Minimal Bubble Research Articles

Amino-Modified Graphene Oxide from Kish Graphite for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Waterborne Epoxy Coatings.

Waterborne epoxy (WEP) coatings with enhanced corrosion resistance were prepared using graphene oxide (GO) that was obtained from kish graphite, and amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) was modified by 2-aminomalonamide. The structural characteristics of the GO and AGO were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). And the anti-corrosive performance of waterborne epoxy-cased composite coatings with different addition amounts of AGO was investigated using electrochemical measurements, pull-off adhesion tests, and salt spray tests. The results indicate that AGO15/WEP with 0.15 wt.% of AGO has the best anti-corrosive performance, and the lowest frequency impedance modulus increased from 1.03 × 108 to 1.63 × 1010 ohm·cm-2 compared to that of WEP. Furthermore, AGO15/WEP also demonstrates the minimal corrosion products or bubbles in the salt spray test for 200 h, affirming its exceptional long-term corrosion protection capability.

Thermosetting polymer composites: Manufacturing and properties study

Abstract In the proposed study, TiC is used in different sizes (i.e., 70–150 nm and 200–250 μm) and different ratios (e.g., 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) to reinforce the epoxy matrix. Micro- or nano-epoxy–TiC mixtures are poured into molds that have been prepared. The results obtained show a significant improvement in hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength when the hard particles of nano- and micro-TiC are increased up to 20 wt%. This is due to the good dispersion of the TiC powder with minimal agglomeration and air bubbles. In addition, the results obtained show a decrease in hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength when the ratio of the hard particles of nano- and micro-TiC is increased to 30 wt% due to agglomeration and air bubbles, which create a path for cracks to propagate. The results of the hardness, impact, creep, and tensile strength tests when 20 wt% nano-TiC composite specimens are used are 22.4, 67.55 J·m−2, 0.0132, and 34.7 MPa, respectively. These results show higher values than other composite specimens. A pin-on-disc wear testing process with various sliding lengths is used to analyze wear behavior. The maximum wear resistance of the 10 wt% of micro-epoxy–TiC composites is found at a load of 5 N and a 100 m sliding distance. Optical microscopy shows small scratches on the 10 wt% micro-epoxy–TiC composite specimens in comparison with the 10 wt% nano-epoxy–TiC composites at a load of 5 N and a 200 m sliding distance.

Efficacy of cyanoacrylate adhesive as a mounting medium for soft tissue sections as an alternative to Kirkpatrick and Lendrum's DPX

Introduction: Mounting is the final stage in histologically preparing a slide and creates a permanent the bond between the coverslip and the slide, preventing breakage, air drying artefacts, and stain fading. Materials & methods: In this study, fifty slides were prepared, twenty-five of which were mounted using DPX and twenty five using cyanoacrylate adhesive. The slides were assessed for clarity of nuclear and cytoplasmic details, adhesion between coverslip and slide, and the presence of air bubbles by two blinded observers. Results: The results showed that adhesion between coverslip and slide was better when mounted with cyanoacrylate adhesive, but better clarity of nuclear and cytoplasmic details and minimal air bubble entrapment was seen when tissue sections were mounted using DPX. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive cannot be an alternative to DPX for mounting soft tissue sections.

Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrence Probability with Respect to Month of Year

In this paper, the variations of the equatorial plasma bubble occurrence probability with respectto month of year are investigated. For this purpose, the data obtained on board the ISS-b satellite (~972–1220 km) in the mid−latitude region ±(25°–55°) DIPLAT of the both hemispheres for a year and a half ofthe observations (August 1978–December 1979) were used. The comparative analysis of the studied characteristicwith the monthly variations of the meridional wind velocity was carried out. For this purpose, thewind velocity data calculated from the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14) were used. 1. It was revealed thatthe maximal plasma bubble occurrence probability values take place each time during the local winter: December–February in the Northern Hemisphere (~19%) and June–August in the Southern Hemisphere (~29%).The minimal values take place in the local summer: June–August in the Northern Hemisphere (~3%) andDecember–February in the Southern Hemisphere (~4%). As a result, there is asymmetric plasma bubbledevelopment relative to the geomagnetic equator during the solstices. 2. It was revealed that the relativeequality of the plasma bubble occurrence probability values takes place in the histograms of the differenthemispheres during the equinoxes. As a result, there is almost symmetrical plasma bubble spreading relativeto the geomagnetic equator during these periods. 3. It was revealed that the maximal plasma bubbleoccurrence probability values take place in each hemisphere during the local winter, when the meridionalwinds developing there favors the downward bubble plasma and, accordingly, the bubble spreading alongthe flux tube. The minimal plasma bubble occurrence probability values take place in each uplift hemisphereduring the local summer season, when the meridional wind favors the bubble plasma and slows thebubble spreading.

Acoustic modeling of ducted propagation in the New England Mud Patch

Experiments were conducted on the New England Mud Patch in 2017, 2021, and 2022. The 2017 Seabed Characterization Experiment (SBCEX17) utilized Signal Underwater Sound (SUS) charges, model Mk64, to produce an impulsive acoustic waveform. However, recent work in 2022 has additionally utilized the Rupture Induced Underwater Sound Source (RIUSS) to produce a high-amplitude, broadband waveform with minimal bubble oscillations. Results from these experiments suggested the presence of a surficial layer of mud with a sound speed lower than that of the underlying mud and overlying water. The SBCEX22 experiment included the deployment of nine RIUSS devices and the use of Ocean Bottom Recorders (OBX) to measure the acoustic pressure and three components of particle velocity at range of about 1 km. Conductivity, temperature, and depth measurements from CTD surveys were taken from several locations around the mud patch and used to generate sound speed profiles. These were input into the RAM parabolic equation model to analyze the effect of the sound speed in mud on propagation. Results from the RAM modeling indicates that at mid-frequencies (1-3 kHz) the lower sound speed at the top of the mud layer creates a duct where the transmission loss is reduced.

An ε-regularity result with mean curvature control for Willmore immersions and application to minimal bubbling.

In this paper we prove a convergence result for sequences of Willmore immersions with simple minimal bubbles. To this end we replace the total curvature control in T. Rivi\`ere's proof of the $\varepsilon$-regularity for Willmore immersions by a control of the local Willmore energy.

Effect of oral simethicone on the quality of colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effect of oral simethicone (SIM), an antifoaming agent, on the quality of colonoscopy in terms of bowel preparation quality, adenoma or polyp detection rate (ADR/PDR) and cecal intubation rate (CIR). All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of SIM during bowel preparation for colonoscopy published up to 17 March 2021 were identified from the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. Bowel preparation quality, ADR/PDR/CIR, cecal intubation time (CIT), withdrawal time (WT), patients' tolerability, acceptability and volume of foam and bubbles were compared between the SIM and non-SIM groups. Thirty-eight RCTs with 10 505 patients were included. Oral SIM significantly increased the rate of total Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) score ≥6 (risk ratio [RR]1.13, P < 0.0001), acceptability (RR1.15, P=0.01) and the rate of no or minimal foam and bubbles (RR1.28, P < 0.00001) and decreased abdominal distension (RR0.64, P < 0.0001). However, it had no significant impact on overall ADR, overall PDR, CIR, CIT or WT. The rate of total BBPS score ≥6 remained significantly higher in the SIM group when a single-dose laxative regimen or a SIM dosage of ≥320 mg was employed; and ADR, PDR and CIR were significantly increased in the SIM group among colonoscopy clinicians who achieved an ADR <31%, PDR <45% and CIR <96%, respectively. Oral SIM can improve bowel preparation quality, especially in patients receiving a SIM dosage of ≥320 mg or a single-dose laxative regimen. SIM may be preferred by junior colonoscopy physicians/trainees with a lower ADR/PDR or CIR.

Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel

PurposeFlow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed.MethodsA 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young’s moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom.ResultsA wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels.ConclusionCustom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.

The Colon Endoscopic Bubble Scale (CEBuS): a two-phase evaluation study.

To date, no scale has been validated to assess bubbles associated with bowel preparation. This study aimed to develop and assess the reliability of a novel scale- the Colon Endoscopic Bubble Scale (CEBuS). This was a multicenter, prospective, observational study with two online evaluation phases of 45 randomly distributed still colonoscopy images (15 per scale grade). Observers assessed images twice, 2 weeks apart, using CEBuS (CEBuS-0 - no or minimal bubbles, covering < 5 % of the surface; CEBuS-1 - bubbles covering 5 %-50 %; CEBuS-2 - bubbles covering > 50 %) and reporting the clinical action (do nothing; wash with water; wash with simethicone). CEBuS provided high levels of agreement both in evaluation Phase 1 (4 experts) and Phase 2 (6 experts and 13 non-experts), with almost perfect intraobserver reliability: kappa 0.82 (95 % confidence interval 0.75-0.88) and 0.86 (0.85-0.88); interobserver agreement - intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.83 (0.73-0.89) and 0.90 (0.86-0.94). Previous endoscopic experience had no influence on agreement among experts vs. non-experts: kappa 0.86 (0.80-0.91) vs. 0.87 (0.84-0.89) and ICC 0.91 (0.87-0.94) vs. 0.90 (0.86-0.94), respectively. Interobserver agreement on clinical action was ICC 0.63 (0.43-0.78) in Phase 1 and 0.77 (0.68-0.84) in Phase 2. Absolute agreement on clinical action per scale grade was 85 % (82-88) for CEBuS-0, 21 % (16-26) for CEBuS-1, and 74 % (70-78) for CEBuS-2. CEBuS proved to be a reliable instrument to standardize the evaluation of colonic bubbles during colonoscopy. Assessment in daily practice is warranted.

The Structure of Gaussian Minimal Bubbles

It is shown that m disjoint sets with fixed Gaussian volumes that partition $$\mathbb {R}^{n}$$ with minimum Gaussian surface area must be $$(m-1)$$ -dimensional. This follows from a second variation argument using infinitesimal translations. The special case $$m=3$$ proves the Double Bubble problem for the Gaussian measure, with an extra technical assumption. That is, when $$m=3$$ , the three minimal sets are adjacent 120 degree sectors. The technical assumption is that the triple junction points of the minimizing sets have polynomial volume growth. Assuming again the technical assumption, we prove the $$m=4$$ Triple Bubble Conjecture for the Gaussian measure. Our methods combine the Colding–Minicozzi theory of Gaussian minimal surfaces with some arguments used in the Hutchings–Morgan–Ritore-Ros proof of the Euclidean Double Bubble Conjecture.

Minimal Bubbling for Willmore Surfaces

Abstract In this paper, we build an explicit example of a minimal bubble on a Willmore surface, showing there cannot be compactness for Willmore immersions of Willmore energy above $16 \pi $. Additionally, we prove an inequality on the 2nd residue for limits of sequences of Willmore immersions with simple minimal bubbles. Doing so, we exclude some gluing configurations and prove compactness for immersed Willmore tori of energy below $12 \pi $.

The effect of quality of segmental bowel preparation on adenoma detection rate

BackgroundThe effectiveness in surveillance colonoscopy largely depends on the quality of bowel preparation. We aimed to investigate the quality of bowel preparation segmentally and its effect on Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR) and Advanced Adenoma Detection Rate (AADR) at corresponding bowel segments.MethodsThis is a single-centered and cross-sectional study. A consecutive of 5798 patients who underwent colonoscopy examination were included. Bowel preparation was evaluated based on Bowel Bubble Scale (BBS) in general and Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) in each segment (right side, transverse and left side of colon) and total BBPS scores. The quality of bowel preparation was correlated with ADR and AADR.ResultsFour thousand nine hundred forty colonoscopies (14,820 bowel segments) were included in the final analysis. In which 30.9% scored 3, 57.5% scored 2, 11.2% scored 1 and 0.4% scored 0 on basis of BBPS. For each score, ADR were 10.8, 7.7, 4.9 and 3.2%, respectively; whereas AADR were 4.5, 2.8,1.8 and 1.6% (P < 0.05). 36.9% of the colonoscopies showed presence of minimal bubbles and 34.3% with no bubble. For bowels without bubbles and with a large amount of bubbles, ADR were 28.3 and 20.0% respectively; and AADR were 13.3 and 7.1% respectively.ConclusionsSegmental bowels’ cleanliness and the amount of bubbles in bowels significantly affect ADR and AADR. The better the bowel preparation at each segment is and the less bubbles in the bowel there are, the higher ADR and AADR we got. We suggest repeating colonoscopy if any segment of the bowel preparation is poor, or if there is more bubbles, even if the total score of BBPS indicates good or fair bowel preparation.

An investigation of mid-ocean ridge degassing using He, CO2, and δ13C variations during the 2005–06 eruption at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise

We report 3He/4He, He and CO2 concentrations for the dissolved (glass) and vapor (vesicle) phase of basalts, for 23 lavas from the 2005–2006 eruption and 4 lavas from 1991–92 at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise. We also determined δ13C and δ18O of CO2 in vesicles in 18 of these lavas. These sample suites provide a rare opportunity to study volatile systematics related to magma recharge at a mid-ocean ridge volcano and to quantify degassing prior to and during the eruptions. Our study covers the spatial and temporal extent of the 2005–06 eruption and is complementary to previous studies of variations in basaltic volatiles with distance from the ridge axis during part of this multi-stage eruption (Soule et al., 2012; Gardner et al., 2016). 3He/4He shows minor variation with a mean value of 8.51 ± 0.03 RA. All but 1 sample lies in a narrow range of 280–420 ppm for total (vesicles + glass) CO2 indicating volatile saturation at 1.2–2.3 km depth in the crust, similar to depths of the seismically imaged magma lenses in the region. Vesicle He and CO2 concentrations vary throughout the lava flow field by factors of 17 and 250, respectively. The vapor phase CO2/He ratio co-varies positively with the fraction of CO2 contained in vesicles due to kinetic fractionation between He and CO2 during vesiculation. Vesicle δ13CPDB co-varies with the fraction of CO2 in vesicles (r2=0.83), ranging from −2.6 to −5.0‰, and straddles the isotope composition of EPR vent fluids. The vesicle 13C-enrichment (δvapor−δmelt) is +3.3‰ and comparable to the experimentally determined fractionation factor for basaltic systems. Collectively the observations indicate closed-system degassing during rapid ascent of melt from the axial magma lens through the conduit to its eruption and emplacement on the seafloor, with minimal bubble loss. In contrast, CO2/Ba systematics and a comparison of δ13C for lavas and vent fluids indicate an earlier period of open-system degassing during which 50% or more of the initial (parental magma) CO2 inventory was lost prior to magma storage in the shallow crust.

Temporary Bonding Technologies for Thin Wafer Handling

Thin glass substrates offer low dielectric constant and high temperature process capability for faster and thinner packages but handling is challenging due to lack of mechanical stiffness. Temporary bonding of thin wafers to stiffer carrier substrates offers a solution and has been an active area of research and development in recent years. Polymeric and tape wafer bonding solutions are available but usually for low temperature processes. In Corning, we have developed an array of surface treatment/coating technologies that offer high temperature capability (as high as 700°C). The common theme of all these technologies entails surface treatment or coating of a carrier substrate to achieve strong non-covalent bonding with the thin wafer. The desired attributes are: (a) high enough bond energy at room temperature to withstand vacuum, thermal, and wet processing steps, (b) low enough bond energy after the thermal processing steps rendering the pair mechanically separable, (c) spontaneous bonding via self-propagating bond wave, and (d) minimal outgassing or bubble formation between carrier and thin wafer due to degradation of bonding material. The technologies range from vacuum based sub-monolayer surface functionalization to vacuum based organometallic coating to high throughput solution processed ultra-thin molecular coatings. In this talk we will first describe the theoretical underpinnings of various surface and chemical forces that control the bond energy between the carrier and the thin wafer, models to predict the bond energy as function of surface chemistry and surface energy parameters, influence of surface chemistry on various process attributes such as bond wave propagation and outgassing during thermal treatment. We will also briefly review various processes developed and their relative strengths and applicability.

NusG inhibits RNA polymerase backtracking by stabilizing the minimal transcription bubble.

Universally conserved factors from NusG family bind at the upstream fork junction of transcription elongation complexes and modulate RNA synthesis in response to translation, processing, and folding of the nascent RNA. Escherichia coli NusG enhances transcription elongation in vitro by a poorly understood mechanism. Here we report that E. coli NusG slows Gre factor-stimulated cleavage of the nascent RNA, but does not measurably change the rates of single nucleotide addition and translocation by a non-paused RNA polymerase. We demonstrate that NusG slows RNA cleavage by inhibiting backtracking. This activity is abolished by mismatches in the upstream DNA and is independent of the gate and rudder loops, but is partially dependent on the lid loop. Our comprehensive mapping of the upstream fork junction by base analogue fluorescence and nucleic acids crosslinking suggests that NusG inhibits backtracking by stabilizing the minimal transcription bubble.

Using Energy Dissipation Rate to Obtain Active Whitecap Fraction

AbstractActive and total whitecap fractions quantify the spatial extent of oceanic whitecaps in different lifetime stages. Total whitecap fraction W includes both the dynamic foam patches of the initial breaking and the static foam patches during whitecap decay. Dynamic air–sea processes in the upper ocean are best parameterized in terms of active whitecap fraction WA associated with actively breaking crests. The conventional intensity threshold approach used to extract WA from photographs is subjective, which contributes to the wide spread of WA data. A novel approach of obtaining WA from energy dissipation rate ε is proposed. An expression for WA is derived in terms of energy dissipation rate WA(ε) on the basis of the Phillips concept of breaking crest length distribution. This approach allows more objective determination of WA using the breaker kinematic and dynamic properties yet avoids the use of measuring breaking crest distribution from photographs. The feasibility of using WA(ε) is demonstrated with one possible implementation using buoy data and a parametric model for the energy dissipation rate. Results from WA(ε) are compared to WA from photographic data. Sensitivity analysis quantifies variations in WA estimates caused by different parameter choices in the WA(ε) expression. The breaking strength parameter b has the greatest influence on the WA(ε) estimates, followed by the breaker minimal speed and bubble persistence time. The merits and caveats of the novel approach, possible improvements, and implications for using the WA(ε) expression to extract WA from satellite-based radiometric measurements of W are discussed.

Efficacy of small-volume simethicone given at least 30 min before gastroscopy.

AIMTo evaluate the efficacy of 5 mL simethicone solution in decreasing gastric foam if given at least 30 min before gastroscopy.METHODSThis was a randomized, placebo controlled, endoscopist blinded study performed at Changi General Hospital. Patients were at least 21 years old, had no prior surgical resection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and scheduled for elective diagnostic gastroscopies. The primary outcome was the total mucosal visibility score (TMVS) which was evaluated using McNally score. The sample size was calculated to be 24 per group (SD 2.4, 80% power, P < 0.05, 2-sample t test).RESULTSFifty-four patients were randomised to receive either simethicone [1 mL liquid simethicone (100 mg) in 5 mL of water] or placebo (5 mL of water) at least 30 min before their gastroscopy. Six accredited consultants conducted the gastroscopy, and the interobserver agreement of scoring TMVS was good with a Kappa statistic of 0.73. The simethicone group had significantly better mean TMVS compared to placebo (5.78 ± SD 1.65 vs 8.89 ± SD 1.97, P < 0.001). The improvement was statistically significant for the duodenum and the gastric antrum, angularis, body, and fundus. Percent 51.9 of patients in the simethicone group had a TMVS of 4 (no bubbles at all) to 5 (only 1 area with minimal bubbles), while in the placebo group 3.7% of patients had TMVS of 4 or 5. The number needed to treat was 2.1 to avoid a TMVS of 6 and more. The simethicone group also had a significantly shorter procedure time with less volume of additional flushes required during gastroscopy to clear away obscuring gastric foam.CONCLUSIONWith a premedication time of at least 30 min, 5 mL simethicone can significantly decrease gastric foam, decrease the volume of additional flushes, and shorten gastroscopy time.

Bubble breakup in co-current upward flowing liquid using honeycomb monolith breaker

Bubble column reactors are used in industrial practices due to their intrinsic advantages of good mixing ability, high heat transfer and operational versatility. Generation of small bubbles in bubble column is a crucial step to improve their performance. The present investigation introduces a new approach for bubble breakup in an upward co-flowing liquid using a honeycomb monolith breaker with square cell structure. The experimental measurements were conducted using high speed imaging at different superficial liquid velocities and gas flow rates ranging between 8 to 50 cm/s and 165 to 1000 ml/min, respectively. A comparison between the bubbles generated from the monolith breaker and those generated from the nozzle shows that the monolith breaker reduces the bubble size by approximately 60% over the given range of liquid superficial velocities and gas flow rates. It is observed that at low superficial liquid velocities and low gas flow rates, the bubble size at the breaker exit follows log-normal distribution, which becomes more symmetric at higher superficial liquid velocities and gas flow rates. The main contributor of large bubbles formation at the monolith breaker exit is the bubbles׳ coalescence. Different mechanisms of bubbles coalescence at the breaker outlet are observed and classified into three types; multi- and successive “accumulative” coalescence, multi- and non-successive coalescence, and bubbles coalescence in the vicinity of the breaker outlet. The efficiency of the breaker is quantified in terms of the fractional conversion of bubbles׳ kinetic energy into the surface energy. A strong dependency of the breaker efficiency on the superficial liquid velocity is observed. The results indicate that an optimal liquid velocity exists that corresponds to the minimal bubble coalescence at which the breaker efficiency is maximum.

Phase transitions in multicomponent systems at the nano-scale: the existence of a minimal bubble size

The formation of nanoscale droplets/bubbles from a metastable bulk phase is still connected to many unresolved scientific questions. In this work we analyze the stability of multicomponent liquid droplets and bubbles in closed Nj, V, T systems (total mass of components, total volume and temperature). To investigate this problem, square gradient theory combined with an accurate equation of state is used. We compare the results from the square gradient model to the macroscopic capillary description. We find that both predict a finite threshold size for droplets/bubbles. The work reveals a metastable region close to the minimal droplet/bubble radius. We find that the liquid compressibility is crucial for the existence of this minimum threshold size for bubble formation.

Surfactant alterations following donation after cardiac death donor lungs

The use of lungs from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors is one of the strategies to increase the donor pool. The aim of this study was to assess the surfactant alterations in DCD donor lungs. Pigs were sacrificed and left untouched for 1 (DCD1), 2 (DCD2) and 3 (DCD3) h. Lungs were then topically cooled with saline for 1, 2 or 3 h to reach a total ischemic time of 4 h. Heart-beating donors (HBD) served as control group. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were assessed for protein levels and surfactant function. Left lungs were prepared for ex-vivo evaluation. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), oxygenation, airway pressure (AWP) and wet-to-dry weight ratio were significantly different between HBD and DCD3 groups (P < 0.05). BAL protein levels were statistically higher in DCD3 compared with HBD group (P < 0.05). Surface tension and surface tension measured at minimal bubble diameter (adsorption) were lower in HBD compared with DCD groups (P < 0.05). Adsorption was also lower in DCD1 compared with DCD2 (P < 0.05). Adsorption and surface tension were correlated with oxygenation and AWP (P < 0.05). This study has shown that lung function deteriorates with increasing warm ischemic time intervals. BAL protein, surface tension, adsorption, peak AWP and PVR increase significantly after 2 h of warm ischemia together with a significant reduction of the ratio PaO(2)/FiO(2).