Minimal Crosstalk Research Articles

Metamodel-based Hybrid Parametric Optimization with Static Prototype Validation for a Six-Axle Wheel Load Cell Design

The accurate measurement of forces and torques acting on a vehicle’s chassis, originating from wheel-pavement interactions, is essential for optimizing suspension systems, axles, and other structural components. A critical challenge in optimizing wheel load cell (WLC) design is to enhance sensitivity without compromising mechanical robustness. To address this question, this study developed a six-axis load cell designed to decouple force and torque measurements, achieving high sensitivity and reliability. The objective was to design an optimized WLC for multi-axis force measurement by maximizing sensitivity through a metamodel-based hybrid optimization framework. The methodology began with a fractional factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) to identify key parameters affecting load cell sensitivity and to define the optimization search space. This was followed by a dual-step parametric optimization process, utilizing the finite element method (FEM) to evaluate load cell performance and an inner-point optimization algorithm for convergence. After completing the DOE and FEM stages, the load cell was physically constructed and calibrated using a universal testing machine MTS 810, where experimental data closely matched simulation results, validating the design’s effectiveness. The main findings indicate that the optimized load cell can reliably measure six components, with a sensitivity increase of 14% compared to conventional designs. Numerical results from FEM analyses showed stress levels at 215 MPa, displacements around 0.16 mm, and a first-mode vibration frequency of 1351 Hz, meeting all structural integrity and performance requirements. Calibration confirmed minimal cross-talk effects, supporting the robustness of the final design. The developed load cell met optimal design criteria, showing substantial improvements in sensitivity and accuracy over existing designs, with potential applications in automotive, aerospace, and engineering testing.

Experimental verification of phase behaviors of MMI couplers and their application to spectrally flat WDM (de)multiplexers

Phase and amplitude behaviors of several types of 2:2 multimode interference (MMI) couplers are theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified using a fabricated silicon-nanowire waveguide-based interferometer scheme. The phase response of various structural MMI schemes is critical for realizing highly efficient wavelength-division-multiplexing optical (de)multiplexers in terms of spectral flatness, low insertion loss, and minimal crosstalk. We experimentally demonstrate these aspects through the fabrication of a silicon-nanowire-based interference testing scheme. Finally, based on the experimental results, we propose a method for designing spectrally flat optical (de)multiplexers with good fabrication tolerance.

Three-dimensional turning force sensor based on a decagonal ring structure: crosstalk mitigation design and performance optimization

Abstract Real-time data acquisition using high-precision three-dimensional turning force sensors is crucial for intelligent manufacturing. However, existing sensors face challenges such as low integration levels and poor crosstalk resistance, rendering them inadequate for high-precision measurements. Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that a fully centered decagonal ring structure can effectively mitigate the effects of eccentric loading. This study focuses on designing a fully centered turning force sensor with minimal crosstalk. To achieve a balance between sensitivity and stiffness, multi-objective optimization was conducted using GWO-BP and TOP algorithms, resulting in a twofold increase in the sensitivity of the decagonal ring. The sensor design incorporates metallic strain gauges, instrumentation amplifiers, and peripheral circuits into the ring arms of the decagonal structure. Experimental results show that the sensor’s amplified sensitivities in the Fc, Ff, and Fp directions are 11.78 mV N−1, 10.31 mV N−1, and 1.78 mV N−1, respectively. The first three natural frequencies in an unconstrained state are 2518.5 Hz, 2537.5 Hz, and 4256.4 Hz. The sensor’s Fc-Fy crosstalk ranges from 0.18% to 0.88%, with noise limits for the Fc, Ff, and Fp directions of 0.035 N, 0.03 N, and 0.23 N, respectively. Cutting experiments have demonstrated that under varying spindle speeds and cutting depths, the sensor effectively detects surges in cutting force caused by rapid tool retraction, as well as other common faults.

Ultra-Low Power Consumption Artificial Photoelectric Synapses Based on Lewis Acid Doped WSe2 for Neuromorphic Computing.

Capitalizing on the extensive spectral capacity and minimal crosstalk properties inherent in optical signals, photoelectric synapses are poised to assume a pivotal stance in the realm of neuromorphic computation. Herein, a photoelectric synapse based on Lewis acid-doped semiconducting tungsten diselenide (WSe2) is introduced, exhibiting tunable short-term and long-term plasticity. The device consumes a mere 0.1 fJ per synaptic operation, which is lower than the energy required by a single synaptic event observed in the human brain. Furthermore, these devices demonstrate high-pass filtering capabilities, highlighting their potential in image-sharpening applications. In particular, by synergistically modulating the photoconductivity and electrical gate bias, versatile logic capabilities are demonstrated within a single device, enabling it to flexibly perform both Boolean AND and OR gate operations. This work demonstrates a viable approach for Lewis acid-treated TMDs to realize multifunctional photoelectric synapses for neuromorphic computing.

Ultra-compact silicon nitride dual-polarization mode converter for visible light demonstrated on a thinned 320 nm silicon wafer

A dual-polarization higher-order mode converter is proposed for visible light, which operates within the (400–700) nm range, to enhance data capacity in on-chip visible light communication systems. The proposed structure is optimized at wavelengths of 410 nm, 560 nm, and 660 nm to cover the entire visible spectrum. These three optimized designs, in particular, have an intrinsic property wherein they can be optimized to simultaneously convert both polarized fundamental (TE0) and fundamental (TM0) modes to the second higher-order (TE2) and (TM2) modes, providing significant advantages for hybrid multiplexing systems like PDM-MDM and PDM-WDM schemes. The mode converters are constructed on a silicon nitride waveguide. This waveguide is etched and filled with silicon dioxide material to create two dielectric substrips, followed by an additional rectangle shape etched using the same process into the propagating waveguide. This alteration enhances insertion loss and diminishes crosstalk to the fundamental mode. The devices achieve a broad operating bandwidth of approximately 100 nm while maintaining a compact footprint of only 1µm×1.754µm for the entire device at the center wavelength of 560 nm. Upon optimizing the suggested structure, a TE0-to-TE2 mode converter with a modal conversion efficiency of 94% is designed at the wavelength of 410 nm. The insertion loss is 0.6025 dB, and the crosstalk with the transverse electric fundamental mode TE0 is 35 dB. The reported devices feature a straightforward structure with low insertion loss and minimal crosstalk.

Cleanroom-free fabrication of flexible capacitive pressure sensors using paintable silver electrodes on stationery paper and random microstructured polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer

Abstract In this work, we propose a facile, low-cost, and cleanroom-free approach for fabricating flexible capacitive pressure sensors based on paintable Ag electrodes on stationery paper substrates (Ag–paper electrodes) and a random microstructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric layer transferred from emery paper. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and experimental investigations suggest that the pressure sensor with random microstructured PDMS dielectric layer performs better than the sensor with ordered micropyramidal dielectric layer. The developed Ag–paper electrode and random microstructured PDMS dielectric layer-based pressure sensors are workable in a wide pressure range (up to 630 kPa) and exhibit a high sensitivity of 0.132 kPa−1 up to 1 kPa, low hysteresis (6.6%) with loading–unloading of ∼500 kPa pressure, high stability during a ∼5250 cyclic test, and the ability to sense a low pressure of ∼27 Pa. The developed sensor also successfully transduces arterial pulse wave forms when it is properly attached to the wrist. Using the proposed process, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor matrix of 4 × 4 array is also successfully developed for single- and multiple-point pressure mapping with minimal cross-talk. The proposed sensor process is simple and inexpensive to implement, and offers spatial pressure mapping for e-skin applications.

Phase and amplitude simultaneously coding metasurface with multi-frequency and multifunctional electromagnetic modulations

The integration of multiple functionalities into a single, planar, ultra-compact metasurface has presented significant opportunities for enhancing capacity and performance within compact 5G/6G communication systems. Recent advances in multifunctional metasurfaces have unveiled comprehensive wavefront manipulations utilizing phase, polarization transmission/reflection, and coding apertures. Despite these developments, there remains a critical need for multifunctional metasurfaces with expanded channel capabilities, including multiple operational frequencies, minimal crosstalk, and high-efficiency computable array factors. This study introduces a multifunctional metasurface that integrates phase- and amplitude simultaneous coding meta-atoms at dual frequencies. By altering the polarization of electromagnetic (EM) waves, it is possible to reshape the wave-fronts of reflected waves at these frequencies. The coding metasurface proficiently manipulates both x and y linearly polarized waves through phase and amplitude coding at dual frequencies, thereby enabling distinct functionalities such as anomalous reflection, reflection imaging, and vortex wave beam generation. Both theoretical analysis and full-wave simulation confirm the anticipated functionalities of the designed devices, paving the way for advancements in integrated communication systems with diverse functionalities.

Design and simulation of an enhanced optical demultiplexer using photonic crystal resonators

The purpose of this paper is to examine the design, simulation, and optimization of a demultiplexer optical system using photonic crystal resonators. Utilizing the distinct properties of photonic crystals, the proposed device achieves high-quality resonances, efficient wavelength separation, and minimal crosstalk. These characteristics are crucial for enhancing the performance of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, which require precise and efficient channel separation to manage increasing data traffic. Extensive simulations conducted with the RSoft CAD tool explore the impact of varying resonator parameters such as refractive index, geometric dimensions, and material composition on the device's performance. The results indicate substantial improvements in transmission efficiency and quality factor, with average values of 98.675% and 3131.125, respectively. Furthermore, the ability to fine-tune these parameters allows for the customization of the demultiplexer to specific wavelength ranges, making it highly adaptable for various telecommunications applications. This research aims to propel the development of compact, high-performance photonic devices that meet the growing demands of modern communication networks, ultimately contributing to more efficient and reliable optical communication systems.

Multiplexed Nanoscopy via Buffer Exchange.

Understanding cellular functions, particularly in their intricate complexity, can greatly benefit from the spatial mapping of diverse molecules through multitarget single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). Existing methodologies, primarily restricting the encoding dimensions to color and lifetime or requiring cyclic staining, often involve broad chromatic detection, specialized optical configurations, or sophisticated labeling techniques. Here, we propose a simple approach called buffer-exchange stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (beSTORM), which introduces an additional dimension to differentiate between single molecules irrespective of their spectral properties. This method leverages the distinguishable photoblinking responses to distinct buffer conditions, offering a straightforward yet effective means of fluorophore discrimination. Through buffer exchanges, beSTORM achieves multitarget SMLM imaging with minimal crosstalk. Direct integration with expansion microscopy (ExM) demonstrates its capability to resolve up to six proteins at the molecular level within a single emission color without chromatic aberration. Overall, beSTORM presents a highly compatible imaging platform, promising significant advancements in highly multiplexed nanoscopy for exploring multiple targets in biological systems with nanoscale precision.

Enhancing the sensitivity of a humidity sensor by using PVA and GQDs hybrid diaphragms and the harmonic Vernier effect.

What we believe to be a novel fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) humidity sensor based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was proposed and experimentally studied. This sensor consisted of a sensing FPI and a reference FPI in parallel. The two sensing cavities FPI were composed of humidity sensitive materials PVA and PVA-GQDs, respectively. Experimental comparative studies had found that doping GQDs in PVA increases humidity sensitivity by 2.1 times. Four reference cavity FPIs were prepared by splicing single-mode fiber and quartz capillary, and then they were combined with two sensing cavity FPIs to form two Vernier effect (VE) sensors and two harmonic Vernier effect (HVE) sensors. Experimental research had found that the sensitivities of PVA as a sensing material for the VE sensor and HVE sensor were -1.0804 nm/%RH and-1.6566 nm/%RH, respectively. The sensitivities of PVA-GQDs as sensing materials for the VE sensor and HVE sensor were-3.1527 nm/%RH and 7.3343 nm/%RH, respectively. Moreover, both HVE sensors had minimal temperature crosstalk. PVA-GQDs were excellent humidity sensitive materials that significantly improve the sensitivity of humidity sensors, making it promising candidate for humidity sensing in various applications.

Unlocking ultra-high holographic information capacity through nonorthogonal polarization multiplexing

Contemporary studies in polarization multiplexing are hindered by the intrinsic orthogonality constraints of polarization states, which restrict the scope of multiplexing channels and their practical applications. This research transcends these barriers by introducing an innovative nonorthogonal polarization-basis multiplexing approach. Utilizing spatially varied eigen-polarization states within metaatoms, we successfully reconstruct globally nonorthogonal channels that exhibit minimal crosstalk. This method not only facilitates the generation of free-vector holograms, achieving complete degrees-of-freedom in three nonorthogonal channels with ultra-low energy leakage, but it also significantly enhances the dimensions of the Jones matrix, expanding it to a groundbreaking 10 × 10 scale. The fusion of a controllable eigen-polarization engineering mechanism with a vectorial diffraction neural network culminates in the experimental creation of 55 intricate holographic patterns across these expanded channels. This advancement represents a profound shift in the field of polarization multiplexing, unlocking opportunities in advanced holography and quantum encryption, among other applications.

Dual-band hybrid fiber-wireless delivery system for high-speed data communications in CRAN based on polarization multiplexing with switching capabilities

This work presents a Radio-over-Fiber architecture for Cloud Radio Access Networks (CRAN) based on polarization division multiplexing for delivering up-converted high-speed data signals using a single laser-photodetector pair and free of polarization tracking devices. This system enables the allocation of data signals in two different bands defined as low-frequency (5–25 GHz) and high-frequency (55–65 GHz) millimeter waves (mmWave). Polarization multiplexing ensures minimal crosstalk when data signals are photonically up-converted while providing all-optical inter-band switching capabilities. Proof-of-concept experiments have been performed by simultaneously transmitting NRZ and multi-carrier modulated (Discrete Multitone - DMT) data signals over a radio-over-fiber link consisting of 1 km of standard optical fiber and radio transmission in the 7.5 GHz (wired) and 60 GHz (wireless) bands, respectively, with an estimated potential total throughput of at least 7.5 Gbps when considering the transmission of NRZ signals in these mmWave carriers. Results exhibit a BER below the FEC limit of 3.8 × 10−3 in all cases analyzed when the received optical power at the remote radio head (RRH) is above −4 dBm. The reduced number of components and versatility of this implementation provide a cost-effective solution for delivering and switching high-speed data signals in RF fronthaul for future 5G/6G communications.

Simultaneous dual-color calcium imaging in freely-behaving mice.

Novel open-source dual-channel Miniscope that simultaneously records two wavelengths with minimal crosstalk in freely behaving animals.

Johnson-noise-limited cancellation-free microwave impedance microscopy with monolithic silicon cantilever probes

Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique for nanoscale complex permittivity mapping and has made significant impacts in diverse fields. To date, the most significant hurdles that limit its widespread use are the requirements of specialized microwave probes and high-precision cancellation circuits. Here, we show that forgoing both elements not only is feasible but also enhances performance. Using monolithic silicon cantilever probes and a cancellation-free architecture, we demonstrate Johnson-noise-limited, drift-free MIM operation with 15 nm spatial resolution, minimal topography crosstalk, and an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.26 zF/√Hz. We accomplish this by taking advantage of the high mechanical resonant frequency and spatial resolution of silicon probes, the inherent common-mode phase noise rejection of self-referenced homodyne detection, and the exceptional stability of the streamlined architecture. Our approach makes MIM drastically more accessible and paves the way for advanced operation modes as well as integration with complementary techniques.

Investigation of Polymer-Based 1×2 All-Optical Switches at C-Band Wavelength

All-optical switches play a significant role in optical communication and signal processing using purely optical signals and offer efficient high-speed data transmission over conventional switches, which rely on optic–electronic conversions. This paper demonstrates 1 × 2 all-optical switches realized with the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and directional couplers (DCs) for next-generation high-speed computing systems. We numerically design and simulate this optical switch by using the commercially available RSoft CAD BeamPROP solver. The proposed switches leverage the combined influence of DCs to achieve precise control over switching states by demonstrating remarkable phase-shifting properties with phase differences of 4π/3 and π/2 between the MZI and DC. The optical switch exhibits excess losses (ELs) from 1.27 dB to 1.40 dB and crosstalk ranging from −13.303 dB to −11.034 dB in a wavelength range of 1.53–1.56 μm, and minimal EL and crosstalk are 1.27 dB and −13.303 dB at 1.55 μm. The proposed polymer-based 1 × 2 all-optical switches could be novel devices in high-speed data transmission for optical circuitry.

Turbidity-tolerant underwater wireless optical communications using dense blue–green wavelength division multiplexing

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has demonstrated high-speed and low-latency properties in clear and coastal ocean water because of the relatively low attenuation ‘window’ for blue–green wavelengths from 450 nm to 550 nm. However, there are different attenuation coefficients for transmission in ocean water at different wavelengths, and the light transmission more seriously deteriorates with fluctuations in the water turbidity. Therefore, traditional UWOC using a single wavelength or coarse blue–green wavelengths has difficulty tolerating variations in water turbidity. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology provides sufficient communication channels with a narrow wavelength spacing and minimal channel crosstalk. Here, we improve the UWOC in clear and coastal ocean water using dense blue–green WDM. A cost-effective WDM emitter is proposed with directly modulated blue–green laser diodes. Dense wavelength beam combination and collimation are demonstrated in a 20-metre underwater channel from 490 nm to 520 nm. Demultiplexing with a minimum channel spacing of 2 nm is realized by an optical grating. Remarkably, our WDM results demonstrate an aggregate data rate exceeding 10 Gbit/s under diverse water turbidity conditions, with negligible crosstalk observed for each channel. This is the densest WDM implementation with a record channel spacing of 2 nm and the highest channel count for underwater blue–green light communications, providing turbidity-tolerant signal transmission in clear and coastal ocean water.

Optical mode manipulation using deep spatial diffractive neural networks

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical models and potential applications of spatial diffractive neural network (SDNN) structures, with a particular focus on mode manipulation. Our research introduces a novel diffractive transmission simulation method that employs matrix multiplication, alongside a parameter optimization algorithm based on neural network gradient descent. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the light field manipulation capabilities inherent to SDNNs. We extend our investigation to parameter optimization for SDNNs of various scales. We achieve the demultiplexing of 5, 11 and 100 orthogonal orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes using neural networks with 4, 10 and 50 layers, respectively. Notably, the optimized 100 OAM mode demultiplexer shows an average loss of 0.52 dB, a maximum loss of 0.62 dB, and a maximum crosstalk of -28.24 dB. Further exploring the potential of SDNNs, we optimize a 10-layer structure for mode conversion applications. This optimization enables conversions from Hermite-Gaussian (HG) to Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes, as well as from HG to OAM modes, showing the versatility of SDNNs in mode manipulation. We propose an innovative assembly of SDNNs on a glass substrate integrated with photonic devices. A 10-layer diffractive neural network, with a size of 49 mm × 7 mm × 7 mm, effectively demultiplexes 11 orthogonal OAM modes with minimal loss and crosstalk. Similarly, a 20-layer diffractive neural network, with a size of 67 mm × 7 mm × 7 mm, serves as a highly efficient 25-channel OAM to HG mode converter, showing the potential of SDNNs in advanced optical communications.

A photonic crystal waveguide intersection using phase change material for optical neuromorphic synapses

This paper introduces an innovative photonic crystal device that amalgamates a low cross-talk GaAs waveguide intersection with a ring employing phase change material (PCM) for application in all-optical neuromorphic synapses. The device uses a degenerate optical cavity housing Germanium–Antimony-Telluride (GST) phase-change material whose optical properties can be manipulated via a control signal. The proposed design facilitates the development of a non-volatile synapse for photonic neural networks and optical neuromorphic circuits. Numerical simulations using the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) exhibit a notably high-quality factor of 900 and a minimal cross-talk level of −60 dB at the intersection of two waveguides. To validate the FDTD results, the structure undergoes further simulations using the finite element method (FEM), confirming the accuracy of the initial calculations. The resultant structure achieves transmissions of 81 % and 13 % in the amorphous and fully crystalline states of PCM, respectively, enabling low output power in the crystalline state and high output power in the amorphous state. Moreover, modulation of the transmission coefficient between 13 % and 81 % is feasible by manipulating the crystallization coefficient of GST materials. To reduce the effect of the imaginary part of the refractive index of the GST material, the evaluation of the output transmission results for the GSST material (Ge2Sb2Se4Te1) has been performed. The results revealed that, despite having a lower imaginary part of the refractive index compared to GST, GSST exhibits lower absorption in both amorphous and crystalline states. However, the use of GSST materials shows a 27 % reduction in the figure of merit (FOM), indicating a lower effective range and fewer degrees of freedom in the different crystallization levels of the PCM ring. To investigate the effect of fabrication defects and structural sensitivity, the radius of photonic crystal rods and the rings of GaAs and GST have been changed, and the results indicate that the radius of the photonic crystal rods and the GST ring have negligible effects on the output transmission and resonant wavelength. However, the thickness of the GaAs ring shows a high sensitivity, which leads to a change in the resonance wavelength that is utilized as an effective tool for tuning the pass wavelength through the structure within the 171 nm bandgap range. The transmission loss in the amorphous state is −0.6 dB and in the fully crystalline state −7.5 dB, which is attributed to the absorption of GST material. This proposed photonic crystal synapse structure with an area of less than 30 μm2 significantly minimizes the required space compared to similar silicon photonic structures and increases the prospects for integration and scalability. The compatibility of the materials employed with optical fibre communications at the 1310 nm wavelength further bolsters the practical feasibility of this design. In summary, this paper presents a significant advancement in the domain of neuromorphic photonics by introducing a promising structure with substantial potential for neural network synapses.

A Breathable, Stretchable, and Self‐Calibrated Multimodal Electronic Skin Based on Hydrogel Microstructures for Wireless Wearables

AbstractBiomimetic electronic skins (e‐skins) are widely used in wearables, smart prosthesis and soft robotics. However, multimodal e‐skins, especially those based on hydrogels, face multiple challenges for practical applications, involving multi‐sensing signal mutual interference, low breathability and stretchability. Here, a breathable and stretchable multimodal e‐skin with a multilayer film microstructure is developed to achieve self‐calibrated sensing of any two of three stimuli: strain, temperature, and humidity, with minimal crosstalk. Hydrogel fibers with different shapes are designed for strain and temperature sensing modules, and the hydrogel film is developed as a humidity sensing module. The multimodal e‐skin exhibits impressive sensing performance, including a low strain detection limit (0.03%), strain linearity (R2 = 0.990), high‐temperature sensitivity (1.77%/°C), and a wide humidity detection range (33–98% RH). Interestingly, due to the directional anisotropy in strain sensitivity of different shaped fibers, the e‐skin realizes self‐calibrated detection of strain and temperature in different directions. By introducing porous elastomer encapsulation membranes, the breathability and wearing comfort of the e‐skin are attained, while the high stretchability (100% strain) is maintained. Furthermore, a personalized human‐machine interaction system is created by integrating the e‐skin with a wireless circuit to realize real‐time and wireless gesture recognition, physiological signals monitoring, and smart prosthesis.

Generation of genuine all-way entanglement in defect-nuclear spin systems through dynamical decoupling sequences

Multipartite entangled states are an essential resource for sensing, quantum error correction, and cryptography. Color centers in solids are one of the leading platforms for quantum networking due to the availability of a nuclear spin memory that can be entangled with the optically active electronic spin through dynamical decoupling sequences. Creating electron-nuclear entangled states in these systems is a difficult task as the always-on hyperfine interactions prohibit complete isolation of the target dynamics from the unwanted spin bath. While this emergent cross-talk can be alleviated by prolonging the entanglement generation, the gate durations quickly exceed coherence times. Here we show how to prepare high-quality GHZM-like states with minimal cross-talk. We introduce the M-tangling power of an evolution operator, which allows us to verify genuine all-way correlations. Using experimentally measured hyperfine parameters of an NV center spin in diamond coupled to carbon-13 lattice spins, we show how to use sequential or single-shot entangling operations to prepare GHZM-like states of up to M=10 qubits within time constraints that saturate bounds on M-way correlations. We study the entanglement of mixed electron-nuclear states and develop a non-unitary M-tangling power which additionally captures correlations arising from all unwanted nuclear spins. We further derive a non-unitary M-tangling power which incorporates the impact of electronic dephasing errors on the M-way correlations. Finally, we inspect the performance of our protocols in the presence of experimentally reported pulse errors, finding that XY decoupling sequences can lead to high-fidelity GHZ state preparation.