Demining Research Articles

Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the performance of service dogs of different genotypes

Aim. In the current situation of Russia's military invasion of Ukraine, national security, territorial integrity and state sovereignty are extremely important for the country's dog services. The benefits of using dogs are much greater than the costs of their maintenance and training. Dogs search for explosive devices, missing soldiers and their remains, detain criminals, and guard military facilities. Different breeds of service dogs are preferred for each special task. Purpose: to study the methods of training service dogs of different breeds of detection service by scent trail and to analyse certain factors affecting the quality of the dog's work. Methods. The research on the topic of the scientific work was conducted in the conditions of the dog training center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in Vinnytsia region. The following methods were used in the research process: zootechnical, analytical, calculation, biometric. The research materials were used for the study of German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever and Rottweiler dogs, which underwent a general training course and special training for detective work on human scent trails. Results. Service dogs have been used in human life for centuries to protect important facilities and territories, mine clearance, customs service, detention of criminals, search and rescue of people. Training of different breeds of dogs for a particular type of activity, painstaking and careful work of dog handlers, on which the results of dog performance in different conditions of their use depend. Conclusions. The testing of sniffer dogs for human scent detection was carried out in accordance with the existing rules and methods used in the dog training centers of the National Police of Ukraine. The conditions of keeping and feeding the dogs met the standards and recommendations, taking into account the breed, age, live weight, specifics of work and workload, which allowed us to obtain reliable results in the experiments. In the organisation of training and coaching of service dogs, all our studied factors will help dog handlers to use the dog methodically and competently in real circumstances.

Międzynarodowe uwarunkowania rozminowywania terytoriów w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju: perspektywa ekonomiczna

The problem of landmines is becoming increasingly prevalent, with a growing impact on all spheres of society and a consequent slowing down of sustainable development planning at the international, national and local levels. Since February 2022, the issue of mine clearance has become even more relevant for Ukraine, where active hostilities are still ongoing, which requires a thorough study of the economic, social and environmental aspects of this process. In order to mitigate the negative impact of the war and possibly speed up the clearance of mines and other explosive hazards, it is important to analyse the key results of international experience in this area, which has already been gained by a significant number of countries. In order to expand on the subject of this study the example of demining territories of the seven most heavily mined countries in the world were chosen: Albania, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Croatia and Turkey. The authors concentrated on identifying problems and highlighting the potential for further research into the sustainable dimension of demining, which is considered in this study to be the initial stage of territorial rehabilitation. In this context, the authors focus on the key results of demining through the prism of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on the economic component, as it affects the possibility of rapid resumption of economic and other peaceful use of the territories affected by armed conflicts. This formed the basis of the conclusions, where the authors substantiated ways to implement international demining experience in Ukrainian practice that lies in the inclusion of sustainable development components in strategic and operational documents at the national level. This is to lay a solid foundation for restoring the economic, social and environmental potential of territories in the context of war and post-war recovery.

Development of Robotic Vehicle with GPS System for Landmine Detection

This paper deals with developing robotic vehicles for landmine detection is a significant technological advancement aimed at addressing the global issue of landmines, which pose severe risks to civilian populations in post-conflict areas. One of the primary advantages is the reduction of risk to human deminers. Robots can operate in hazardous areas without risking human lives, thereby reducing casualties and injuries. They can navigate obstacles and adapt to different environmental conditions, enhancing their usability in diverse scenarios. Integration of sensors and GPS technology has increased the usage adaptability of the vehicle. The removal of landmines fosters a sense of security and stability, contributing to long-term peace in war-torn regions. The results emphasize that the adaptability of robotic vehicles along with GPS technology is socially and technologically more viable for landmine detection.

Mine clearance, peacebuilding and development: interactions between sustainable development goals and infrastructure in Angola

ABSTRACT In this article, we analyse the interaction between anti-vehicle mine (AVM) clearance and longer-term peacebuilding and development in relation to agricultural, conservation, trade, and infrastructural development priorities in the provinces of Cuando Cubango and Huambo in Angola. AVM clearance has not always been prioritised in the humanitarian mine clearance phase but is critical in later developmental stages due to the increased need for and use of infrastructure. To investigate the interaction between clearance, peacebuilding and development outcomes, we deploy the Mine Clearance and Peacebuilding Synergies (MPS) framework. Our critical analysis of qualitative primary data demonstrates how clearance engages Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and infrastructure priorities towards improvements in agricultural production, trade and access to markets, social and physical infrastructure and social cohesion. But its impacts are challenged by endogenous factors such as wider infrastructural investment and exogenous factors including environmental and climate change concerns.

How peace saves lives: Evidence from Colombia

The victimization of civilians and combatants during internal conflicts causes large socioeconomic costs. Unfortunately, it is not clear whether peace negotiations can significantly reduce this burden. One key reason is the lingering presence of antipersonnel landmines, which are hidden underground and remain active for decades. Looking at the recent experience of Colombia, we quantify the number of lives saved by the reduction of landmine accidents and study the institutional conditions under which peace agreements can significantly reduce landmine victimization. Our findings highlight the importance of: reduced counterinsurgency campaigns, post-conflict information sharing, comprehensive humanitarian mine clearance, and mine risk management campaigns.

Partial methodology for determining relative personal indicators characteristics of demine sets

Based on the analysis of existing approaches to the modeling of demining processes, the use of reconnaissance kits and demining of the area, in order to determine the variant of the kit, it is necessary not only to compare their parameters, but also to determine the relative personal indicators of the characteristics of these kits. To determine them, the method of expert evaluations, namely ranking, was used. Determining the significance of relative personal indicators of the characteristics of mine clearance kits can cause some problems, which largely depends on the individual skills and experience of the expert. The lack of standardized metrics, in relation to generally accepted standards for reconnaissance and demining kits, can make it difficult to compare indicators between different experts. The lack of a clear methodology can lead to ambiguity and unpredictability in the assessment.
 The article presents a partial method of relative values of personal indicators of the characteristics of demining kits using the method of expert evaluations. The proposed partial method allows you to determine the coefficients of relative personal indicators of the characteristics of demining kits. Based on the theoretical provisions presented in the study, a methodology for processing the results of the expert survey is proposed. At the end, the numerical values of the coefficients of relative personal indicators for a typical demining kit were obtained and the direction of further research was formulated.

Analysis of kinematic characteristics of a mobile caterpillar robot with a SCARA-type manipulator

Automation and robotization of various production and technological processes in many industries is one of the leading trends in the development of modern society. Industrial robots have recently become quite widespread, and it is almost impossible to imagine any modern production in the fields of mechanical engineering (machine building), instrumentation, pharmaceuticals, food, chemical industries, etc., without robotic complexes. Over the past few decades, another area of robotics has emerged: autonomous mobile robots. It combines research in mechanics, electronics, and computer technologies, including artificial intelligence. Among the most common applications of autonomous mobile robots are the performance of various technological operations in places that are dangerous to human life (radiation, biological or chemical contamination) or uninhabitable (space, sea depths, volcanic craters, etc.). Mobile robots have also proven themselves in rescue operations during cataclysms and natural disasters, anti-terrorist operations, military operations, mine clearance, etc. Given the urgency of the issue of mobile robotics development, this article proposes a new design of an autonomous robotic complex built on the basis of a tracked chassis and equipped with a SCARA-type manipulator. The main task of the developed robot is to perform various technological operations in places where human presence is dangerous or impossible, in particular, when performing demining tasks. In the course of the research, the kinematics of the manipulator was analyzed in detail to determine its working area, and the kinematic parameters of the tracked chassis were experimentally tested while it was moving over rough terrain. The obtained results can be used to further improve the design and control system of the robot and manipulator and in the process of determining the specific technological tasks that will be assigned to this robotic platform.

Hair-raising Adventures Loosely Organised: Early Years of The HALO Trust and Humanitarian Mine Action in Afghanistan, 1988–92

The HALO Trust was founded in 1988 to alleviate suffering among civilians living in hazardous areas. Today, it is the largest humanitarian de-mining charity in the world. Its earliest operations were in Afghanistan. Following the Soviet withdrawal, HALO moved into Kabul where it established a clinic for casualties of war, developed mine risk education and gradually rolled out an innovative mine clearance programme. These interventions helped to transform mine clearance from being a military legacy into a humanitarian priority. Much of the early strategic foresight for HALO extended from the military experience of the former Scottish foot soldier Colonel Colin Campbell Mitchell of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Based on semi-structured interviews with key participants and access to private papers and diaries, this article provides a narrative framework for understanding the emergence of humanitarian mine clearance or ‘mine action’, as it is now termed. Through sometimes fractious dialectical relationships with various United Nations agencies and discreet dealings with Afghanistan’s communist government and regional warlords, HALO became a vital implementing partner in the work of refugee resettlement and rehabilitation assistance. Retrieving its history contributes to a clearer identification of the intersections between military expertise, development, humanitarianism and the post-Cold War world.

Multi-Robot Cooperative Multi-Area Coverage Based on Circular Coding Genetic Algorithm

This paper studies the cooperative multi-area coverage problem with obstacles, which requires a group of robots to cover an area while avoiding collisions. This problem is very common in scenarios such as garbage removal, mine clearance, and regional information collection. The currently proposed algorithms usually have the problem of high redundancy and weak scene scalability. This paper designs a cooperative area coverage algorithm for multiple robots. First, a set of rules is proposed to divide the area to be covered into several small areas. Then, a genetic algorithm based on circular coding is designed to allocate these divided areas to several robots. Finally, the coverage path of the robot is designed using the zigzag method, so that the robot can cover the area allocated to it. Through computational experiments, it has been verified that this algorithm has efficiency advantages over state-of-the-art algorithms in certain scenarios and has scalability for different scenarios.

Sensory Co-laboring

Demining has not been an exclusively human affair. Mine detection dogs have been indispensable in the work of detection and in the slow but essential effort to regain trust in mine-suspected landscapes. Famously renowned for their extraordinary sensory perception, physical strength, and mental traits, they are part of human-nonhuman units training and working together to perceive explosives’ odors. This article considers the role of these units, known in Colombia as binomios caninos, in the strenuous task of mine clearance. Drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic engagement with global and local humanitarian demining efforts in Colombia, it examines detection choreographies and daily interactions, proposing to think of their joint work in terms of sensory co-laboring. Bringing anthropological work on collaboration between worlds, sensory labor, and animal work into dialogue, this composite term foregrounds detection as labor and as a result of human-nonhuman cooperation. It also highlights the asymmetrical field in which these collaborators converge and the divergent desires, affects, and attachments that mobilize their participation in demining. Mine detection is conceptualized as a sensory task through which dogs and humans intra-act, both together and apart. Recognizing this partial connection allows us to rethink how humans and other creatures are ontologically reconstituted and how overlapping histories of warfare and humanitarianism, legacies of animal behavioral practice, and instrumental-affective interactions shape these reconstitutions.

Asean Synergy Makes a Mine-Free World in Indonesia

The Convention for the Comprehensive Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines, was created with the aim of realizing a "Mine Free World". Indonesia ratified the 1997 Ottawa Convention into Law “Undang- Undang” Number 20 of 2006. As a State Party, Indonesia is bound to comply with all provisions of the convention. Most important is the commitment to protect every citizen of his country from falling victim to anti-personnel mines. During the armed conflict in Aceh, mines were used by both parties, namely the Indonesian Security Forces and the Free Aceh Movement. The indication is the number of victims who were dominated by civilians after the conflict ended. For this reason, the parties are deemed not to comply with and carry out their responsibilities as intended by the conventions and principles of international humanitarian law. The two sides seemed not doing their best to resolve the problems caused by the presence of anti-personnel mines. Therefore, the experience of ASEAN countries that have succeeded in burying their past due to involvement in armed conflict, is very much needed in mediating the problems experienced in Aceh, Indonesia. Experiences like Vietnam and Cambodia are indispensable in initiating an anti-personnel mine clearance agenda whose findings are still ongoing. Then the Philippines as a party to this convention, which has the characteristics of a non-international armed conflict like Indonesia, also needs its contribution in this regard. ASEAN involvement is intended to work together to encourage the two parties to continue the peace agenda in Aceh according to the Helsinki MoU on August 15, 2005 and Law “Undang-Undang” Number 11 of 2006 on Aceh Governance.

Increasing the accuracy of finding the coordinates of sea mines by means of kinematic design

The issue of demining reservoirs, rivers and sea raids and ports, which is relevant for Europe during the period of active deployment of military confrontations on its territory, is considered. Only in the maritime territorial waters of Ukraine and in the water areas of its freshwater reservoirs and rivers, during the year of the war, the enemy laid up to a thousand different mines. Demining of the Ukrainian water spaces of the sea, reservoirs and rivers is an important social and economic problem, the solution of which does not tolerate delay and waiting for the full end of hostilities.
 The purpose of the work is the development of principle schemes for optimizing the spatial movements of search and mine clearance vessels and the creation of algorithms for calculating the precise coordinates of the spatial location of floating, anchor and bottom mines by means of kinematic design.
 The research methodology was the application of the theory of mapping coordinates and trajectories of spatial movements of moving objects by means of graphic geometry, taking into account the specifics and dynamic features of kinematic design.
 A schematic diagram of the spatial location of search trawlers and UAVs or auxiliary search floats when searching for mines has been developed. Mathematical dependencies have also been established for the precise calculation of the coordinates of detected mines based on the data of the applied theory and kinematic design schemes. For the search for floating mines, the optimal trajectory of search movements of unmanned aerial vehicles along the Archimedean spiral is proposed. The optimal number of aircraft that search for floating mines at the same time has been determined. As one of the most effective options for the disposal of mines, their detonation with warheads dropped from an aerial liquidator drone has been proposed.
 The main result of the study is the creation of a methodology for calculating the refined coordinates of the search for floating, anchor and bottom mines in combination with the optimization of the trajectories of the search movements of aerial and floating search vehicles along the Archimedean spiral. This ensures not only a 25-30% increase in surveyed and demined areas, but also a proportional saving of fuel due to a reduction in the number of crossings of search trawlers. It has been established that at speeds of spatial movements of search aircraft or auxiliary floating means of 5÷5.5 m/s, using the proposed search scheme, it is possible to survey up to 6 square kilometers of sea water area every hour. At the same time, it is possible to save up to a third of the cost of expensive fuel due to the reduction of movements of the trawler boat.

MILITARY BASED LANDMINE DETECTION ROBOTIC VEHICLE

A landmine is an explosive device which is concealed under the soil to destroy the enemy targets such as soldier, vehicle, tanks etc. Landmines in India are mostly planted in fields, forest, wells, water resources and energy production areas. The process of removing land mines from a soil is called Demining or mine clearance. In military operations, the deminig is done with help of the devices such as mine plows and blast waves. Sometimes specially trained animals also involved in the process of mine clearance. These existing method requires a lot of time to remove the landmine and which also involves loss of many lives during the demining process. To avoid the hazard the landmine detection robot is proposed which uses a ultrasonic sensor, metal detector and GSM module as a complementary tool for landmine detection. The robot is used to detects the position of the landmine and sends its GPS position to a web server through GSM.

Increasing the accuracy of finding the coordinates of sea mines by means of kinematic design

The issue of demining reservoirs, rivers and sea raids and ports, which is relevant for Europe during the period of active deployment of military confrontations on its territory, is considered. Only in the maritime territorial waters of Ukraine and in the water areas of its freshwater reservoirs and rivers, during the year of the war, the enemy laid up to a thousand different mines. Demining of the Ukrainian water spaces of the sea, reservoirs and rivers is an important social and economic problem, the solution of which does not tolerate delay and waiting for the full end of hostilities. The purpose of the work is the development of principle schemes for optimizing the spatial movements of search and mine clearance vessels and the creation of algorithms for calculating the precise coordinates of the spatial location of floating, anchor and bottom mines by means of kinematic design. The research methodology was the application of the theory of mapping coordinates and trajectories of spatial movements of moving objects by means of graphic geometry, taking into account the specifics and dynamic features of kinematic design. A schematic diagram of the spatial location of search trawlers and UAVs or auxiliary search floats when searching for mines has been developed. Mathematical dependencies have also been established for the precise calculation of the coordinates of detected mines based on the data of the applied theory and kinematic design schemes. For the search for floating mines, the optimal trajectory of search movements of unmanned aerial vehicles along the Archimedean spiral is proposed. The optimal number of aircraft that search for floating mines at the same time has been determined. As one of the most effective options for the disposal of mines, their detonation with warheads dropped from an aerial liquidator drone has been proposed. The main result of the study is the creation of a methodology for calculating the refined coordinates of the search for floating, anchor and bottom mines in combination with the optimization of the trajectories of the search movements of aerial and floating search vehicles along the Archimedean spiral. This ensures not only a 25–30 % increase in surveyed and demined areas, but also a proportional saving of fuel due to a reduction in the number of crossings of search trawlers. It has been established that at speeds of spatial movements of search aircraft or auxiliary floating means of 5÷5.5 m/s, using the proposed search scheme, it is possible to survey up to 6 square kilometers of sea water area every hour. At the same time, it is possible to save up to a third of the cost of expensive fuel due to the reduction of movements of the trawler boat.

MINE ACTION CENTER: MAIN ASPECTS OF ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Statement of the Problem. Ukraine is one of the ten countries with the most explosive contaminated territory, and this situation tends to worsen due to the scale of military operations and the use of so-called “mine warfare” tactics. Therefore, the сreation of an effective mine action system, taking into account the needs of safe demining of the territory of Ukraine from explosive objects, is a priority task at the national level.
 Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of professional literature has shown that the issues of creating an effective mine action system, improving the regulatory framework based on international experience, problems and ways to solve humanitarian demining, and the impact of explosive hazards on the environment are in the focus of attention of the scientific community. The issue of development and improvement of the mine action system has become even more urgent and requires further development taking into account the principles of international humanitarian law and measures to minimize the danger caused by explosive hazards.
 The purpose of the article is to study the activities and identify promising ways of development of the Center for Mine Action in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law.
 In Ukraine there is an effective mine action system with clear subordination to the National Mine Action Agency. In order to implement mine action measures in practice, the Mine Action Center was established, which has an effective mine clearance quality management system, including certification of mine action operators (Certification Agency) and control of demining quality (Inspection Agency).
 Within the framework of international cooperation, joint projects are implemented with foreign countries, international organizations and institutions, in which the Mine Action Center is an active participant. A system of training and advanced training of the Mine Action Center’s personnel involved in demining has been implemented.
 Promising ways of developing mine action within the competence of the Mine Action Center include the following: expanding the scope of accreditation of the Certification Agency; improvement of normative and legal acts of mine countermeasures (amendments to existing ones and creation of new ones); increasing the effectiveness of mine action tasks by conducting applied and fundamental research within the authority of the scientific research laboratory.

Soil restoration after mine clearance

ABSTRACT Mine clearance and soil restoration became a live issue after the Russian incursion into eastern Ukraine in 2014; more so since the outbreak of all-out war on 24 February 2022. We investigate the suitability of the land for agriculture following demining. Suitability for agriculture is severely diminished by the previous destruction and dispersal of topsoil, damage from heavy machinery, and remains of metals, chemicals, petroleum products, animals and people which also get into the groundwater. Although restoration of damaged lands is a long-term process, it can still be accomplished and the experience won helps to develop better procedures and recommendations for citizens engaged in farming or economic activities on shelled and mined land.

ПРАВОВЕ СПРИЯННЯ ВІДШКОДУВАННЮ ФІНАНСОВИХ ЗБИТКІВ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ АГРАРІЇВ: РОЛЬ ДЕРЖАВИ, ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ, МІЖНАРОДНИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ

The aim of the article is to identify the role of the state, the European Union, and international organizations in the processes of legal support for reimbursement of the financial losses experienced by Ukrainian agricultural producers because of hostilities and aggression of the Russian federation against Ukraine, and to outline prospects by analyzing the current situation, regulatory, scientific and other sources. The conducted research confirms important position of the state in providing legal support for financial loss compensation, however, proves its mainly advisory and assisting character. The government has shaped the minimum necessary legal basis regulating the order of documenting losses caused by Russian aggression to citizens and business entities. The state has also initiated the process of exemption from taxes on the property and lands which are temporary occupied, located in the zones of active hostilities, are mined or poisoned, etc. It is confirmed that the EU member-states are objectively interested in effective work of Ukraine’s AIC enterprises, because otherwise there is a hazard of migration crisis from the poorest countries of Africa and Asia. These EU states have launched a program of humanitarian mine clearance and specific aid for some regions and business entities on their area. Thus, entities of Ukraine’s AIC receive support for purchasing and repairing agricultural machinery, fuel and lubricants, seeding material, fertilizers, etc. Significant support is also provided by international organizations. The amount of aid which is provided by the government, the EU member-states and international organizations and which is intended to compensate financial losses for Ukrainian agricultural producers can be increased by the state performing as a guarantor under agreements of loan, rent, leasing, as well as by proper informing other countries and international organizations about Ukrainian AIC entities which are potential recipients of the aid. It is proposed to delegate such liabilities to local territorial communities and chambers of commerce and industry. Key words: agro-industrial complex, farmers, losses, movable and immovable property, land, military invasion, EU member-states, international organizations, humanitarian mine clearance, taxation, deoccupied area, food safety.

UGAVs-MDVR: A Cluster-Based Multicast Routing Protocol for Unmanned Ground and Aerial Vehicles Communication in VANET

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are becoming the foremost part of rescue teams for protecting human lives from severe disasters and reducing human casualties by informing them about the risks ahead, such as mine detection and clearance. In mine detection, a centralized system is required so that the UGVs can communicate with each other efficiently to disseminate the mine detection messages (MDMs) to incoming vehicles of military and civilians. Therefore, in this piece of research, a novel unmanned ground and aerial vehicle (UGAV)-based mine-detection-vehicle routing (MDVR) protocol has been proposed, mainly for the mine detection and clearance teams using a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The protocol disseminates the MDMs using UGVs and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in combination to overcome the limitations of only inter-UGV communication. The proposed protocol performs cluster-based multicast communication in real time using UAVs so that the dynamic mobility of UGVs cannot affect the performance of MDM dissemination. Hence, the proposed scheme is adaptable because any failure in message delivery can cause a high level of destruction. The proposed cluster-based scheme can adapt to any real-time scenario by introducing the level-based cluster-head election scheme (LBCHE), which works concerning its assigned priority for reducing the delay incurred in MDMs dissemination. The simulation of the proposed protocol in the network simulator (NS) shows that the overhead and delay are reduced in MDMs dissemination. At the same time, the throughput, packet delivery ratio, and stability increased compared to the other competing protocols.

THE DETECTION OF MINEFIELD IN SPECTRAL MAPPING WITH USING OF UAV

Negligence in the use of human labor in demining dangerous areas can result in great human casualties. If we consider that we live in a modern information society, we can say that before the reconstruction and rehabilitation work in these areas, there is a need to apply information and communication technologies in the field of mine clearance to minimize human labor, hazards and losses. The scientific work presents the development of UAVs used for geo-detection of explosive surface mines by computer vision. The proposed integrated unmanned aerial vehicles will enable the acquisition of danger zones by spectral mapping and aim to clear explosives 100% and as soon as possible. In order to save time, it is important to identify the areas beyond the mine operations as well as detecting the mined areas. The proposed equipment will allow obtaining a map of the boundaries of dangerous areas. This will allow mines to be detected in larger areas and with minimal risks in the shortest possible time.

Landmine Clearance and Peacebuilding: Evidence from Somaliland

The mine action sector has struggled to demonstrate the socioeconomic benefits of mine clearance. Previous academic studies have made important contributions but have been limited in offering in-depth discussions of causal pathways. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It proposes a new framework, the Mine Clearance and Peacebuilding Synergies (MPS) framework that combines the Humanitarian Mine Action Peacebuilding Palette, the Mine Action- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework and theoretical considerations from the Infrastructure as Peacebuilding framework to interrogate this interaction. Using Somaliland's post-conflict reconstruction as a case study, we analyze qualitative and quantitative data to map both the direct and indirect benefits of mine clearance in relation to infrastructure development. We find that mine clearance can influence both economic and physical reconstruction through its impact on dominant economic sectors as well as critical strategic infrastructure, including ports and roads, and demonstrate the synergies therein with an array of SDGs.