14/241) of the players recovering within more than 14 days. The most frequent symptom was numbness in the unilateral upper extremity, and the most severe symptom was weakness of grasping (mean severity, 6 days). A logistic regression analysis indicated that a history of stingers in the previous season and an injury with more than 3 symptoms, especially motor weakness, were correlated with the severity of injury. Conclusion: Young rugby players with a history of stingers have a significantly high rate of repeat injuries. Although nearly 80% of the players experienced only minimal (0-1 day) time loss injuries, neurological deficits sometimes last beyond 1 month. A history of stingers was identified to be the strongest risk factor for injuries and for lasting symptoms. This information may be useful for planning the proper treatment for stingers in young rugby players.

The relationship between worker, occupational and workplace characteristics and whether an injury requires time off work: a matched case-control analysis in Ontario, Canada.

The objective of this study was to examine individual, occupational, and workplace level factors associated with time loss following a similar injury. Seven thousand three hundred and forty-eight workers' compensation claims that did not require time off work were matched with up to four claims that required time off work on the event, nature, and part of body injured as well as injury year. Conditional logistic regression models examined individual, occupational, and workplace level factors that were associated with the likelihood of not requiring time off work. Employees from firms with higher premium rates were more likely to report no time loss from work and workers in more physically demanding occupations were less likely to report no time loss from work. We observed no association between age or gender and the probability of a time loss claim submission. Our results suggest that insurance costs are an incentive for workplaces to adopt policies and practices that minimize time loss following a work injury.

On-Line Discussion Forums: New Platforms to Supplement Face-to-Face Professional Development at a Comprehensive University

Academic staff development has become a challenge due to academics' tight schedule and workload at University. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of participation and perception of effectiveness and value among participants in using online discussion forums in Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The study adopted a mixed method approach. Instead of a normal five day face-to-face workshop, it was conducted over three days as other areas were covered through the discussion forum. Thirty lecturers with access to Blackboard were invited to participate in an on-line discussion forum on an assessment topic. Data was collected through monitoring the on-line discussion forum for five weeks and a questionnaire which was sent by e-mail. Data was analysed through SPSS. Employers' experienced relative advantage as their employees would have minimal work time loss and no travel time loss. The findings of this study suggest that Blackboard has a potential to become a widespread medium for continuing professional staff development at university. The on-line discussion forum was found to be observable, trialable, valuable and acceptable to supplement face-to-face workshops. It is recommended for further use to supplement face-to-face staff development workshops at university with room for improvement.

Protection of Power System Using Sequential Tripping

This paper describes a Sequential Tripping Strategy used in an electrical power system to combat situations in which protection relays have maloperated or information is missing. This is an innovative back-up protection scheme designed to prevent the occurrence of widespread blackouts. It evaluates the certainty that transmission lines are likely to be affected by the fault and uses a Sequential Tripping Strategy to isolate the fault if a firm decision is not available due to maloperated relays and/or missing information. The mode of analysis and the Sequential Tripping Strategy ensures that the fault can be cleared at minimum risk to the network. In applications like power stations and continuous process control plants, a protection system is used to trip faulty systems to prevent damages and ensure the overall safety of the personnel and machinery. But this often results in multiple or cascade tripping of a number of subunits. Looking at all the tripped units doesn't reveal the cause of failure. It is therefore very important to determine the sequence of events that have occurred in order to exactly trace out the cause of failure and revive the system with minimal loss of time.

Micro-educational opportunities in outreach clinical dental education

Outreach education at the University of Portsmouth Dental Academy is providing a valuable platform to offer students 'micro-educational opportunities'. Some of these are highly innovative experiences, which allow senior students across the dental team to take short periods of time away from the clinic to broaden their life experience. The maturity of senior students generates a significant added-value to their educational experiences with minimal loss of clinical time. Another important outcome, which echoes the Marmot review on Health Inequalities (2010), is the population of the City of Portsmouth, particularly the socially deprived, gain better access to oral health advice, prevention and treatment. Our experience suggests these opportunities enhance the undergraduate experience, equipping our new colleagues for a professional life in a changing and challenging environment.