Trait Mindfulness Research Articles

Understanding the Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Perceived Stress: The Serial Multiple Mediating Roles of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Psychological Flexibility.

Although research suggests that trait mindfulness has been negatively associated with perceived stress, an integrative examination of the underlying mechanisms is lacking. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to establish an integrative model within Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). This model examined the relationship between trait mindfulness and perceived stress by assessing two important psychological resources: basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) and psychological flexibility. A total of 679 young adults (Mage = 19.27 years, SD = 1.06) participated in this research. They completed a set of standardized instruments that assessed trait mindfulness, BPNS, psychological flexibility, and perceived stress. Serial multiple mediation analyses showed that trait mindfulness was associated with higher levels of BPNS and psychological flexibility, which in turn were associated with less perceived stress. Furthermore, the path coefficient of the serial multiple mediation was higher than other pathways. These findings demonstrate that BPNS and psychological flexibility are important mechanisms that underlie the relationship between trait mindfulness and perceived stress, particularly when they are synergistic.

About Distress in Chronic Pain Conditions: A Pre–Post Study on the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Fibromyalgia and Low Back Pain Patients

Chronic pain (CP) affects about 30% of the global population and poses significant challenges to individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. The interactions between physiological, psychological, and social factors are crucial in the onset and development of CP conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention, examining its impact on perceived stress (PSS), depression and anxiety (BDI-II, PGWBI/DEP, SAS, STAI Y), sleep quality (PSQI), and mindfulness abilities (MAAS) in individuals with CP. Participants (N = 89, 84.3% female) underwent one of two diagnoses [fibromyalgia (FM) or low back pain (LBP)] and took part in an MBSR intervention. The mindfulness program proved effective in reducing PSQI scores (F = 11.97; p < 0.01) over time, independently of the type of diagnosis. There was also a marginal increase in trait mindfulness as measured by MAAS (F = 3.25; p = 0.07) in both groups. A significant difference between the two groups was found for the effect on PSS: F (1,87) = 6.46; p < 0.05. Mindfulness practice also reduced anxiety in FM and depressive symptoms in LBP, indicating a reduction in psychological distress among participants. Our findings suggest that mindfulness-based interventions may offer promising avenues for personalized pain management in clinical settings.

How does supervisors’ developmental feedback affect Chinese employees’ work role performance? The roles of thriving at work and trait mindfulness

How does supervisors’ developmental feedback affect Chinese employees’ work role performance? The roles of thriving at work and trait mindfulness

Between Can’t and Won’t: The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness, Stoic Ideology, and Alexithymia in Norway and New Zealand

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study was to provide cross-cultural insight into the relationship between mindfulness, alexithymia, and stoic ideology. Method Using samples from New Zealand (n = 330) and Norway (n = 326), we estimated the facet-level network relationship of our target constructs, as well as the invariance of the estimated networks across cultural contexts. Results Across cultural contexts, we found a consistent pattern of relationships in which both stoic ideology and alexithymia were negatively related to mindfulness. Negative relationships were especially pronounced between alexithymia and the mindfulness facets of Describing, Non-Judgement, and Acting with Awareness. This indicates that individual differences in these mindfulness facets might be more firmly rooted in difficulties identifying and describing emotions, compared to beliefs related to emotional suppression, as captured by stoic ideology. While the mindfulness facets showed overall expected patterns of relationships with both alexithymia and stoic ideology, Non-Reacting showed a divergent pattern. Non-Reacting was positively related to a tendency of Externally Oriented Thinking, as well as with Death-Acceptance, in both countries. Thus, this facet not only might capture Non-reactivity within the context of mindfulness, but also could potentially capture aspects of emotional avoidance. Conclusions Overall, the study highlights that mindfulness could be influenced by both individual differences in emotion processing and cognitive beliefs about emotion processing. This accentuates the importance of examining both individual differences in, and cognitive beliefs about emotion regulation in research regarding mindfulness.

Influence of employee job crafting in Chinese manufacturing enterprises on safety innovation performance: a moderated mediation model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of employees’ job crafting on safety innovation performance through psychological empowerment and the moderation effects of employees’ mindfulness traits and job complexity on such impact. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted structure equation modeling to analyze data collected from 1,566 employees in 96 manufacturing enterprises in northern and central China. Findings Results showed that employees’ job crafting has a positive effect on safety innovation performance, partially through psychological empowerment, and that effect was moderated by employee mindfulness traits and job complexity. Practical implications Manufacturing enterprises should seek to promote employees’ job crafting behavior in the workplace, improve employees’ psychological empowerment and pay attention to mindfulness training for enterprise managers and employees, so as to reduce the probability of unsafe behavior. Originality/value This study reveals the underlying influence mechanism of employees’ job crafting on safety innovation performance using the self-determination theory and suggests that psychological empowerment is critical in determining how employees’ job crafting influences safety innovation performance. Furthermore, both employees’ mindfulness traits and job complexity positively moderate the above mediation.

Mired in tasks: how daily workplace multitasking shapes employee service innovation behavior

Purpose Drawing on conservation of resources theory, this paper aims to propose that daily multitasking increases employees’ daily role pressure, ultimately hindering their service innovation behavior. Furthermore, we suggest that trait mindfulness may mitigate this negative impact. Design/methodology/approach To empirically test the study hypotheses, this paper conducted a multilevel diary field study, collecting data from 64 employees over 10 working days to comprehensively validate the theoretical model. Findings The findings indicate that daily multitasking indirectly reduces daily service innovation behavior by increasing employee role pressure. Notably, this indirect effect is more pronounced among employees with lower trait mindfulness, while it is less significant for those with higher trait mindfulness. Practical implications Hotels should manage multitasking, reduce employee stress and promote service innovation by optimizing task allocation and redesigning work processes. Additionally, hotel management should adopt a multifaceted and innovative approach to foster mindfulness traits. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on multitasking and innovation by examining how and when daily multitasking influences employee service innovation behavior.

The Western Australian medical schools mindfulness project: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundEvidence for the longer-term benefits of online mindfulness training for medical students, including in the reduction of stress and improved wellbeing, is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a novel online mindfulness training program on trait mindfulness, wellbeing and study engagement of medical students at program completion and 6-month follow-up.MethodsThis was a randomised waitlist control study of an 8-week, online, mindfulness-based intervention versus normal curriculum alone for medical students (N = 114). The primary outcome measures were the changes from baseline to program completion at Week 8 for self-reported trait mindfulness (Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale) and study engagement scores (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students). The secondary outcome measures were these score changes from baseline to 6-month follow up. Intervention and control students completed surveys at all three time points. Program adherence (Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire) was also measured in the intervention group.ResultsThe intervention group experienced modest but statistically significant improvements in mindfulness (9%, p = 0.0002), self-compassion (5%, p = 0.026), and study engagement (4%, p = 0.035) from baseline to Week 8. They also reported a sustained improvement of 5% (p = 0.017) in mindfulness scores at 6 months. The control group reported no significant changes at Week 8 or 6 Months. Between-group comparisons showed that compared to the control group, the intervention group improved significantly more in mindfulness (p = 0.0076), and statistically marginally more in study engagement (p = 0.0534) at Week 8. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed at 6 months.ConclusionsThese results add to the small but growing body of evidence suggesting that online mindfulness-based interventions with minimal contact can improve, albeit in modest magnitude, mindfulness and possibly study engagement in medical students for the duration of a mindfulness program. Further refinements to the program may be important to maintain improvements in the longer-term.Trial registrationRegistration number ACTRN12624000783527.

Effect of a single-session mindfulness-based intervention for reducing stress in family caregivers of people with dementia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCaregiver stress can pose serious health and psychological concerns, highlighting the importance of timely interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia. Single-session mindfulness-based interventions could be a promising yet under-researched approach to enhancing their mental well-being within their unpredictable, time-constrained contexts. This trial will evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a blended mindfulness-based intervention consisting of a single session and app-based follow-up in reducing caregiver stress.Methods/DesignThe study is a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with two arms (intervention versus an education session on dementia care) and assessments at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months. The eligibility criteria include: family caregivers aged 18 years or older; providing care for an individual with a confirmed medical diagnosis of dementia for at least 3 months prior to recruitment, with a minimum of 4 hours of daily contact; and exhibiting a high level of caregiver stress. The intervention comprises a 90-minute group-based session with various mindfulness practices and psychoeducation. Participants will receive a self-practice toolkit to guide their practice over a duration of 8 weeks. Sharing activities will be implemented through an online social media platform. The primary outcome is perceived caregiving stress. The secondary outcomes include depressive symptoms, positive aspects of caregiving, dyadic relationship, trait mindfulness, and neuropsychiatric symptoms of care recipients. The feasibility outcomes include eligibility and enrollment, attendance, adherence to self-practice, and retention, assessed using mixed methods.DiscussionThe study will contribute to the evidence base by investigating whether a single-session mindfulness intervention is effective and feasible for reducing caregiver stress among family caregivers of people with dementia.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06346223. Registered on April 3, 2024.

Feeling Abandoned and Exiled: Trait Mindfulness as Moderator the Impact of Ostracism on the Work Meaningfulness

Academics have concluded that work meaningfulness is the basic need of employees that should be pursued. However, challenges arise in creating a perception of work meaningfulness caused by various factors in the workplace. Workplace ostracism or ostracism in the workplace is a potential factor that can affect the formation of work meaning, this is because the condition of being isolated or ostracized is often categorized as an interaction that causes pain and harm to the victim. Individual differences, especially trait mindfulness, are thought to have a strong role in the relationship between the two. Researchers gathered 305 employees from various industries to give statements to the survey given online. The results of data analysis using moderation analysis model 1 in PROCESS macro show that ostracism in the workplace is negatively correlated with employee work meaning (b = -0.5164). The results also showed that the benefit of trait mindfulness was as a buffer against the negative relationship between ostracism in the workplace negatively correlated with employee work meaning (b = 0.1146). It was also found that the mindfulness trait was also able to predict the meaning of employees' work at work (b = -0.2786).

Mindfulness matters: Unveiling the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination – A three level meta-analysis

Procrastination is a personality tendency with several deleterious consequences. Trait mindfulness has been found to be associated with procrastination. Nevertheless, the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination has yielded inconsistent results in previous studies. Therefore, by utilizing a three-level random-effects meta-analysic model, the present study synthesized previous studies to investigate the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination and explore the potential moderators that may affect this relationship. A significant and negative relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination (r = −0.365; p < 0.0001) was found by analyzing 36 effect sizes from 19 studies with 14,094 participants. The subsequent moderator analysis did not reveal any significant moderators. Overall, the current meta-analysis shed insightful light on information for future research on reducing procrastination by considering utilizing mindfulness-based interventions that make it easier for individuals to maintain a mindfulness state and enhance trait mindfulness, thereby reducing procrastination.

The spillover of daily job crafting onto employees’ work-family experiences: the role of daily harmonious passion and trait mindfulness

The spillover of daily job crafting onto employees’ work-family experiences: the role of daily harmonious passion and trait mindfulness

Changes in Trait Mindfulness after a Brief Mindfulness Training Program of Self-Breathing.

Developing and cultivating mindfulness exerts a positive effect on psychological and cognitive performance. Sharpening the skill requires continuous mindfulness-based training (MT), which can be challenging for people leading busy lives. Therefore, the current study examined whether trait mindfulness can be improved by a flexible and brief MT program of self-breathing using a pre-post intervention design. Trait mindfulness was assessed using the Japanese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) before the intervention (pre), after 2 weeks (during), and 4 weeks after the intervention started (post). Data were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Dunn-Bonferroni correction. The study sample consisted of 22 healthy participants aged from 20 to 60 years with no previous experience with yoga or meditation equivalent to MT. The mean number of days of MT practice was 26.4, and 11 participants had interruptions. The median values of pre-, during-, and post-total FFMQ scores were 115.5, 123, and 129, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the total pre and post (p < 0.001) and during and post (p = 0.002) FFMQ scores, though a medium effect was found (r = 0.30) only between the pre and post scores. Of the five sub-scales of FFMQ, significant differences were observed only between pre and post Observing (p = 0.01), Nonreactivity (p < 0.001), and Describing (p = 0.01), and during and post Nonjudging (p = 0.016), and Nonreactivity (p = 0.025). Our findings suggest that the simple, brief, and flexible self-breathing method employed in this study has a substantial effect on fostering trait mindfulness and, therefore, can be adopted by people with hectic daily schedules.

The relationship between self-serving leadership and employees’ expediency: a moderated mediation model

PurposeDrawing upon social information processing theory, this study investigates the correlation between self-serving leadership and employee expediency. It also explores the mediating effect of self-interest motivation and the moderating effect of trait mindfulness.Design/methodology/approachA total of 147 part-time MBA students were enlisted to participate in a scenario experiment (Study 1), and 291 valid employee questionnaires were collected through a multiple-time point survey (Study 2). SPSS 23.0, MPLUS 8.0 and PROCESS programs were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.FindingsStudy 1 illustrated a positive correlation between self-serving leadership and employee expediency. It also identified self-interest motivation as a mediating factor in the correlation between self-serving leadership and expediency. Study 2 replicated the results obtained in Study 1 and expanded upon them by demonstrating that trait mindfulness moderates the association between self-serving leadership and self-interest motivation. Additionally, trait mindfulness moderates the indirect effect of self-serving leadership on expediency.Practical implicationsThis research argues that organizations should take steps to prevent self-serving leadership in order to reduce employee expediency. Furthermore, it is advisable to provide ethics training to employees who exhibit high trait mindfulness, as they show increased sensitivity to self-serving leadership and are more likely to engage in unethical behavior.Originality/valueThis study expands the existing research on the ethical outcomes of self-serving leadership and contributes to a deeper understanding of the negative aspects of trait mindfulness.

Narcissism and Problematic Social Media Use: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Fear of Missing out and Trait Mindfulness in Youth

Social media use has increased worldwide, facilitating social relationships as well as the widespread exchange of information, images, and ideas. However, some individuals may develop a compulsive and unregulated engagement with social media platforms, known as problematic social media use (PSMU), which can result in adverse consequences for personal, social, and professional functioning. This scenario leads to considering which factors are implicated in PSMU and how they can affect the disposition toward PSMU. The present study aimed to explore the mediating role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in the association between both grandiose and vulnerable facets of narcissism and PSMU while also investigating the moderating effect of trait mindfulness. The research was conducted with 208 youth participants from 19 to 28 years old through an online cross-sectional design. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Fear of Missing Out Scale, the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and a short socio-demographic questionnaire. Results revealed that FoMO mediated the association between both facets of narcissism and PSMU, while trait mindfulness moderated the interplay between FoMO and PSMU, dampening the effect of FoMO. These findings provide theoretical insights into the main mechanisms underlying PSMU as well as promising practical implications for the development of mindfulness-based interventions aimed at mitigating PSMU. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

Blessing or curse? The two-sided effects of algorithmic control on ego-depletion and safety performance of gig workers

The emergence of gig economy has facilitated the adoption of algorithm-based management systems, creating favorable conditions for gig workers. Nevertheless, it also brings various challenges and uncertainties, especially gig workers' safety performance, having become a prominent concern. Based on ego-depletion theory, we investigate the underlying mechanism through which platform algorithmic control influences on safety performance of gig workers. Based on two points of data from 314 gig workers in China, we found that the three dimensions of algorithmic control (viz., standardized guidance, tracking evaluation and behavioral constraint) have differential effects on safety performance. On one hand, algorithmic standardized guidance is negatively related to ego-depletion, which in turn improves safety performance. On the other hand, algorithmic tracking evaluation and behavioral constraint are positively related to ego-depletion, and consequently reducing safety performance. Furthermore, algorithmic transparency moderates the relationship between algorithmic standardized guidance, algorithmic tracking evaluation, and ego-depletion; self-efficacy moderates the relationship between algorithmic standardized guidance and ego-depletion; both trait mindfulness and leadership safety commitment moderate the relationship between ego-depletion and safety performance. This study offers valuable insights for platform enterprises to optimize the effectiveness of algorithmic control.

Thou shalt not covet: the moderation of trait mindfulness on academic envy and ostracism

Thou shalt not covet: the moderation of trait mindfulness on academic envy and ostracism

Personality change through mindfulness-based interventions: A preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) lead to improvements in mental health, and also increase trait mindfulness. Yet, trait mindfulness shows definitional and empirical overlaps with the personality dimension of neuroticism which is linked to mental health and is malleable through interventions as well. This meta-analysis examined whether previously reported associations between increases in self-reported trait mindfulness and mental health in MBIs, as well as in non-MBIs and treatment-as-usual (TAU) and waitlist controls, are mediated through concomitant changes in neuroticism on the between-study level. Data of 45 intervention studies (39 randomized controlled trials; total N = 2913) were investigated with three-level meta-analysis and the causal steps approach. Change in neuroticism mediated change in trait mindfulness and fully accounted for its mediational effects on mental health. Similar associative patterns were found for the active and TAU and waitlist control groups as well. Accounting for small-study effects did not alter this pattern of results. The findings highlight the relevance of neuroticism for intervention research and may explain previously observed apparent effects of trait mindfulness in non-MBIs and TAU and waitlist controls on mental health. The construct of trait mindfulness may need conceptual reconsideration and resharpening, and the investigation of personality change should be intensified in intervention research.

Mindfulness-based relapse prevention targeting psychological craving and trait mindfulness in young Chinese women with methamphetamine dependence: a randomized controlled trial.

We recruited 58 MA-dependent young adult females from a compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation center in Sichuan Province and randomly divided them into an MBRP group (n = 29) and a control group (n = 29) according to their degree of psychological craving. The MBRP group received 2 hours of MBRP training twice a week for 4 weeks, alongside routine treatment at the drug rehabilitation center. Meanwhile, the control group solely received routine treatment at the drug rehabilitation center without any additional interventions. The assessment was conducted before and immediately after the intervention, with the Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) used to assess craving and the Five-Factor Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) used to assess trait mindfulness. Also, a "mental feedback monitoring balance" instrument was used to assess concentration and relaxation during some training sessions. This randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of decreasing psychological craving and increasing trait mindfulness. At baseline, there were no significant differences in total or dimension scores for FFMQ or OCDUS between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After the intervention, the repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant time main effect on changes in observing, non-judging, and non-reacting scores (all P < 0.05), and a significant interaction effect between time and group on both FFMQ total score and OCDUS score (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Mental feedback monitoring indicated significant improvement in concentration and relaxation after breath meditation exercises (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). Additionally, the MBRP group showed improved relaxation during the body scan exercise (P < 0.01). MBRP training can improve the trait mindfulness of MA addicts and reduce psychological cravings effectively.

Exploring heterogeneity in recovery from substance use disorder following mindfulness-based relapse prevention: A latent profile analysis

IntroductionSubstance use disorder (SUD) recovery is heterogeneous. Yet, over the last 50 years, substance use treatment providers and researchers have often defined success as sustained abstinence from substance use. An often overlooked but equally valid pathway to recovery for persons with SUD is non-abstinent recovery. However, most of the literature on non-abstinent recovery exists for individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) with few studies of non-abstinent recovery for other types of SUD. Literature exploring the mechanisms that lead to non-abstinent recovery is also lacking. As such, the current study aimed to examine recovery profiles for individuals (N = 454) recruited in two randomized clinical trials comparing mindfulness-based relapse prevention with cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention and/or treatment as usual. MethodsLatent profile analysis empirically derived profiles of recovery following outpatient aftercare SUD treatment. Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between treatment assignment and recovery profile, including potential psychological mediators (e.g., mindfulness) and contextual moderators (e.g., annual household income). ResultsAnalyses supported four recovery profiles: (1) low-functioning frequent substance use; (2) low-functioning infrequent substance use; (3) high-functioning frequent substance use; (4) high-functioning infrequent substance use. There were no significant interaction effects of race or ethnicity by treatment type, or household income by treatment type, in predicting recovery profiles. Trait mindfulness, craving, and psychological flexibility failed to mediate the association between treatment assignment and recovery profile; however, there were statistically significant differences in trait mindfulness with individuals expected to be classified in the low-functioning infrequent substance use profile showing significantly lower levels of trait mindfulness compared to individuals in the two high-functioning profiles. ConclusionsFindings suggest that recovery from SUD is heterogeneous, and profiles of recovery based on dimensions of substance use and functioning can be identified across a variety of SUD, including among people with co-occurring SUD. Additionally, trait mindfulness appears to be a differentiating factor across recovery profiles. Further research is needed to explore how psychological and social factors may moderate and influence both abstinent and non-abstinent forms of recovery.

Psychological mechanisms and neural correlates of trait mindfulness in emotion regulation: Testing a novel approach to the monitor and acceptance theory

BackgroundThe ongoing mental health crisis warrants investigations to understand why trait mindfulness is associated with beneficial mental health outcomes. This study examined attention monitoring and acceptance as psychological mechanisms underlying the relationship between trait mindfulness and emotion regulation and connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) as a potential neural mechanism. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 501 adult participants (age range: 17–79, M = 31, SD = 11.3) representing the general population. To assess emotion regulation and trait mindfulness, participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Resting-state functional MRI was acquired in a subsample of 20 participants to explore the role of dlPFC-PCC functional connectivity. ResultsHigher levels of acceptance, as measured using the Non-judging and Non-reactivity subscales of the FFMQ, were significantly associated with fewer overall emotion regulation difficulties and predicted all emotion regulation subscales. In contrast, higher levels of attention monitoring, measured using the Observe subscale, predicted only three DERS subscales and with mixed effects: higher emotional awareness and clarity, but greater difficulties in goal-directed behaviour. The interaction between monitoring and acceptance was not significant, and no correlation was found between these variables and dlPFC-PCC functional connectivity. ConclusionsThese findings challenge previous theories that argue that attention monitoring is crucial for effective emotion regulation. Instead, we conclude that acceptance is the key psychological mechanism, indicating that the traditional focus on attention monitoring in mindfulness training may be less effective than a primary emphasis on acceptance. This study provides a critical review of past research, highlighting issues with operationalising acceptance, and offers recommendations for future studies and practical implications for developing mindfulness interventions.