Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Research Articles

Investigating the effect of changing the substrate material analyzed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy on the antenna performance

Miniaturized microstrip antennas are efficiently utilized in MICS band wearable and implantable medical applications. However, the properties of the materials employed for antenna fabrication influence its resultant parameters and play a vital role in its performance. Rogers have been widely used as a substrate material in various antenna designs. In this work, a proof of concept study has been conducted to determine how altering the substrate used in antenna construction affects antenna performance. Using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) approach, the elements present in the two distinct substrate raw materials were compared to investigate potential effects on the antenna’s performance. Given their accessibility and widespread use, two types of Rogers’ substrates, RO 3210 and RO 4003, were selected. Furthermore, two identical antenna designs were modeled and fabricated using the two substrate materials. The reflection coefficient (S11) and other antenna parameters were determined and compared. Moreover, the recorded LIBS spectra were evaluated using principle component analysis and partial least square regression techniques. The LIBS spectra showed different copper and iron contents between the two Rogers (i.e., other dielectric properties), leading to a frequency shift. Additionally, impurities in the fabricated material increase the possible losses. Consequently, the elemental contents of the utilized Rogers control the antenna’s performance and can ensure its safety in wearable and implant applications.

Miniaturized Antenna Array-Based Novel Metamaterial Technology for Reconfigurable MIMO Systems.

In this work, a highly miniaturized microstrip antenna array based on two elements is proposed for multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) application systems at sub-6 GHz frequency bands. The antenna is structured from a meander line in conjugate with an interdigital capacitor when excited through the monopole basic antenna. The proposed antenna elements are separated with a Minkowski factor-shaped metamaterial (MTM) column to achieve a separation distance (D) of 0.08λ at 3 GHz when printed on an FR-4 substrate. Later on, the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and gain is controlled using a photonic process based on optical active switches based on light-dependent resistances (LDR). Therefore, the reconfiguration complexity with such a technique can be eliminated significantly without the need for a biasing circuit. The antenna design was conducted through several parametric studies to arrive at the optimal design that realizes the frequency bandwidth between 3 and 5.5 GHz with a maximum gain of about 4.5 dBi when all LDR terminals are off. For a wireless channel performance study-based massive MIMO environment, the proposed antenna is suitable to be configured in arrays of 64 × 64 elements. From this study, it was found the maximum bit error rate (BER) does not exceed 0.15 with a channel capacity (CC) of 2 Gbps. For validation, the antenna was fabricated based on two elements and tested experimentally. Finally, it was revealed that the measured results agree very well with simulations after comparing the theoretical calculations with the measured data.

A miniaturized microstrip antenna with tunable double band-notched characteristics for UWB applications

This paper proposes the step-by-step design procedure for obtaining independent dual band-notch performance, which provides a valuable method for designing tunable dual band-notched UWB antenna. The proposed antenna consists of the semicircle ring-like radiating patch with an elliptical-shaped slot and double split ring resonators on the top surface of the substrate and defected ground structure (DGS) on the bottom surface of the substrate. The operating frequencies ranged from 1.3 to 11.6 GHz (S11 < − 10 dB). By loading varactor diodes at the gap of the resonators structure and changing the varactor diode’s reverse bias voltage(0–30 V), a wider band-notched tuning range from 2.47–4.19 to 4.32–5.96 GHz can be achieved, which covers the whole WiMAX band and WLAN band. The experimental results agree well with the simulated results. The notched gain at notched frequency points is about − 5.3 dBi and − 5 dBi, demonstrating that the narrow-band interference signal could be efficiently suppressed. The security of UWB communication systems can be further enhanced. Meanwhile, the selection of varactor diode and DC bias circuit are fully considered. Hence, the accuracy of the experiment results and antenna operating performance have been improved. Furthermore, the proposed antenna only has an electrical size of 0.26λ*0.19λ at 1.3 GHz. Compared to the related reported antennas, the proposed antenna has achieved a simpler structure, low profile, compact size, tunable dual band-notched characteristics, extensive independent tunable range, and good band-notched performance simultaneously, to the best of our knowledge. The proposed antenna is believed to have a valuable prospect in UWB communication, Wireless Body Area Network, Industry Science Medicine, mobile communication applications, etc.

Miniaturization of Microstrip Antenna Using Techniques of Meandering, Loading, and Bending Slots

One of the existing challenges while realizing miniaturization of the antenna is ensuring that the performance of the antenna without any negative effect has become the main focus of many researchers and pose challenges towards microstrip antenna research. In this paper, we focus on the study of miniaturization of microstrip antennas by designing miniaturized antennas, and carry out modeling and simulation. On basis of existing theory, the proposed method introduces the miniaturization technology of three mainstream microstrip antennas, namely meandering, loading, and bending slots. The electromagnetic simulation software HFSS is used to analyze the influence of the parameters of the three technologies on the antenna performance, and respectively propose a miniaturization scheme of the microstrip antenna.

Comparative study of miniaturized microstrip antennas designed with different super-substrate materials operating at 900 MHz

Comparative study of miniaturized microstrip antennas designed with different super-substrate materials operating at 900 MHz

Miniaturized UHF Band Microstrip Antenna Designed with Spiral Metamaterial Inclusions

A miniaturized microstrip antenna is designed with spiral metamaterials for the UHF band applications. One numerical demonstration shows that a metamaterial antenna with patch size of 80mm×80mm resonates at 818MHz. The electrical patch length is only 0.221λ, much smaller than the 0.51λ for a traditional microstrip antenna. The small antenna is observed with a bandwidth of 2.9% and total efficiency 94.8%.

Design and Performance Study of Single and Multi-Layered Fractal Based Miniaturized Patch Antennas for 2.4 GHz Applications

The design and characterization of single and multi-layered miniaturized microstrip antennas resonating at 2.4 GHz are proposed. The miniaturization is accomplished by fractal Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The DGS used for miniaturization is a Modified Minkowski Fractal DGS (M-MFDGS). The proposed size reduction process with M-MFDGS follows the selection of the best antenna configuration and its design parameters through sensitivity analysis and pattern search optimization. Microstrip patch antennas with three different feeding mechanisms are considered here to validate the effect of DGS over the size reduction and performance improvement. Incorporating M-MFDGS in three antennas, the first one with microstrip line feed accomplishes a maximum patch area reduction of 70% among the three proposed structures with a gain of 1.43 dBi. Likewise, with a slightly higher dimension than the first structure, the second antenna with proximity-coupled feed achieves a higher gain (5.11 dBi) and bandwidth (110 MHz). Although the size reduction in the third antenna with aperture-coupled feed is a little less it has the highest gain (5.91 dBi) among all the three. All three compact antennas are physically fabricated and the simulated results are validated with the measured results.

A compact miniature fractal planar antenna for RFID readers

&lt;p&gt;This article presents a new miniature microstrip antenna in the ISM "Industrial Scientific and Medical" band, at 2.45 GHz. This microstrip antenna is designed for RFID reader system, by exploiting the fractal technique and the CPW fed; this antenna is printed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4. The validated antenna has a good matching input impedance range from 2.27 GHz to 2.68 GHz with a stable radiation pattern, a gain of 2.2 dBi, and a directivity of 1.91 dB. The total area of the final circuit is 21.22 x 32.05 mm2. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.&lt;/p&gt;

A Proposed Model of Metamaterial Complementary Split- Ring Resonator to Reduce Microstrip Array Antenna Dimension

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Microstrip antenna with DGS based on CSRR array for WiMAX applications

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;This paper reports a novel method for designing a miniaturized microstrip antenna with DGS based on CSRR array which operates in the frequency of 2.6GHz for low band WiMAX application. The proposed antenna is designed using ANSYS HFSS simulation software. The antenna with optimized parameters is fabricated using FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm. The simulated and measured performances of the antenna in terms of return loss, directivity and radiation patterns are presented in this work. When Complimentary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) array are placed on the ground plane, the resonant frequency is shifted to a lower value and patch size is reduced .The measurements were taken and compared with the simulated results. The performance characteristics obtained from the measurements show that the proposed antenna is suited for WiMAX application at 2.6GHz.&lt;/span&gt;

A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFID

This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.

Miniaturization of rectangular patch microstrip antenna by using complementary split ring resonator

The mobile device miniaturization requires the applied antenna microstrip size be much smaller to reduce the radio front-end load. This paper discusses the rectangular patch microstrip antenna miniaturization by using complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure for 3G mobile communication system on 2.1 GHz. The structure is implemented on the microstrip ground plane. Simulation evaluation by using the AWR simulator shows that the CSRR structure is able to reduce antenna dimension about 62.71% from 3192 mm2 (56mm×57mm) to 1190 mm2 (34mm×35mm). Beside miniaturization, VSWR and return loss also experience improvements about 1.05 and -33.83 dB subsequently. Bandwidth increment about 70.37% is also achieved.

Compact and miniaturized microstrip antenna based on fractal and metamaterial loads with reconfigurable qualification

‬Abstract We have described a compact antenna based on fractal and metamaterial loads techniques. The microstrip patch antenna is assumed as a basic antenna and then the effect of fractal structures is implemented. The fractal patch is considered as a right-handed element and then by adding a left-handed element, the antenna miniaturization is achieved by using the metamaterial loads technique. The equivalent circuit is also used to describe the element effect on miniaturization and parametric models clarify them. The proposed antenna is modified for wireless applications and experimental results confirm our simulation results. In addition, we show that the proposed antenna is suitable for reconfigurable. By joining the unit cells together with various arrangements and changing the effective length, the various inductances can be obtained. Finally, by adding reconfigurable characteristic to the proposed antenna, the gain and radiation pattern can be controlled as shows in this paper. The patch antenna has low bandwidth and gain and so we have developed the patch antenna with defected ground to improve the bandwidth and the Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is used to achieve higher gain and bandwidth. The final antenna is covering 2.4, 3.5 and 5.5 GHz with higher gain than the patch antenna.

Miniaturization of dual band implantable antennas

ABSTRACTAs in medical applications dimensions reduction of implantable devices are of interest, periodic structures were used in substrate of the antenna to reduce the size of dual band miniaturized microstrip antennas even more. Designed substrate reduce the size to about 40%. The characteristics of miniaturized antenna with and without the periodic structure is compared and presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:36–40, 2017

Microstrip antenna miniaturization with fractal EBG and SRR loads for linear and circular polarizations

In this paper, combination of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) and split-ring resonator (SRR) loads with fractal formation for miniaturization of microstrip antenna is noticed. Here two different shapes of antenna have been studied with two well-known metamaterial structures as parasitic elements. A conventional microstrip antenna, which is surrounded by four EBG unit cells, is chosen as the first antenna. It has an effective resonance at 2.5. The Minkowski fractal method is applied to EBG unit cells in this stage. The Minkowski fractal structure is implemented for accession of effective capacitance in EBG unit cells. The second antenna frequencies are 2.5 and 5.9 GHz. It contains a slot structure with four SRRs, used for making parasitic elements and for achieving multi-band characteristic. The fractal method is used to improve the inductance of SRR structure by increasing the effective length of microstrip line. At this stage, the applied fractal structure has been modified, so that the frequency of wireless application could be achieved. In the last step, by some changes in feed line of the slot antenna, circular polarization (CP) is obtained for the second antenna, which shows that SRR load can be helpful for making the CP.

Miniaturized microstrip antenna array using defected ground structure with enhanced performance

The aim of this work is to obtain a miniaturized microstrip patch antenna array using defected ground structure (DGS) for S band at 2.2GHz. Initially the patch antenna array designed at C band resonates at 5.2GHz. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane of the patch antenna array for size reduction. However, this miniaturization is at the cost of gain of the antenna. In order to improve the gain of this miniaturized radiator, the patch radiator is further modified to retain its radiation properties. Finally, the resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array shifts from 5.2GHz to 2.2GHz and with better performance miniaturization up to 83% with respect to conventional microstrip antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duroid substrate. This technique is validated experimentally and measured results were in good agreement with simulated results.

Miniaturization of Microstrip Antenna by CRLH-TL Technique

In this paper, an electrically small microstrip antenna has been presented by employing composite right/left-handed transmission line. The prototype antenna was designed by using Interdigital capacitor and spiral inductor. It is fabricated and printed on FR-4 low cost substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm, Dimensions of antenna are $$15.5\,\hbox {mm}\times 12\,\hbox {mm}$$15.5mm×12mm. So, the size reduces about 69 % compared with conventional microstrip patch antennas at 1.8 GHz and more than 80 % for 1.1 GHz. Final model of the antenna has triple bands at 1,060, 1,800 and 2,500 MHz. Which two frequencies (1.8 and 2.5 GHz) are suitable for GMS and WLAN applications. The presented antenna is simulated in HFSS, Finally the simulated and experimental results are compared. The antenna has low gain so, it is suitable only for indoor and medical care applications which we need low power and low profile devices. The maximum gain of antenna at 2.4 GHz is around $$-$$-8 dBi that it is drawback of antenna, but it will sufficient for indoor and implant application such as health care. The antenna has an Omni directional pattern and a linear polarization.

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial

Design and Fabrication of a Miniaturized Microstrip Antenna Loaded by DNG Metamaterial