Mineralization Of Amoxicillin Research Articles

Carbon shell derived from bottle waste PET on α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterostructure core as synergetic Fenton-like catalyst for degradation of antibiotics

In this work, two approaches to environmental sustainability have been followed including the synthesis of an efficient and easily recyclable catalyst for Fenton-like degradation of antibiotics from water, and the upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the value-added product through a feasible procedure. For this purpose, the Fe2O3/Fe3O4 mixture coated by the carbon layer derived from the bottle waste PET was synthesized for boosting the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle in the Fenton-like reaction. The FeCl3 can act as a catalyst for graphitization process and also the precursor of metal oxide nanoparticles. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated for the degradation reaction of amoxicillin and azithromycin antibiotics. Complete conversion of amoxicillin and azithromycin (15 mg/L) was observed in the presence of 5 µL of H2O2, at pH=3 for 30 min. Also, the mineralization of amoxicillin and azithromycin was evaluated by TOC analysis, which was obtained as 77 and 89 %, respectively. The high activity of the catalyst can be attributed to the presence of a mixture of iron oxide nanoparticles for the catalysis of Fenton-like reactions and activation of H2O2, as well as the coating of nanoparticles with a carbon layer to stabilize and prevent metal leakage and contamination of the mixture. In addition, due to the good electrical conductivity of carbon layer, it can act as electron donors to enhance Fe3+ reduction.

Peripherally tetra-substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanine sensitized TiO2 composite: Monitoring with tandem LC/MS and photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin

In this study, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/TiO2 photocatalysts were obtained by sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and ZnPc as Ti source, and dye pigments, respectively. The synthesized (ZnPc)/TiO2 photocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). Photodegradation tests were evaluated in the ultraviolet and visible light range with photocatalysts to compare photocatalytic activity and investigate optimum mineralization of amoxicillin (AMX) by monitoring the triple quadrupole LC/MS-MS (Tandem MS2). Mineralization of AMX was also investigated by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, suggesting that either amoxicillin itself or its resistant metabolites are still in solution and mineralization did not occur in an expected manner.

Accelerated radical generation from visible light driven peroxymonosulfate activation by Bi2MoO6/doped gCN S-scheme heterojunction towards Amoxicillin mineralization: Elucidation of the degradation mechanism

A novel S-scheme photocatalyst Bi2MoO6 @doped gCN (BMO@CN) was prepared through a facile microwave (MW) assisted hydrothermal process and further employed to degrade Amoxicillin (AMOX), by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation with visible light (Vis) irradiation. The reduction in electronic work functions of the primary components and strong PMS dissociation generate abundant electron/hole (e-/h+) pairs and SO4*−,*OH,O2*−reactive species, inducing remarkable degeneration capacity. Optimized doping of Bi2MoO6 on doped gCN (upto 10 wt%) generates excellent heterojunction interface with facile charge delocalization and e-/h+ separation, as a combined effect of induced polarization, layered hierarchical structure oriented visible light harvesting and formation of S-scheme configuration. The synergistic action of 0.25 g/L BMO(10)@CN and 1.75 g/L PMS dosage can degrade 99.9% of AMOX in less than 30 min of Vis irradiation, with a rate constant (kobs) of 0.176 min−1. The mechanism of charge transfer, heterojunction formation and the AMOX degradation pathway was thoroughly demonstrated. The catalyst/PMS pair showed a remarkable capacity to remediate AMOX-contaminated real-water matrix. The catalyst removed 90.1% of AMOX after five regeneration cycles. Overall, the focus of this study is on the synthesis, illustration and applicability of n-n type S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst to the photodegradation and mineralization of typical emerging pollutants in the water matrix.

Intervention of artificial intelligence to predict the degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin through photocatalytic route using nickel phosphide-titanium dioxide catalyst

Intervention of artificial intelligence to predict the degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin through photocatalytic route using nickel phosphide-titanium dioxide catalyst

Removal of Amoxicillin from Processing Wastewater by Ozonation and UV-Aided Ozonation: Kinetic and Economic Comparative Study

This work presents an empirical and scaling-up study of the degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin (AMX) from expired pharmaceutical formulations by O3-based processes. A set of UV–ozone-based experiments was used to model the kinetics of AMX degradation, considering several chemical/photochemical mechanisms (hydrolysis, direct ozonation, radical reactions, and photolysis). Finally, the modeling data were used for scaling-up purposes, considering CAPEX and OPEX costs on the US Gulf Coast basis. In terms of experimental results, the amoxicillin (AMX) pharmaceutical effluent was successfully degraded by ozone technology at high pH values. The semi-batch ozonation process was effective after 60 min of treatment in all experimental conditions, producing degradation intermediates recalcitrant to O3 oxidative process. From the bench-scale kinetics, scaling-up simulations indicate that the gain provided by adding a UV unit does not compensate for the increase in capital and operational costs of adding irradiation equipment. It suggests ozonation at high pH as the best cost-effective approach to degrade AMX. The figures-of-merit electric energy consumption per order (EEO) corroborates the scaling-up simulations. EEO results indicate no-UV ozonation as the best option to degrade AMX at high pH values. The EEO of the present work showed a lower energy consumption system than previous papers from the literature.

Visible-Light-Active Black TiO2 Nanoparticles with Efficient Photocatalytic Performance for Degradation of Pharmaceuticals.

Special attention has recently been paid to surface-defective titanium dioxide and black TiO2 with advanced optical, electrical, and photocatalytic properties. Synthesis of these materials for photodegradation and mineralization of persistent organic pollutants in water, especially under visible radiation, presents interest from scientific and application points of view. Chemical reduction by heating a TiO2 and NaBH4 mixture at 350 °C successfully introduced Ti3+ defects and oxygen vacancies at the surface of TiO2, with an increase in the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin—an antibiotic that is present in wastewater due to its intense use in human and animal medicine. Three TiO2 samples were prepared at different annealing temperatures to control the ratio between anatase and rutile and were subjected to chemical reduction. Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations showed that the formation of surface Ti3+ defects in a high concentration occurred mainly in the anatase sample annealed at 400 °C, contributing to the bandgap reduction from 3.32 eV to 2.92 eV. The reduced band gap enhances visible light absorption and the efficiency of photocatalysis. The nanoparticles of ~90 m2/g specific surface area and 12 nm average size exhibit ~100% efficiency in the degradation of amoxicillin under simulated solar irradiation compared with pristine TiO2. Mineralization of amoxicillin and by-products was over 75% after 48 h irradiation for the anatase sample, where the Ti3+ defects were present in a higher concentration at the catalyst’s surface.

Accelerated Radical Generation from Visible Light Driven Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Bi2moo6/Doped Gcn S-Scheme Heterojunction Towards Amoxicillin Mineralization: Elucidation of the Degradation Mechanism

Accelerated Radical Generation from Visible Light Driven Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Bi2moo6/Doped Gcn S-Scheme Heterojunction Towards Amoxicillin Mineralization: Elucidation of the Degradation Mechanism

TiO2 CATALYZED PHOTOCATALYTIC MINERALIZATION OF AMOXICILLIN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION: POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF HOMBIKAT N10

TiO2 CATALYZED PHOTOCATALYTIC MINERALIZATION OF AMOXICILLIN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION: POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF HOMBIKAT N10

Eliminating partial-transformation products and mitigating residual toxicity of amoxicillin through intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation

Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) is a promising technology for treating wastewater containing antibiotics. While past work has documented the benefits of ICPB for removing and mineralizing antibiotics, its impacts on mitigating biotoxicity from products has not been studied. We fabricated an ICPB carrier by coating Ag-doped TiO2 on the outer skeleton of sponge carriers and allowing biofilm to grow in the internal macro-pores. We used amoxicillin (C16H19N3O5S) as the model antibiotic. The amoxicillin-removal rate contents with ICPB was greater by 40% vs. photocatalysis and 65% vs. biodegradation, based on the first-order kinetic simulation. While mineralization of amoxicillin was minimal for photocatalysis or biodegradation alone, it was ∼35% with ICPB. Photocatalysis alone led to accumulation of C14H21N3O2S; biodegradation alone resulted in accumulation of C14H21N3O3, C16H18N2O4S, and C15H21N3O3; but they were negligible after ICPB. As a result, ICPB reduced toxicity impacts measured by Staphylococcus aureas growth, Daphnia magna mobility, and teratogenicity to Zebrafish embryos. In contrast, photocatalysis alone increased each of the toxicity effects. In sum, ICPB gave greater removal and mineralization of amoxicillin, and it mitigated biotoxicity from treatment products.

Electrochemical oxidation of amoxicillin on carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube supported metal modified electrodes

The electrolysis of amoxicillin (AMX) was carried out on CNT, Pt/CNT and Ru/CNT modified electrodes based on Carbon Toray in 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer (pH 10) media with the aim of studying the significance of two factors, electrode material and pH, on the oxidative degradation and mineralization of AMX. For this purpose, the electrolysis products were identified by HPLC-MS and GC–MS, and quantified by HPLC-UV-RID and IC. The highest carbon mineralization efficiency, corresponding to 30% of the oxidized AMX, was found for Pt/CNT modified electrode in carbonate buffer medium. Regarding to the AMX conversion, the results show that the effect of pH is higher than that of the electrode material. Principal component analysis allowed to determine the experimental parameters vs. product distribution relationship and to elucidate the oxidation pathways for the studied electrodes. The results show that the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and the nitrogen atom play an important role on the efficient degradation of AMX.

The Role of Mediated Oxidation on the Electro-irradiated Treatment of Amoxicillin and Ampicillin Polluted Wastewater

In this work, the electrolysis, photoelectrolysis and sonoelectrolysis with diamond electrodes of amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP) solutions were studied in the context of the search for technologies capable of removing antibiotics from liquid wastes. Single-irradiation processes (sonolysis and photolysis) were also evaluated for comparison. Results showed that AMX and AMP are completely degraded and mineralized by electrolysis in both chloride and sulfate media, although the efficiency is higher in the presence of chloride. The effect of the current density on mineralization efficiency is not relevant and this may be related to the role of mediated oxidation. Irradiation by ultraviolet light or ultrasound (US) waves does not produce a synergistic effect on the mineralization of AMX and AMP solutions. This indicates that the massive formation of radicals during the combined processes can favor their recombination to form stable and less reactive species.

Amoxicillin photodegradation by nanocrystalline TiO2

Nanocrystalline TiO2, synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized by XRPD, BET and SEM measurements, was applied in the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin, using an Osram Ultra-Vitalux? lamp as the light source. Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin type antibiotic active against a wide range of grampositive and a limited range of gram-negative organisms. The continuous release of antibiotics and their persistence in the environment may result in serious irreversible effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Heterogeneous catalysis, which uses catalysts like TiO2, is a promising route for the degradation of organic pollutants including antibiotics. The effects of initial concentration of catalyst, initial salt concentration (NaCl and Na2SO4), ethanol and pH on the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin were studied. The mineralization of amoxicillin was analyzed by ion chromatography as well as by total organic analysis. The catalytic properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 were compared to Evonik P25 catalyst.

Homogenous VUV advanced oxidation process for enhanced degradation and mineralization of antibiotics in contaminated water

This study was aimed to evaluate the degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin(AMX), using VUV advanced process. The effect of pH, AMX initial concentration, presence of water ingredients, the effect of HRT, and mineralization level by VUV process were taken into consideration. In order to make a direct comparison, the test was also performed by UVC radiation. The results show that the degradation of AMX was following the first-order kinetic. It was found that direct photolysis by UVC was able to degrade 50mg/L of AMX in 50min,while it was 3min for VUV process. It was also found that the removal efficiency by VUV process was directly influenced by pH of the solution, and higher removal rates were achieved at high pH values.The results show that 10mg/L of AMX was completely degraded and mineralized within 50s and 100s, respectively, indicating that the AMX was completely destructed into non-hazardous materials. Operating the photoreactor in contentious-flow mode revealed that 10mg/L AMX was completely degraded and mineralized at HRT values of 120s and 300s. it was concluded that the VUV advanced process was an efficient and viable technique for degradation and mineralization of contaminated water by antibiotics.

Assessment of solar driven TiO2-assisted photocatalysis efficiency on amoxicillin degradation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of a solar TiO2-assisted photocatalytic process on amoxicillin (AMX) degradation, an antibiotic widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Firstly, solar photolysis of AMX was compared with solar photocatalysis in a compound parabolic collectors pilot scale photoreactor to assess the amount of accumulated UV energy in the system (Q UV) necessary to remove 20 mg L(-1) AMX from aqueous solution and mineralize the intermediary by-products. Another experiment was also carried out to accurately follow the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DSM 1103 and Staphylococcus aureus DSM 1104 and mineralization of AMX by tracing the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), low molecular weight carboxylate anions, and inorganic anions. Finally, the influence of individual inorganic ions on AMX photocatalytic degradation efficiency and the involvement of some reactive oxygen species were also assessed. Photolysis was shown to be completely ineffective, while only 3.1 kJUV L(-1) was sufficient to fully degrade 20 mg L(-1) AMX and remove 61% of initial DOC content in the presence of the photocatalyst and sunlight. In the experiment with an initial AMX concentration of 40 mg L(-1), antibacterial activity of the solution was considerably reduced after elimination of AMX to levels below the respective detection limit. After 11.7 kJUV L(-1), DOC decreased by 71%; 30% of the AMX nitrogen was converted into ammonium and all sulfur compounds were converted into sulfate. A large percentage of the remaining DOC was in the form of low molecular weight carboxylic acids. Presence of phosphate ions promoted the removal of AMX from solution, while no sizeable effects on the kinetics were found for other inorganic ions. Although the AMX degradation was mainly attributed to hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen also plays an important role in AMX self-photosensitization under UV/visible solar light.

Effects of Reagent Concentrations on Advanced Oxidation of Amoxicillin by Photo-Fenton Treatment

The degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin in an aqueous solution was accomplished by using a photo-Fenton treatment. An ultraviolet light source with a 254-nm wavelength was used with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iron(II). The effects of reagent concentrations on amoxicillin degradation and mineralization were investigated systematically by using the Box-Behnken statistical experiment design. Amoxicillin (10–200 mgL-1), H2O2 (10–500 mgL-1), and iron(II) (0–50 mgL-1) concentrations were considered independent variables; the percent amoxicillin degradation and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal (mineralization) were the objective functions to be maximized. Both H2O2 and iron(II) concentrations affected the extent of the amoxicillin degradation and mineralization. The amoxicillin degradation was completed within 2.5 min, and 53% mineralization took place within 60 min. The optimum H2O2∶Fe∶amoxicillin ratio that resulted in complete amoxicillin degradation and 53% mineralization was 100∶40∶105 ...

Advanced oxidation of amoxicillin by Fenton's reagent treatment

Advanced oxidation of amoxicillin was realized in aqueous solution by using Fenton's reagent treatment. Box–Behnken statistical experiment design was used to determine the effects of reagent concentrations on amoxicillin degradation and mineralization. Amoxicillin (10–200 mg L −1), hydrogen peroxide (10–500 mg L −1) and Fe(II) (0–50 mg L −1) concentrations were considered as independent variables in batch oxidation experiments. Percent amoxicillin and total organic carbon (TOC) removals (mineralization) were considered as the objective functions to be maximized. Required reaction times were 2.5 min and 15 min, respectively for degradation and mineralization of amoxicillin. Both peroxide and amoxicillin concentrations affected the extent of amoxicillin degradation and mineralization. Complete amoxicillin degradation was obtained within 2.5 min while 37% mineralization took place within 15 min. The optimum peroxide/Fe/amoxicillin ratio resulting in complete amoxicillin degradation and 37% mineralization was 255/25/105 mg L −1.

Optimization of Fenton process for treatment of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin antibiotics in aqueous solution

The study examined the effect of operating conditions of the Fenton process on biodegradability improvement and mineralization of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin antibiotics in aqueous solution. In addition, degradation of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin under optimum operating conditions were evaluated. The optimum operating conditions for an aqueous solution containing 104, 105 and 103 mg/L amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin, respectively were observed to be COD/H 2O 2/Fe 2+ molar ratio 1:3:0.30 and pH 3. Under optimum operating conditions, complete degradation of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin occurred in 2 min. In addition, biodegradability improved from ∼0 to 0.37 in 10 min, and COD and DOC degradation were 81.4% and 54.3%, respectively in 60 min. Maximum biodegradability (BOD 5/COD ratio) improvement was achieved in 10, 20 and 40 min at antibiotics concentration 100, 250 and 500 mg/L, respectively for each antibiotic in aqueous solution. Increase in nitrate and ammonia concentration were observed due to mineralization of organic nitrogen, concentration of nitrate increased from 0.3 to 10 mg/L and concentration of ammonia increased from 8 to 13 mg/L in 60 min. The study indicated that Fenton process can be used for pretreatment of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin wastewater for biological treatment.