Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview Research Articles

Common mental disorders among adolescents in an urban area of Delhi.

Common mental disorders (CMDs) among adolescents may hamper their psycho-social development. This study evaluated the prevalence and determinants of CMD like depression and anxiety among late adolescents of an age of 15--19 years residing in an urban resettlement colony of southeast Delhi. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 556 randomly selected adolescents. CMD was assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview - Kid version 6 (MINI-Kid) based on DSM-IV TR and compliant with ICD-10 definitions of CMD. The associated risk factors were studied using a self-developed semi-structured interview schedule and analyzed using multi-variable logistic regression. A total of 491 adolescents were interviewed (a response rate of 88.3%), of whom 247 (50.3%) were female and 210 (42.8%) belonged to a lower-middle socio-economic status. The lifetime prevalence of CMD was 34% [95% confidence interval (CI): 29.8-38.2]. Of the total, 22.4% (95% CI: 18.7-6.1) of the participants reported depression and 6.7% (95% CI: 4.5-8.9) reported generalized anxiety disorder during their lifetime. Female sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-2.2], experiencing a stressful event in the past 6 months (aOR 4.7, 95% CI: 3.1-7.3), and smoking tobacco (aOR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.4) significantly increased the odds of having CMD in multi-variate analysis. There is a high prevalence of CMD among adolescents residing in urban resettlement colonies of Delhi, which is composed mostly of people belonging to lower socio-economic strata. Hence, tailored intervention at stress management with promotion of healthy lifestyle is needed for this age group.

Prevalence and Pattern of Psychiatric Morbidity among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Kano

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), has remained a disease of public health concern, with the largest burden being found in sub Saharan Africa. The advent of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced the mortality of the disease, thereby transforming it to a chronic disorder, with significant co-morbid psychiatric sequalae.
 Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity among PLWHA attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano.
 Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study of adult patients with HIV/AIDS attending outpatient clinic at the S.S. Wali Virology Centre of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital who gave informed consent. Systematic random sampling technique was used.Patients aged 18years and above who had been on ARV drugs for at least one year were included, while those who had a medical emergency and needed immediate attention were excluded.Socio demographic characteristics were obtained using a socio-demographic questionnaire and psychiatric morbidity was assessed with the MINI International Neuropsychiatry Interview.
 Results: A total of 420 participants were recruited in the study with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5 and mean age of 40.4±10.0 years. The prevalence of a psychiatric disorder was 22.1% out of whom 5.0% had more than one psychiatric diagnosis. Major depression was the most common (11%) psychiatric disorder. Generalized Anxiety disorder, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse accounted for 7.6%, 5.5%, 2.4% and 1.7% of psychiatric disorders respectively.
 Conclusion: Psychiatric disorders are common in PLWHA, with major depression being the commonest.

Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as adjunctive treatment for chronic headache in adults with clinically stable systemic lupus erythematosus (SHADE): a randomised double-blind multiarm sham controlled clinical trial

BackgroundChronic headache is a ‘silent’ neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus symptom with heterogeneous prevalence, potentially reaching 54.4%. It may reduce quality of life by increasing the likelihood of depression and sleep...

Analysis of anxiety and depression in young adult patients with suicide attempts in the emergency department RSUP Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah Denpasar

Suicide is a major public health problem worldwide. Attempted suicide (AT) is a deliberate act of self-harm that has the intent to die, but does not result in death. Young adults are less likely to receive mental health care than younger and older individuals. This study aims to determine the description of anxiety and depression and provide an analysis of patients who attempted suicide who entered the Emergency Unit at Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar. The research was conducted at Prof. dr. IGNG Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar. The research method was descriptive analytic, cross-sectional using demographic questionnaires, Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Data were processed using SPSS software. The study found that the mean age of 30 years and female gender were the most common. There is a close relationship between anxiety and depression with suicide risk.

Childhood maltreatment and late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Are personality and attachment characteristics mediators?

Childhood maltreatment and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are related in adulthood. This association is not clear in the elderly. This work aims to investigate the role of adult attachment style and personality traits in the association between childhood maltreatment and late-life GAD. Our study sample consisted of 260 patients recruited into the Cerebral Aging Program of the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil) assessed between July 2015 and July 2016. A clinical interview using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview 5.0 (DSM-5 criteria) yielded psychiatric diagnoses. Patients completed the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) for maltreatment, the relationship scales questionnaire (RSQ) for adult attachment style and the Brazilian 60-item version of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) for personality characteristics. We aimed to examine, using sequential multimediation analysis, if attachment and personality traits style could be mediators between childhood maltreatment and GAD. 20% presented late-life GAD (n=52), 29% of whom had been maltreated. Neuroticism positively mediated and extraversion negatively mediated the relation between childhood maltreatment and late-life GAD. Attachment anxiety mediated this relation in a sequential way suggesting a path from childhood trauma through attachment and personality traits towards late-life GAD. The small sample and the retrospective and cross-sectional study design mean that causal conclusions must be interpreted with caution. Our results suggest a chronological path from childhood maltreatment to late-life GAD, passing through attachment anxiety predicting higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion predicting late-life GAD.

Associations of stressful life events with subthreshold depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder: The moderating role of gender

BackgroundStressful life events (SLEs) are high-risk factors for subthreshold depressive symptoms (SDS) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This study sought to assess the association of SLEs with SDS and MDD, with a focus on gender effects. MethodsA total of 4132 participants were recruited from 34 primary health care settings. The Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ) was used to measure SLEs that participants had experienced in the past time. The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess SDS, and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI) depression module was used to assess the diagnosis of MDD by trained psychiatrists. ResultsIn our sample (N = 4132), exposure to any SLEs was more common in individuals with SDS and MDD than in non-depressed population, and the proportion of emotional abuse was relatively high (SDS: 10.6 %; MDD: 33.9 %). After adjusting for control variables, people who experienced SLEs were at a higher risk of SDS and MDD. For males, those experiencing only one event were not at a higher risk of SDS (P = 0.061). For individuals who had experienced multiple SLEs, the association between SLEs and SDS was stronger in females than males. However, the association between SLEs and MDD was stronger in males than females. LimitationsThe cross-sectional study design and self-reported SLEs. ConclusionsSLEs were associated with the increased risks of SDS and MDD. The associations of SLEs with SDS were more robust for females than males. In contrast, the association between SLEs and MDD was stronger in males than females.

Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Females Suffering from Depression in a Tertiary Care Centre in Western U.P.

Background: There is a need to explore the sexual functioning of women with depression as one part of sexualityis that it helps in developing an intimate emotional and physical relationship with another person, and thisrelationship may serve as a buffer against life stresses. Our aim was to study the prevalence and types of sexualdysfunction in depressed women patients and to compare them with non-depressed women.Materials and Methods: A total of 270 participants who attended a teaching hospital were selected for thestudy – 135 cases and 135 controls. Sociodemographic and clinical details were collected. Mini InternationalNeuropsychiatry Interview (M.I.N.I), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Arizona Sexual Experiences(ASEX) scale, and Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) scale were used. Sexual dysfunction was assessed inboth groups.Results: Among the cases, 47.40% had mild depression, 44.44% had moderate depression, and 8.15% were severelydepressed. On the ASEX, 46.66% of the cases had sexual dysfunction, while it was only 8.89% among the controls.The difference in sexual dysfunction among cases and controls was statistically significant. Using the FSFI, 40% ofthe cases had female sexual dysfunction (FSD), and it was only 11.1% in controls.Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction was more common in females with clinical depression than in those withoutdepression. Numerous factors can operate in the causation of FSD. This study underlines the importance ofscreening females with depression for FSD, for its early diagnosis and management.

Cognitive Impairment and Neuropsychiatry Manifestation Following Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury at 3 Months and 6 Months.

Cognitive impairment (CI) and neuropsychiatry manifestation (NM) are known complications among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the clinical correlation between mild and moderate TBI with the above have not been extensively studied. The patients (n = 54) were divided into mild and moderate TBI. Both groups were assessed at 3 months and 6 months post-trauma for the same measures. Diagnosis of CI was done using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) questionnaire while NM screening was performed using the 12-items General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) followed by MINI International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI). We found five patients (19.2%) with mild TBI had CI and five patients (19.2%) had NM at 3 months. Only one patient (3.8%) persistently has CI at 6 months while the rest recovered. As for moderate TBI, 11 patients (39.3%) had CI and seven patients (25%) had NM at 3 months but none had persistent CI or NM at 6 months. Age (P < 0.05) and blood pressure were significant risks (P < 0.05) for CI and NM at 3 months. This study highlighted the importance of screening following mild and moderate TBI at 3 months and 6 months. Early recognition facilitates effective rehabilitation programmes planning hence improve prognosis in the future.

Psychiatric morbidity among adult patients at the medical and surgical emergency departments of a Nigerian teaching hospital

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity in patients seen at a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital's medical and surgical emergency department.Method: A two-stage cross-sectional descriptive study used a systematic sampling of all consenting patients admitted into the medical and surgical emergency. Six hundred and three patients who met the inclusion criteria and completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) were analyzed. Patients who met the cut-off score of 3 or more on the GHQ-12 and a 20% random sample with GHQ-12 score &lt;3 were further subjected to a definite diagnostic assessment using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview and were diagnosed according to the 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria.Result: The mean age of respondents was 45±19 years, 63.3% were males, and 71.8% were married. Patients at the medical emergency constituted 53.2%. The weighted prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among medical emergency patients was 21.5% and 17.4% for patients at the surgical emergency. Depressive disorder was the commonest in both wards.Conclusion: Some patients presenting to medical and surgical emergencies have co-existing psychiatric disorders. Conscious efforts should be made to recognize psychiatric disorders among patients with physical illnesses, improving their quality of care and contributing to better outcomes.

Psychometric properties of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test screening tool among medical outpatients in Dilla University Referral Hospital, southern Ethiopia, 2020.

Objective:A quick, efficient, and flexible screening tool is essential for identifying alcohol use disorder in a busy clinical context. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test is the most widely used and validated screening tool in the outpatient context. The psychometric features of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test have yet to be confirmed for Ethiopians. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test screening tool’s reliability and validity among medically ill patients in Ethiopia.Method:A total of 325 patients who visited the internal medicine outpatient department were included in this study. To diagnose alcohol use disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), the psychometric features of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were compared to the gold standard of Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview. The reliability was determined by examining internal consistency. The receiver operating characteristic curve was established to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the screening tool. Construct validity was determined using confirmatory factor analysis.Result:The translated version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test showed language clarity. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.9). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test provides an excellent receiver operating curve with cut-off point ⩾8 for females (sensitivity = 0.92, specificity = 0.87, positive predictive value = 70.2, negative predictive value = 96.9, likelihood ratio+ = 7.16, and likelihood ratio− = 0.1) and ⩾10 for males (sensitivity = 0.91, specificity = 0.84, positive predictive value = 72.6%, negative predictive value = 95.3%, likelihood ratio+ = 5.57, and likelihood ratio− = 0.10). Confirmatory factor analysis yielded good model fit indices for the two- and three-factor models, with the two-factor model outperforming the others.Conclusion:The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test has been proven to be a reliable tool for detecting alcohol use in gedofa-speaking medical outpatients.

Mini international neuropsychiatry interview kid or child posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scale 5I for posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent girls infected with COVID-19.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that may develop after exposure to exceptionally life threatening or horrifying events. People suffering from PTSD are vulnerable for both physical and mental health. To find out sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and to plot receiver operating characteristic curve taking Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview-Kid (MINIKID) as the gold standard and Child PTSD Symptom Scale 5I (CPSS-5I) as the newer diagnostic tool for diagnosing PTSD. The cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of 6 months from January 2021 to June 2021 at R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Center, Kolar, Karnataka through telephonic interviews. All the data entered in Microsoft office Excel sheet, analyzed using the SPSSv22 (IBM Corp). Sensitivity of the CPSS-5I was 56% and specificity was 96% compared with MINIKID. 83% and 85%, respectively, was PPV and NPV of the CPSS-5I compared with MINIKID. Area under the curve is 83.9% with P < 0.001 (72.5-95.2) indicating CPSS-5I is 84% sensitive proving to be a very good diagnostic tool for diagnosing PTSD. Furthermore, scores of 9.5 or 10.5 from CPSS-5I can be used as cutoff in diagnosing PTSD using CPSS 51. CPSS-5I is extremely well designed, helpful and functional tool used in diagnosing PTSD. With the current study showing CPSS-5I can be used in post-COVID PTSD diagnosis, it also provides cutoff which can be helpful in mass screening.

Can mindfulness modify your thoughts? A study in the context of social phobia

IntroductionSocial phobia is said to be the commonest anxiety disorder (Furmark, 2002). Cognitive Behavior Therapy appears to be the most recommended form of psychological treatment for this condition (Federoff & Taylor, 2001; Willutzki et al., 2012). Dismantling studies have raised doubts regarding the utility of cognitive restructuring in bringing about decrease in symptoms (Barrera et al., 2016; Pompoli et al., 2018). Mindfulness, a ‘third-wave’ concept, seems to contradict the philosophy of ‘restructuring’ with its apparent stress on non-judgmental observation (Hayes, 2004). This approach postulates that acceptance of cognitions and emotions as therapeutic in contrast to traditional cognitive behavior therapy approach, which advocates restructuring and modifications of cognitions. ObjectiveThe current study attempted to study the ‘restructuring’ effects of mindfulness in persons with social phobia. MethodThirty-nine clients with a primary diagnosis of social phobia (ICD – 10) participated in the Mindfulness Integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MICBT) program, which consisted of eight sessions. MINI International Neuropsychiatry Interview Plus, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Meta Cognitions Questionnaire and Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire were administered pre and post of the therapeutic program. ResultsThe results demonstrated that MICBT had a significant effect on reducing the scores on fear of negative evaluation and bringing about changes in metacognitions. ConclusionMindfulness could be sufficient as a therapeutic strategy to bring about changes in the cognitions of clients with social phobia without using cognitive restructuring.

Cognitive Impairment and Its Associated Risk Factors in the Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Cognitive impairment is not only common but may also act as a precursor for dementia. Moreover, diabetes mellitus has been shown to promote the progression of dementia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and its associated risk factors among the elderly patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This is a cross-sectional study involving 113 participants who were attending the physician clinic. The participants were selected using the universal sampling method. The tools included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview. Descriptive analysis was performed and followed by multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of cognitive impairment, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder was 46.9, 10.6, and 2.7%, respectively. Indians (aOR = 4.90, 95% CI = 1.57–15.27) as well as participants who had completed their secondary (aOR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.12–0.96) and tertiary (aOR = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.01–0.26) levels of education were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was high as well as significantly associated with the ethnicity and education levels of the elderly participants. Indeed both secondary and tertiary education decreased the odds ratio of developing cognitive impairment when compared with no formal and primary education. To determine and reduce the potential risk factors which contribute to cognitive impairment, an early diagnosis of T2DM is crucial. The early detection and treatment of T2DM as well as its associated risk factors are key factors in protecting against cognitive impairment.

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C INFECTION.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is commonly reported in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC); however, the factors behind the co-occurrence of these conditions have not been completely clarified yet. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of mental disorders in CHC patients and to investigate variables associated with MDD. CHC patients (n=151) attending a referral Centre for hepatitis were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview and the Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye (CAGE) Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate independent covariates associated with current MDD. Seventy-six (50.3%) patients had, at least, one current psychiatric diagnosis with MDD (33.1%) being the most common. Current MDD was independently associated with age (≤50 yr.) (OR=2.57; 95%CI=1.25-5.29; P=0.01) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=2.80, 95%CI=1.17-6.70; P=0.02). Cirrhosis was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=5.09; 95%CI=1.73-15.04; P=0.03) and current alcohol abuse/dependence (OR=2.54; 95%CI=1.04-6.22; P=0.04). MDD is associated with type 2 diabetes in CHC patients. Even in the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) era, characterized by great perspectives for the first ample cure of a chronic viral infection, we should ensure that the screening for psychiatric disorders takes place in the course of routine clinical care of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

Psychiatric comorbidities among a sample of suicidal adolescents presenting to poison control center, Ain shams university

Abstract Background Suicide is a major cause of death all over the world with increasing risk especially in adolescents. Multiple studies have been conducted to study the risk factors and the underlying causes that lead to suicide. However, there is scarcity of data regarding suicide in adolescents. As it’s well known that most of psychiatric illnesses can be complicated with suicide especially those related to personality and substance use disorders. For Egypt, adolescents represent almost one third of the total population, hence the importance of studying the risk factors and associated psychiatric comorbidities that may lead to adolescence suicide in order to reach proper intervention plans. One of the most powerful double-sided weapons in that matter is the internet and social media use, as there has been a debate around whether it’s beneficial in seeking professional help or harmful as it may introduce methods of suicide and block any means of getting help Hence, was the hope of this study to provide an understanding of the prevalence of suicide among adolescents and the underlying psychiatric comorbidities to reach proper intervention and prevention plans. Aim of the Work This study aimed at detecting the occurrence rate of suicide and suicide related behaviors and the underlying psychiatric comorbidities among a sample of 241 suicidal adolescents aged 12-18 presenting to poison control center, Ain Shams University and also To identify factors which are associated with high suicidal intent And compare the sociodemographic variables and the increase in electronic device /social use among adolescents with suicidal attempts versus non-suicidal adolescents. Patients and Methods This is a descriptive Cross-sectional study hospital-based study conducted in poison control center of Ain Shams University hospital. The present study aimed at detecting the occurrence rate of suicide among 241 adolescents, over six months period from February 2019 to July 2019. The socioeconomic status was assessed using Socioeconomic status scale (SES), the suicide intent was assessed using the beck suicide intent scale and the psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsychiatry Interview for children and adolescents kid scale

Psychiatric disorders among adolescents in the outpatient clinics of Al-Mounira General Hospital

Background Psychiatric disorders are increasing among adolescents in the past 20–30 years owing to many social changes and increased stressors. Various emotional, cognitive, and behavioral disorders are prevalent among young generations all over the world. Providing data about prevalence of psychiatric disorders helps to justify the allocation of scarce resources and planning of health services. Aim To study the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adolescents attending the outpatient clinics in Al-Mounira General Hospital. Patients and methods Sociodemographic data, history of physical and sexual abuse and bullying, history of psychiatric illness, and parental history were taken. Assessments were done using Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview for Children and Adolescent scale. Results The sample (n=501) included 59.5% females and 40.5% males, with an age range from 10 to 19 years, of which 481 (96%) lived in urban and 20 (4%) lived in rural areas. Most of our cases were living in mid-income households and were subjected to sexual abuse (42.3%), physical abuse (24%), and bullying (21.8%). The most common psychiatric disorders were anxiety disorders in 5%, major depression (MD) in 2.2%, dysthymia in 4.2%, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 3%, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in 4.2%, and conduct disorder in 1.6%. Substance use disorders were estimated to reach 17.4% of our participants. Conclusions This study revealed that nearly 1/10 of adolescents experience at least one type of psychiatric disorder, with a higher prevalence in girls than in boys. Mood and anxiety disorders were higher among females, whereas behavior disorders were higher among males.

The prevalence of problematic internet use among a sample of Egyptian adolescents and its psychiatric comorbidities.

Problematic internet use has been identified in the last decade as a rising problem due to growing availability and impact of Internet use through social media, mobiles, and laptops are now a must in life, adolescents are most vulnerable for the misuse and its impacts. To assess the prevalence of problematic internet use, Facebook, and gaming addiction among Egyptian adolescents and its impact. The study assessed 700 adolescents aged from 14 to 18 years, both sexes, using Young internet addiction test, Internet gaming disorder scale, the Bergen Facebook addiction scale, the MINI international neuropsychiatry interview for children and adolescents and the socioeconomic status scale. A total of 584 students continued the study to the end with response rate more than 75%, the mean age was 16.1 = 1.2, 65.6% were having internet addiction, 61.3% were gaming addicts, and 92.8% Facebook addicts. Depression, dysthymia, suicide, social anxiety panic, and phobias were common comorbidities in addicted adolescents. This study shows that a significant percentage of adolescents are having different patterns of problematic internet use which is negatively impacting their mental health.

Prevalence and correlates of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease

Background This study sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients and methods This is a comparative cross-sectional study of 69 patients with CKD, who were selected by systematic random sampling and matched (by age and sex) with a control group of 69 hospital workers. Eligible and consenting participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and were interviewed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age of the patients was 44.7 years (SD ±10.14 years). The patients included 53% females. The prevalence of depression among patients with CKD was 34.8% compared with 2.9% in the control group (P=0.0001). A significant relationship was found between the average monthly income and presence of depression in patients with CKD (P=0.015). There was no association found between the prevalence of depression and the stage of CKD. Conclusion Depression is very common in patients with CKD. Assessment for depression should be integrated into the care plan for patients with CKD, so as to ensure early detection and prompt intervention.

Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Depression: A Hospital-Based Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

Background:There is a need to explore the sexual functioning of women with depression as one part of sexuality is that it helps in developing an intimate emotional and physical relationship with another person, and this relationship may serve as a buffer against life stresses. Our aim was to study the prevalence and types of sexual dysfunction in depressed women patients and to compare them with non-depressed women.Materials and Methods:A total of 270 participants who attended a teaching hospital were selected for the study – 135 cases and 135 controls. Sociodemographic and clinical details were collected. Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (M.I.N.I), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Arizona Sexual Experiences (ASEX) scale, and Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) scale were used. Sexual dysfunction was assessed in both groups.Results:Among the cases, 47.40% had mild depression, 44.44% had moderate depression, and 8.15% were severely depressed. On the ASEX, 46.66% of the cases had sexual dysfunction, while it was only 8.89% among the controls. The difference in sexual dysfunction among cases and controls was statistically significant. Using the FSFI, 40% of the cases had female sexual dysfunction (FSD), and it was only 11.1% in controls.Conclusion:Sexual dysfunction was more common in females with clinical depression than in those without depression. Numerous factors can operate in the causation of FSD. This study underlines the importance of screening females with depression for FSD, for its early diagnosis and management.

PREDICTORS OF EARLY-ONSET DEPRESSION AFTER FIRST-EVER STROKE.

SUMMARYPost-stroke depression (PSD) is a severe and frequent stroke complication and one of the crucial factors for the outcome of rehabilitation and life quality after stroke. However, mood disorders frequently remain unnoticed and therefore untreated. The aim of the study was to examine all the potential risk factors and determine the independent predictors of early-onset depression after first-ever stroke, which would help identify high-risk patients, establish early diagnosis and timely treatment that would improve the course and prognosis of this disorder. This prospective study included 60 patients treated for their first-ever stroke; there were 30 patients diagnosed with depression and 30 patients without depression. The study included collection and analysis of all socio-demographic and clinical risk factors for PSD. Testing was performed two weeks after stroke. Depression was diagnosed according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and depression severity was quantified by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination. Neurological deficit was assessed by the US National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Our results showed that the independent predictors of early-onset depression after stroke were previous depressive episodes, cognitive dysfunction, and more severe neurological deficit.