Miniature Circuit Breaker Research Articles

Industrial Fault Detection Systems

This project presents an industrial fault detection system that monitors important electrical and environmental conditions to improve equipment reliability and safety. Using an ESP32 microcontroller, the system checks for issues like fuse and Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) status, as well as under and over-voltage situations with a ZMPT101B sensor. It also tracks temperature and humidity levels using a DHT11 sensor. The system displays real-time information on a 16x2 LCD and can be accessed via a web page, allowing operators to monitor conditions from anywhere. By quickly detecting electrical faults and environmental changes, this system helps reduce downtime and maintenance costs.

Parameter Design of a Self-Generated Power Current Transformer of an Intelligent Miniature Circuit Breaker Based on COMSOL

With the deep penetration of renewable energy and power electronic equipment, the overcurrent protection of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker faces new challenges. The electronic controller of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker is typically powered by the bus current rather than the phase voltage to ensure a robust overcurrent protection response under all conditions, including severe short-circuit faults. So, the performance of the current transformer serving as an energy harvesting unit and the corresponding direct current to direct current convention circuit is one of the critical issues due to the limited volume of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker. In this research, a finite element model of a current transformer for an intelligent miniature circuit breaker is constructed by COMSOL to evaluate the impact of the core material, the core size, and the number of coil turns on the energy harvesting capability of the current transformer. Meanwhile, the relationship between the output of the power supply and its design parameters is investigated by circuit simulation. As a result, a novel type of current transformer is proposed based on well-designed parameters. Finally, experimental tests have been conducted to verify the hysteresis characteristics, output characteristics, and energy harvesting effect. The results demonstrate that the hysteresis properties of the transformer align with the simulation results. The power supply can work with a minimum current of 8 amperes, which is 23.08% better than before.

Solar Power Station For High-Powered Electronics

The number of PLN power users below 2200 VA for households in Indonesia causes the use of high-powered electronic equipment (HPE) such as electric stoves, microwaves, and ovens, to be limited. In some cases, the HPE can't operate due to lack of power or being the cause of the miniature circuit breaker (MCB) down. In fact, the use of HPE can improve the quality of life of people. Power stations separated by PLN (off-grid) and high-powered are thought to be able to solve the problem due to the daily use of HPE mostly over 1-3 hours. Solar home system (SHS) can be the base power station off-grid for HPE. However, the SHS studies carried out are limited to low power below 1000 VA or high power above 3000 VA. Addressing this, the study will create high power stations between 1000 VA - 3000VA based on SHS and analyze its daily use for electrical HPE equipment such as electric stoves, microwaves, and ovens. The charging of a power station with four 100 Wp Polycrystalline solar panels can charge around 1 kWh on sunny days in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Daily cooking activity shows the power station can support 2-3 menus daily with the usage of HPEs.

Empowering Homes with Esp-32

Smartboard system utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with various sensors and electric sockets. The system aims to enhance safety, convenience, and energy efficiency in residential environments. Initially, an electric switch box was fitted with two sockets, and an ESP32 microcontroller was integrated to control them. The system further includes a smoke sensor for gas leakage detection, water level magnetic sensors for automatic water pump control, a DHT sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, a display for real-time data visualization, and a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) for protection. Through integration with the Blynk app, users can remotely monitor and control the system, including supplying power to sockets and detecting gas leaks. Additionally, Bluetooth connectivity is incorporated for added convenience, particularly for electric scooter users in complex living environments. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the integrated system in providing remote control, safety monitoring, and automation features. KeyWords: Smartphone-based, Mobile application, an automated system (ESP32), Wifi Network

A novel attention-based long short term memory and fully connected neutral network approach for production energy consumption prediction under complex working conditions

Continuously growing demands due to the predictable faults or abnormal events of the flexible production line are becoming a challenge to easily cause the energy waste, which needs to accurately predict the real-time energy consumption of the actual production process. By reviewing the related works about prediction model approach and energy consumption analysis in the actual production application, it is necessary to overcome two main challenges: optimal prediction selection and internal relation mining of energy consumption under different equipment working conditions. To deal with the existing challenges, the paper proposes a novel attention-based Long and Short-Term Memory (LSTM) approach to predict energy consumption with temporal series under various equipment working conditions. This method offers forecasting support to form a complete prediction framework for the automatic Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) production line, which can be used to predict the specific working condition based on attention-based LSTM approach. By comparing various prediction approaches for energy consumption under the working condition prediction with various equipment of different production line, the Fully Connected Neutral (FCN) network approach can achieve a high accuracy and effectiveness based on MAE, R2 and MSE evaluations.

Capacitor Bank Panel Design to Improve Industrial Power System Efficiency and Safety

Industrial loads generally use control equipment and power electronics that use semiconductor materials that are very sensitive to voltage fluctuations. As reactive power compensation, industries usually use capacitor banks to increase power factor, reduce losses and increase line capacity. But it turns out that the use of capacitor banks also causes problems related to capacitor bank switching during the energizing process. During the energizing process, transient voltages and currents will be generated which can potentially damage control equipment, power electronic equipment, switching equipment and the capacitor bank itself. The Capacitor Bank panel assembly process involves the preparation of components such as MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker), MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker), Capacitor Bank, and other components. After that, these components are carefully assembled according to the pre-prepared design. Next, the installation of the Capacitor Bank panel involves mounting the panel to the location according to the plan and connecting it to the building's main power system. Accurate wiring and meticulous testing are required to ensure that the panels function properly. Therefore, a good understanding of the assembly and installation process of Capacitor Bank panels is essential to ensure efficient, and safety.

Implement a multifunction smart miniature circuit breaker based on the Internet of Things

Implement a multifunction smart miniature circuit breaker based on the Internet of Things

Implement a multifunction smart miniature circuit breaker based on the internet of things

Implement a multifunction smart miniature circuit breaker based on the internet of things

Simulation study on arc motion process of DC miniature circuit breakers

Based on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics, a mathematical model of air arc in the arc extinguishing chamber of a DC miniature circuit breaker was established. By coupling external circuit characteristics and contact movement process, the motion process of the arc was simulated and analyzed. On this basis, the effects of breaking speed, time constant, and magnetic field on the arc motion characteristics were studied. The study showed that increasing the breaking speed appropriately and adding appropriate magnetic field can improve the breaking performance of DC miniature circuit breakers. The research results can provide reference for the optimization design of DC miniature circuit breakers.

Re-Layout Design of the Kalus 1.6 Warehouse Using the Class-Based Storage Method at PT XYZ

<span lang="ES">PT XYZ is a company engaged in the electricity sector, where the main tasks are to produce, distribute, and provide electricity to the public. PT XYZ has Distribution Parent Units, such as the Greater Jakarta Distribution Parent Unit, which is responsible for distributing electricity in Jakarta and electrical equipment such as Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB), Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB), Kilowatt Hour (kWh) Meters, and others. Problems that exist in the Kalus Warehouse 1.6 of PT XYZ include the placement of goods that are less organized and the First In First Out (FIFO) system has not been running properly. This research aims to see the application of the fishbone diagram and class-based storage method in the Kalus Warehouse 1.6 of PT XYZ which previously still used a randomized storage system, namely the placement of goods randomly in any available space. The method used is to determine the cause of the problems that have been mentioned, design a layout with a minimum total displacement distance and optimize the allocation of types of goods. Based on the ranking of T/S calculation results, 2 proposed layouts were generated. Then, the two layouts are compared to find the most suitable warehouse layout which is the optimal condition with a decrease in rectlinear travel distance which is greater than the existing travel distance. to be applied to the Kalus Warehouse 1.6 of PT XYZ.</span>

Evaluation Of Digital Wavelet Filter On Low Voltage Arcing Detection Equipment

Arcing is one of the causes of fire disasters that occur quite a lot in the world. The danger of arcing causes enormous losses. The fault current caused by arcing usually occurs in a very short duration, so that safety equipment such as Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Fuse cannot detect the disturbance. If arcing takes place continuously, there will be heat that can damage the equipment and cause a fire. In this study, an evaluation of the use of mother wavelets in the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method on low voltage detection equipment will be carried out. DWT is a mathematical function that is the most successful in the field of signal processing. Signal processing using the DWT method will be analyzed and compared its performance with mother wavelets Daubechies-1, Daubechies-4, Coiflet-4, and Symlet-4. Then applied to low voltage arcing detection equipment. From the results of testing and analysis obtained the mother wavelet Daubechies-4 produces a high level of accuracy and sensitivity. Mother wavelet Coiflet-4 and Symlet-4 produce the lowest level of accuracy at 400W and 700W load. Meanwhile, on the mother wavelet Daubechies-1, the normal signal amplitude value is close to the arcing signal amplitude value, so it will be difficult to determine the threshold value. In this study, the results obtained are arcing detection equipment using the mother wavelet Daubechies-4 method can detect arcing disturbances very well and produces a high level of accuracy and sensitivity compared to the mother wavelet Daubechies-1, Coiflet-4 , and Symlet-4.

A Stereo-Vision-Based Spatial-Positioning and Postural-Estimation Method for Miniature Circuit Breaker Components

This paper proposes a stereo-vision-based method that detects and registers the positions and postures of muti-type, randomly placed miniature circuit breaker (MCB) components within scene point clouds acquired by a 3D stereo camera. The method is designed to be utilized in the flexible assembly of MCBs to improve the precision of gripping small-sized and complex-structured components. The proposed method contains the following stages: First, the 3D computer-aided design (CAD) models of the components are converted to surface point cloud models by voxel down-sampling to form matching templates. Second, the scene point cloud is filtered, clustered, and segmented to obtain candidate-matching regions. Third, point cloud features are extracted by Intrinsic Shape Signatures (ISSs) from the templates and the candidate-matching regions and described by Fast Point Feature Histogram (FPFH). We apply Sample Consensus Initial Alignment (SAC-IA) to the extracted features to obtain a rough matching. Fourth, fine registration is performed by employing Iterative Closest Points (ICPs) with a K-dimensional Tree (KD-tree) between the templates and the roughly matched targets. Meanwhile, Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC), which effectively solves the local optimal problem in the classic ICP algorithm, is employed to remove the incorrectly matching point pairs for further precision improvement. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves spatial positioning errors smaller than 0.2 mm and postural estimation errors smaller than 0.5°. The precision and efficiency meet the requirements of the robotic flexible assembly for MCBs.

Rancang Bangun Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) - Automatic Main Failure (AMF) Untuk Otomatisasi Genset Berbasis Mikrokontroller Menggunakan Metode Fault Tolerance

Often electronic equipment is damaged due to a sudden power outage. This often happens due to uncertain natural conditions, forcing PLN to carry out maintenance on its electricity distribution equipment. In addition, many electrical equipment can be damaged by sudden power outages. To be able to overcome this, people usually use generator to overcome supply failures manually. Based on this background, the author created an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) – Automatic Main Faillure (AMF) based on the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller which is applied to generators when there is a power outage. The ATS – AMF device is made using Relays, PZEM004T Voltage Sensors, magnetic contactors, Miniature Circuit Breakers, stepdown circuits, LCD TFT and STM32F103C8T6 as control systems. This system uses the Fault Tolerance method so that the system can continue to run even if there is damage to the main battery by adding a backup battery as a backup. The results of this study, the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) circuit found that the average time needed for the generator to start is 2.5 seconds and the time needed for the generator to produce a stable voltage is 5.7 seconds, thus this time is used as the author's reference in determining the right time to switch the load on the microcontroller so that the load is not damaged due to unstable generator voltage. Whereas in the Automatic Main Failure (AMF) it was found that the Stepdown circuit used to detect whether or not PLN electricity was very responsive because the stepdown circuit was installed in parallel at the PLN source and can be proven by the results in the Arduino application.

Rancang Bangun Elektronik Motor Relay sebagai Proteksi Berbagai Gangguan Motor Listrik

The protection system against disturbances in induction motors has an important role in industry. In general, protection in electrical installations only uses MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) and fuses which can only protect against overcurrent and short circuits and there are still many kinds of important protection that have not been covered in it even though along with technological developments many electronic protection devices have been created. The purpose of this final project is to plan and manufacture electronic motor relays against over load, phase loss, phase reverse, phase unbalance, short circuit, ground fault, and locked rotor disturbances. The AVR microcontroller is used as a controller for all systems in detecting disturbances. Where the current setting range and trip time are programmed using the C language which is operated with a keypad and displayed on the LCD. As current and voltage sensing using current transformers and voltage transformers. As for sensing phase reverse, it takes the signal from the differential amplifier and forwards it to zero crossing, trigger and X-or. Testing the accuracy of the electronic motor relay is carried out in each fault. The data obtained shows that the microcontroller can be used as a precision analog voltage controller. This is because the AVR microcontroller has good features and is supported by adequate processor speed for use in this kind of application.

Application of Genetic Algorithms to Solve MTSP Problems with Priority (Case Study at the Jakarta Street Lighting Service)

Transportation is one thing that is very important and is the highest cost in the supply chain. One way to reduce these costs is to optimize vehicle routes. The Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) and Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) are models that have been extensively researched to optimize vehicle routes. In its development based on actual events in the real world, some priorities must be visited first in optimizing vehicle routes. Several studies on MTSP and CVRP models have been conducted with exact solutions and algorithms. In a real case in the Jakarta City Street Lighting Section, the problem of determining the route in three shifts is a crucial problem that must be resolved to increase worker productivity to improve services. Services in MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) installation and maintenance activities for general street lights and priority is given to light points that require replacement. Because, in this case, the delivery capacity is not taken into account, the priority of the lights visited is random, and the number of street light points is enormous, in this study, we use the MTSP method with priority and solve by a genetic algorithm assisted by the nearest neighbor algorithm. From the resolution of this problem, it was found that the travel time reduction was 32 % for shift 1, 24 % for shift 2, and 23 % for shift 3. Of course, this time reduction will impact worker productivity so that MCB installation can be done faster for all lights and replace a dead lamp.

Sistem Kendali Cerdas Penggunaan Daya Listrik Menggunakan Metode Eliminasi Nilai Tertinggi Berbasis IoT

The use of electrical equipment that exceeds the maximum power limit of the Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) determined by PLN so that there is a power outage is a problem for users of the household sector.The amount of initial power consumption when the electrical equipment is turned on again becomes a burden for the household sector. This can be prevented, one of which is by adjusting the electrical power load so that it does not exceed the threshold limit in the MCB. The intelligent control system in this study uses the IoT NodeMCU ESP8266 device as a sensor node that can measure the power used from electrical equipment connected to the sensor node. One of the sensor nodes calculates the total measured power of all active sensor nodes and determines the action for an overload condition. The overload condition is met if the total rated power exceeds the specified maximum power threshold. The action of this condition selects the highest power system at each sensor node and disconnects the electric current at the selected sensor node so that the electrical equipment with the highest power is off and the total power is corrected below the threshold limit. This algorithm is used to prevent disconnection in the MCB due to exceeding the electrical load or the maximum power allowed according to the provisions by PLN. The average power measurement accuracy at the sensor node is 85.9% or with a % error of 14.1% and the highest power elimination algorithm manages to keep the total power load below a predetermined threshold. As a result, electrical equipment with the highest power will always be compensated when conditions touch the maximum power threshold.

A hybrid numerical/machine learning model development to improve the bimetal performance in the electric circuit breakers

Bimetals are widely used as a thermal tripping mechanism inside the miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) products when an overload current passes through the circuit for a certain period. Experimental, numerical, and, recently artificial intelligence methods are widely used in designing electric components. However, developing the bimetal for MCB products somewhat differs from developing other conductor items since they are strongly related to the electrical, mechanical, and thermal performance of the MCB. The conventional experimental and numerical approaches are time-consuming processes that cannot be easily utilized in optimizing the product's performance within the development lead time. In this study, a simple, fast, robust, and accurate novel methodology has been introduced to predict the temperature rise of the bimetal and other related performance characteristics. The numerical model has been built on the time-based finite difference method to frame the theoretical thermal model of the bimetal. Then, the numerical model has been consolidated by the machine learning (ML) model to take advantage of the experiments to provide an accurate, fast and reliable model finally. The novel model agrees well with the experimental tests, where the maximum error does not exceed 8%. The model has been used to redesign the bimetal of a 32 A MCB product and significantly reduce the maximum temperature by 24 °C. The novel model is promising since it considerably reduces the required design time, provides accurate predictions, and helps to optimize the performance of the circuit breaker products.

High-Performance Breaking and Intelligent of Miniature Circuit Breakers.

The exploitation and utilization of clean energy such as wind and photovoltaic power plays an important role in the reduction in carbon emissions to achieve the goal of “emission peak and carbon neutral”, but such a quantity of clean energy accessing the electric system will foster the transition of the electric power system structure. The intelligentization of power equipment will be an inevitable trend of development. High breaking performance, remote control and a digital detection platform of miniature circuit breaker, a protective equipment of a power distribution system, have also been inevitable requirements of the power Iot system. Based on the above, this paper studies three aspects: high-performance AC and DC general switching technology, remote control technology and operation status’ digital monitoring. A new DC non-polar breaking technology is proposed, which improves the short circuit breaking ability. An experimental prototype using the above techniques was fabricated and passed the DC 1000 V/10 kA short-circuit breaking test. On the basis of the above, an intelligent circuit breaker is developed, which contains multiple functions: remote switching, real-time temperature detection, energy metering and fault warning. Moreover, a software for digital condition monitoring and remote control is developed. This work has certain theoretical and practical significance for the development of the power Internet of things.

Research of Flexible Assembly of Miniature Circuit Breakers Based on Robot Trajectory Optimization

This paper is dedicated to achieving flexible automatic assembly of miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) to resolve the high rigidity issue of existing MCB assembly by proposing a flexible automatic assembly process and method with industrial robots. To optimize the working performance of the robot, a time-optimal trajectory planning method of the improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with a multi-optimization mechanism is proposed. The solution uses a fitness switch function for particle sifting to improve the stability of the acceleration and jerk of the robot motion as well as to increase the computational efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves flexible assembly for multi-type MCB parts of varying postures. Compared with other optimization algorithms, the proposed improved PSO is significantly superior in both computational efficiency and optimization accuracy. Compared with the standard PSO, the proposed trajectory planning method shortens the assembly time by 6.9 s and raises the assembly efficiency by 16.7%. The improved PSO is implemented on the experimental assembly platform and achieves smooth and stable operations, which proves the high significance and practicality for MCB fabrication.

MCB Connection Troubleshooting Using Dial Switch

The existing Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) connections have no indication on where the power is supplied by the MCB as the identification provided in MCB during installation is either damaged or missing which makes the troubleshooting difficult for the user. This project aims to solve the problem by using dial switches to indicate the power source. The MCB number to which the switch is connected is identified from the dial position, thus facilitating the troubleshooting process. The dials are made up of numbers from 0 to 9. There are two dials: an outer dial and an inner dial; therefore, up to 99 MCB connections can be realized using this method.