Mindful Parenting Program Research Articles

Mindful Parenting and Subjective Well-Being in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Parenting children with neurodevelopmental disorders presents unique challenges. These challenges can impact the well-being of parents, leading to higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, which ultimately can lower subjective well-being. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mindful parenting and subjective well-being using a correlational quantitative approach. Data were collected through questionnaires measuring mindful parenting and subjective well-being. The participants in this study were 106 parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Data analysis was conducted using the product-moment correlation technique. The results indicated a positive correlation (r = 0.413, p 0.05) between mindful parenting and subjective well-being, suggesting that higher levels of mindful parenting are associated with higher subjective well-being in parents. These findings highlight the potential of mindful parenting interventions to support the well-being of parents in families with children with special needs. Future research should use larger and more representative samples to enhance the generalizability of the findings. The implications of this research include the development of mindful parenting programs and policies to support families facing the challenges of raising children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Reducing parenting stress in Chinese parents of children with learning disabilities with a mindful parenting program: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundParents raising children with Learning Disabilities (LDs) often face multiple challenges and high levels of parenting stress, especially in societies with intense academic competitions. Mindful parenting (MP) is an emerging approach that brings mindful awareness to parent–child interactions and is found effective in reducing parenting stress in various parent populations. AimsThis study examined the effectivenesss of an 8-week online MP program on Chinese parents of children with LDs. Methods and proceduresA MP program was adapted and implemented in an online format with 69 parents of children with LDs. A randomized controlled trial design was used to examine the efficacy of the mindful parenting group compared with a wait-list control group. Parenting stress, mindful parenting and self-compassion were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Outcomes and resultsCompared with the wait-list control group, the MP group participants showed decreased parenting stress (d = 0.62, p < 0.05), improved mindful parenting (d = 0.63, p < 0.05), and increased self-compassion (d = 0.61, p < 0.05). Conclusions and implicationsThese findings support the effectiveness of an online MP intervention in reducing parenting stress and increasing mindful parenting and self-compassion among Chinese parents of children with LDs. The behavioral and intrapersonal aspects of MP are more amenable to improvement, whereas the attitudinal and interpersonal aspects, particularly non-judgmental acceptance and compassion towards the child, are resistant to change. Future studies should explore strategies to enhance these attitudinal aspects and interpersonal processes of MP.

Associations Between Preadoption Maltreatment and Adoptees’ Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties: The Buffering Role of Mindful Parenting

ObjectivesThe main goal of this study was to explore the association between preadoption maltreatment and postadoption child emotional and behavioral difficulties (EBD), while examining the potential buffering role of adoptive parents’ mindful parenting on this association. The potential moderating role of the child’s current age, of the time passed since the adoptive placement, and of the parents’ sex was also explored within the buffering role of mindful parenting.MethodThis cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 277 parents (76.2% females) with adoptive children aged 2 to 17 years.ResultsExperiencing preadoption maltreatment and more diverse types of maltreatment were associated with higher EBD among adoptees as perceived by the parents. Mindful parenting had a buffering role in the association between preadoption maltreatment and EBD for adoptees up to 8 years of age and an independent direct explanatory role on EBD for adoptees of all other ages.ConclusionsIntervening with adoptive parents through mindful parenting programs seems to be relevant to promote adoptees’ mental health.PreregistrationThis study is not preregistered.

Care4Parents: An Evaluation of an Online Mindful Parenting Program for Caregivers of Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Abstract Objectives Parenting a child with special healthcare needs is associated with significant caregiver stress. Previous research has found that parenting stress and mental health impact outcomes for children with chronic illnesses. Despite this, the importance of managing parents’ stress is often overlooked in the management of chronic health conditions, such as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). The objective of this study was to investigate the acceptability of the mindful parenting program, Care4Parents. Methods This study was designed as a non-randomised pilot study evaluating the acceptability of an online mindful parenting program Care4Parents, specifically designed for those parenting a child with special health care needs, including medical complexity. There were 20 participants recruited to take part, which involved attending eight online weekly group sessions for 2 h, with a follow-up after 2 months and practice exercises between sessions. Interviews were conducted with 12 participants after the completion of the program. Using attendance data and thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, the study aimed to determine if the online program Care4Parents would be experienced by participants as acceptable. Results Results indicate preliminary evidence of acceptability, with adequate retention and themes emerging from interviews highlighting the appropriateness of content, delivery, and perceived benefits, including personal growth, peer support, and enhanced coping. ‘Barriers to engagement’ was also a theme, and adjustments were discussed based on participant feedback to further enhance the program. Conclusions The analysis of the data indicates that the program was deemed acceptable to participants, therefore warranting further research using quantitative measures to confirm findings and investigate effectiveness.

Effects of Mindful Parenting Program on the Executive Function and Resting State Brain Functional Connectivity for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Mindful Parenting Program on the Executive Function and Resting State Brain Functional Connectivity for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A brief online mindful parenting program: Feasibility and initial effects pilot in a community sample

Mindful parenting programs are effective in reducing parenting stress. More efficient offerings may increase accessibility. The current single case study aimed to determine the feasibility, acceptability and initial effects of a brief, online mindful parenting program. Six parents, recruited from the community, completed a 4-week online mindful parenting program (Two Hearts). Feasibility and acceptability were assessed by participant program evaluation, retention, engagement with program materials (i.e., videos), and home practice. Parents completed primary outcome measurements of parenting stress, and general distress, at pre- and post-intervention, and 4-week follow-up. Individual level reliable change index and clinically significant change were calculated for outcome measures. All parents were retained through the study; all participants reported obtaining something of lasting value from the training. Program adherence varied over time. At post-intervention, four parents reported 40–50 minutes practice per week; two parents reported 10–15 minutes practice per week. At follow-up, 50% of parents reported 30–50 minutes practice per week. Three parents showed a reliable reduction in parenting stress; two of these parents demonstrated clinically significant change. Improvements in parent general distress were indicated in half the sample. Two parents experienced a clinically significant increase in parenting stress and/or general distress. In conclusion, the Two Hearts program demonstrated good acceptability, and may be a feasible and effective program for some parents. Program adherence and dosage require further investigation. The role of acute stressors (e.g., COVID-19) must be also considered.

Mindful Parenting: Attachment of Deaf Children and Resilience in Their Mothers.

Attachment and resilience are crucial in parent-child interaction. In this study, we investigated the effect of a mindful parenting program on the attachment of deaf children and the resilience of their hearing mothers. The present study was a semi-randomized controlled trial design. Thirty mothers with deaf children were randomly selected from Deaf School in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The intervention group participated in an eight-session mindful parenting program, while the control group did not participate in this program. Both groups completed the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test. The results showed that the intervention significantly and positively influenced the attachment of deaf children and resilience in their mothers in the post-test, and the persistence of this effect was maintained in the follow-up stage (p < .001). This study suggests that mindful parenting can promote attachment of deaf children and resilience in their mothers. In addition, the mothers attested to the social validity of the program.

A Mindful Parenting Program for Parents Concerned About Child Internalizing Problems: a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study

ObjectivesThis study sought to establish four aspects of feasibility for a mindful parenting program: demand for the program from parents with concerns regarding their child’s internalizing problems, acceptability of the program to those parents, preliminary efficacy, and the likelihood of successful expansion of the program to the intended population.MethodsThe study was a pilot, randomized controlled trial comparing a mindful parenting program to waitlist. Participants were parents (N = 25) of children aged 3–18 years, with self-reported concerns regarding their child’s internalizing problems, recruited from the community. Demand was assessed using recruitment and adherence rates. Acceptability was assessed using parent-reported usefulness. Preliminary efficacy was assessed using parent reports of child internalizing problems, mindful parenting, parenting stress, cognitive emotion regulation, parental experiential avoidance, and parent beliefs about child anxiety. Intervention group parents also provided weekly in-session data on coping in stressful parenting situations. The likelihood of successful expansion was assessed using qualitative feedback on whether and how the program had helped parents manage child internalizing problems, particularly anxiety.ResultsFeasibility was established for the four aspects assessed. The program was well-attended and acceptable to parents. Moderate to large effects were found in favor of the intervention group for most parent and child outcomes. Weekly data showed improved coping in difficult parenting situations. Qualitative feedback suggested that parents believed that increased acceptance and empathy had helped them cope with child internalizing problems.ConclusionsMindful parenting programs may assist parents of children with internalizing problems to manage parenting stress and emotionally regulate themselves, even in difficult parenting moments. They may also reduce child internalizing problems, through improved parental emotion regulation, and greater acceptance of and empathy for their child.Trial RegistrationAustralian Clinical Trials Registry, registration number ACTRN12620000690954

Applying the Mindful Parenting Program Among Chinese Parents of Children with ADHD: A Randomized Control Trial

The present study is aimed at investigating the effects and mechanisms of the Mindful Parenting Program (MPP) on the stress of Chinese parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 113 Chinese parents of children with ADHD were randomly assigned to the MPP group (n = 58) or the treatment as usual (TAU) waitlist-control group (n = 55). The following parameters were assessed at baseline and posttreatment: parental stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as general mindfulness, mindful parenting, and self-compassion. Each child’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral/emotional symptoms were also measured. The MPP group showed significantly greater amelioration of parental stress (F = 8.79, p = .004, effect size d =0.44) compared with that of the TAU waitlist-control group after eight weeks. The MPP group also showed greater improvements in parental general mindfulness (F = 11.40, p < .001, effect size d = 0.56) and self-compassion (F = 17.83, p < .001, effect size d = 0.62), but not mindful parenting (F = 2.32, p = 0.131), compared to those of the TAU group. Improvements in general mindfulness and parental self-compassion mediated the effect of the Mindful Parenting Program on parental stress at posttreatment, with effect sizes of 0.46 and 0.46, respectively. For the MPP completers, improvements in general parental mindfulness, parental self-compassion, and mindful parenting correlated with improvements in their children’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral symptoms. Correlation between the total practice times and outcome improvements was nonsignificant. Our findings suggest that the Mindful Parenting Program may be effective for ameliorating parental stress among Chinese parents of children with ADHD. Clinical Trial Registration: https:// www.chictr.org.cn ; ChiCTR1800019215

The Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale in Mothers of Children and Infants: Factor Structure and Associations With Child Internalizing Problems.

Objectives: Mindful parenting, measured by the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IMP), is beneficial for parents and children. However, the IMP has not been validated in English-speaking parents. Further, little is known about whether mindful parenting is similar in parents of children vs. infants, or how it reduces child internalizing problems. We sought to validate the IMP in English-speaking mothers of children and infants, and to examine relationships between the facets of mindful parenting, child internalizing problems and parent variables related to internalizing.Methods: Using confirmatory factor analyses, we examined the fit of various models of mindful parenting in English-speaking community-recruited mothers of children aged 3–18 years (n = 396) and infants aged 0–2 years (n = 320). We used regression analyses to investigate relationships between the facets of mindful parenting, child internalizing problems, and parent variables including parental experiential avoidance, unhelpful beliefs about child anxiety and accommodation of child anxiety.Results: Mindful parenting can be measured in English-speaking mothers, using either a 5- or 6-factor, 29-item version of the IMP. These versions of the IMP operate similarly for mothers of children and infants. Child internalizing problems and related parent variables were best predicted by non-judgmental acceptance of parenting in mothers of children, and emotional self-awareness and non-reactivity in mothers of infants.Conclusions: The IMP is a valid measure of mindful parenting in English-speaking mothers of children and infants. Mindful parenting predicts child internalizing problems and related parent variables, suggesting that mindful parenting programs could benefit families of children with internalizing problems, potentially by reducing parental experiential avoidance, unhelpful beliefs about or accommodation of child anxiety.

Parenting Program in Growing Parents' Positive Parenting at PAUD Al-Ummah Deli Tua

Parenting is the basis for the child to shape his/her personality. One of the impacts of parenting will be seen when the child is in the school environment. Children's problems at school cannot be removed from parenting at home. The success of children in both academic and non-academic schools is also supported by the pattern of parenting that children receive in the family environment. Therefore, the education carried out in the school should synergize with the education carried out in the family. Parenting behavior towards the child often shows impatience, incapable of self-control, complaining when facing parenting difficulties and not listening to the child's problems attentively. This devotion aims to know the effectiveness of programs to positively improve parenting skills through Mindful parenting programs. Mindful parenting can be interpreted as parental awareness in paying attention, aiming and not labeling or negative assessment of each child's experience. Based on the above, it is necessary to do activities to address the problem through the devotion of parenting programs in fostering positive parenting behavior in Paud Al Ummah delitua.

A Component Analysis of the Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) Program for Mindful Parenting by Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

ObjectivesMindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) has been shown to be effective in reducing stress and burnout in parents and professional caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to assess the comparative effects of the mindfulness (MB) and positive behavior support (PBS) components against the MBPBS program for mindful parenting.MethodsThe study utilized a three-arm randomized controlled trial design, with a 10-week pre-treatment control condition, 30 weeks of intervention, and 3 years of post-intervention follow-up. Mothers of children with ASD were randomly assigned to the MB, PBS, and MBPBS conditions and provided 3 days of training specific to each condition. The effects of these programs were assessed on the mothers (i.e., training attendance, meditation time, perceived psychological stress) and spillover effects were assessed on their children with ASD (i.e., aggression, disruptive behavior, compliance with mothers’ requests).ResultsMothers in the MBPBS condition reported greater reductions in perceived psychological stress, followed by those in the MB condition, and with no significant changes reported by those in the PBS condition. Reduction in the children’s aggression and disruptive behavior followed a similar pattern, with most to least significant reductions being in MBPBS, MB, and PBS condition, respectively. Significant increases in compliance (i.e., responsiveness to mothers’ requests) were largest in the MBPBS condition, followed by MB, and then PBS. Changes across all variables for both mothers and their children were maintained for 3 years post-intervention. After time and training type were controlled for, meditation time was a significant predictor in reducing aggressive and disruptive behaviors, and in enhancing compliance of the children with mothers’ requests.ConclusionsPositive outcomes for mothers and their children with ASD were significantly greater in the MBPBS condition, followed by the MB condition, and least in the PBS condition. MBPBS appears to be an effective mindful parenting program on the assessed variables.

Mindful Parenting Programs in Non-clinical Contexts: A Qualitative Review of Child Outcomes and Programs, and Recommendations for Future Research

Mindful parenting programs, providing mindfulness training for parents and caregivers, have been gaining increasing attention in recent years. Parents participating in these programs have reported benefits in emotional awareness, listening, and parent-child relationships at post-intervention. Considering that many mindful parenting programs aim to train parents generally, rather than specifically targeting parents of clinic-referred or diagnosed children, it is necessary to ascertain the impact of these programs in non-clinical, community samples. In the present qualitative review, databases were searched for studies that reported on children’s outcomes following mindful parenting programs for parents of typically developing children without clinical diagnoses. A synthesis of selected papers (n = 6) demonstrated promising but limited impact of mindful parenting programs on children’s psychosocial functioning. Differences emerged across programs in themes and mindfulness elements covered. Results demonstrate a need for more rigorous and multi-informant research on the preventative implications of mindful parenting programs in non-clinical contexts for child functioning.

Effect of Mindful Parenting Program in Reducing Psychological Burden on Mother with Cerebral Palsy Children

Caring children with cerebral palsy might rise the potential of having physical, emotional, and psychological burdens for the mother. Mindfulness-based interventions can help to decrease psychological distress, sleep disturbances, and physical fatigue by improving the growth of quality of life and spirituality. The purpose of this study is to discover the effect of a mindful parenting program in reducing the psychological burden of the mother’s children with cerebral palsy. This research uses the one-group pre-test post-test design using a double pre-test. Measurement of psychological burden using psychological burden scale. The participants are 6 mothers of the cerebral palsy children who followed 8 sessions mindful parenting program. Hypothesis testing using the Wilcoxon-signed-rank test along with qualitative data analysis using observation and self-report. The results showed that mindful parenting program significantly decreased psychological burden on mothers with cerebral palsy children with z = -2.201 (p = 0,028; p &amp;lt;0,05). The effect of a mindful parenting program on psychological burden reduction was 63% (r = -0.63).

The extended nervous system: affect regulation, somatic and social change processes associated with mindful parenting

BackgroundA theoretical model of mindful parenting has the potential to succinctly summarise its various change processes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate some of the change processes associated with mindful parenting, namely, the affect regulation, somatic and social change processes. A secondary aim was to verify whether clinical insights are consistent with the change processes identified in a systematic review of mindful parenting.MethodInterpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse semi-structured interviews with four Australian clinicians delivering Mindful Parenting (MP) programs. The clinicians had extensive personal meditation practice. This qualitative study is part of a mixed methods study, which commenced with a quantitative systematic review.ResultsSix higher-order themes identified as change processes included reflective functioning, attachment, cognitive, affective, somatic and social change processes.ConclusionThe anchor is a new theoretical model summarising the change processes associated with mindful parenting. The mother portrayed as the extended nervous system for the infant is a neologism that also has not been previously mentioned in the literature. Given the limitations with the small sample and potential bias with interpretation, the anchor is a starting point to developing a theoretical model of mindful parenting. Future research with larger sample sizes and objective measures is needed to confirm whether the anchor is a reasonable summary of the change processes.

A Preliminary Study Investigating the Effectiveness of the Caring for Body and Mind in Pregnancy (CBMP) in Reducing Perinatal Depression, Anxiety and Stress

Prenatal mental illness is a significant public health issue with intergenerational consequences. Caring for Body and Mind in Pregnancy (CBMP) is an Australian, 8-week mindful parenting program. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of CBMP in reducing pregnant women’s levels of depression, anxiety, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety and stress. The sample consisted of 109 pregnant women at-risk for perinatal depression and anxiety. The mean age of the sample was 33.52 years (SD = 4.90), ranging from 21 to 45 years. A within group, pre-post research design was used to examine whether CBMP improves participants’ scores on outcome measures. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test results indicated that CBMP significantly reduced depression, anxiety, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety and general stress scores, while significantly increasing self-compassion and mindfulness with moderate to strong effect sizes. The double mediation hypothesis was supported with self-compassion t (71) = −2.23, p < 03, b2 = −1.96, SE = 88, 95% CI = −3.71, −.20, having a stronger influence in reducing perinatal depression than mindfulness t (71) = −2.68, p < .01, b3 = −.07, SE = .03, 95% CI = −.13, −.02. Further research, using a randomized controlled design with appropriate control conditions, is needed to establish the effectiveness of CBMP in reducing psychological distress amongst pregnant women at risk of developing depression, anxiety or stress.

A Qualitative Exploration of an Eight-Week Mindful Parenting Program for Parents

Mindful parenting is a relatively new extension of mindfulness and is beneficial for the well-being of both parents and their children. In this study, an eight-week mindful parenting program was conducted in a Hong Kong community. The qualitative method was adopted to explore how the program could benefit parents with stress and parenting problems. Six participants were included in the interviews. Analysis of the qualitative data suggested four themes: enhanced emotion regulation, more compassion, positive changes in the parent-child relationship, and home practice consistency and obstacles. The practical implications of the mindful parenting program to improve parents’ emotion regulation and parent-child relationships are addressed. The limitations of this study and future research directions are also discussed.

Program Pengasuhan Positif untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Mindful Parenting Orangtua Remaja

Deal with children in adolescence stage, parents often showing impatience behavior, unable to control him/herself, complaining when faced with difficulties in parenting and do not listen attentively toward child’s problems. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting program to improve parenting skills in a positive way. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with measurement technique was Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale. The subjects were 28 parents of students of class VII SMPN 15 Bandung. The results showed that the effect of mindful parenting programs has improved significantly on three skills in aspect of positive parenting included listening attentively, emotional awareness of self and children, and self-regulation in the parenting relationship. But for the other two aspects, namely acceptance of self and children without judgment, and the love of self and children the results are less significant.

The effectiveness of mindful parenting programs in promoting parents' and children's wellbeing: a systematic review.

The rationale for undertaking this review was to investigate a potential strategy to address the rising prevalence of child and adolescent mental health disorders. The central tenants of mindful parenting appear to be emotional awareness, emotional regulation, attention regulation, intentionality and non-judgmental acceptance. The primary objective of this review was to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of mindful parenting programs in promoting children's, adolescents' and parents' wellbeing, particularly in relation to the intensity of symptoms associated with internalizing (depression, anxiety, stress) and externalizing (conduct) disorders. The secondary objective was to evaluate how effective mindful parenting programs are in improving emotional regulation, attention regulation, quality of the parent-child relationship, resilience and mindfulness of the children, adolescents and parents. Children aged between 0 and 18 years and their parents who have completed a mindful parenting program were the focus of this review. Mindful parenting programs included in this review had a minimum duration of one to two hours per week for 6 to 8 weeks, delivered in a group format, by a facilitator with appropriate training. It included parenting programs that drew upon mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive behavior therapy, dialectical behavior therapy or acceptance commitment therapy. The comparator was the control or waitlist conditions. This review focused on randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of mindful parenting programs. Primary outcomes were wellbeing or intensity of symptoms associated with internalizing disorders (depression, anxiety, stress) and externalizing disorders (conduct disorders) in children, adolescents and parents. Secondary outcomes were emotional regulation, quality of the parent-child relationship, resilience and mindfulness of the children, adolescents and parents. Eight databases were searched for studies evaluating mindful parenting programs from 1997 to November 2014. A three-step search strategy was utilized to retrieve both published and unpublished studies written in English from PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Collection, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases. A logic grid was developed for each of the eight databases to identify the indexing terms and synonyms for the keywords "mindful" and "parenting". Methodological limitations included small sample sizes leading to lack of statistical power, multiple testing leading to increased alpha errors in addition to information bias caused by a lack of blinding in the implementation and assessment phase. The data extraction process entailed using the standardized data extraction form from Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument to extract data from the selected studies. The heterogeneity of the samples, the measurement tools and outcomes measured precluded data synthesis through meta-analysis. Conclusions on intervention effects were based on comparisons of the overall statistical significance of the outcomes data. The search yielded 1232 articles, from which seven randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate mindful parenting programs may reduce parental stress, increase parents' emotional awareness of their 10-14-year-old children and reduce preschool children's symptoms associated with externalizing disorders. A recurring finding was that the mindful parenting programs reduced parents' emotional dismissal of their adolescents and preschoolers. At present, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that mindful parenting programs can improve parents' and children's wellbeing because of the methodological quality of the few studies that met the inclusion criteria. Although there is currently insufficient evidence, mindful parenting programs are increasingly used in a variety of contexts. It may not be appropriate for psychotic or severely traumatized individuals. Future studies could make a significant contribution to the field by designing studies with sufficient sample sizes, adequate statistical power as well as blinding participants, facilitators and assessors.

The effectiveness of Mindful Parenting programs in promoting parents' and children's wellbeing: a systematic review protocol

The effectiveness of Mindful Parenting programs in promoting parents' and children's wellbeing: a systematic review protocol