Min Of Warming Research Articles

Effect of exercise training on dimensions of quality of life and fatigue in people with congestive heart failure class II and III: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Improved living conditions and increased life expectancy have led to aging in societies. Increased incidence of chronic heart disease is one of the most important economic, social, and health challenges of the 21st century. Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of exercise training on dimensions of quality of life and mental status in people with congestive heart failure Class II and III. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on patients with chronic heart failure. For this purpose, 52 eligible patients were chosen and randomly divided into case and control groups. The participants in the case group were asked to follow an exercise program three sessions per week in the morning for 24 weeks. This exercise program comprised 5–10 min of warming, 20–30 min of exercise, and 5 min of cool-down. Data were collected by the SF-36 questionnaire and analyzed by the SPSS version 18. Results: The results revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean score of various dimensions of quality of life including NYHA functional Classes II (P = 0.032) and III (P = 0.027), fatigue, BP, and general health in Classes II (P

Effect of hypohydration and altitude exposure on skin blood flow responses to local heating

It is unknown whether hypohydration (HYPO) or hypobaric hypoxia alter skin blood flow (SkBF) responses to local heating. We hypothesized that HYPO (4% of body weight) and acute altitude (ALT, 3,048 m) would decrease forearm SkBF responses to local heating and that ALT‐HYPO together would result in a further decline. Four healthy young men (23 ± 6 years, 175 ± 5 cm, 74 ± 5 kg) completed 4 trials each: a) sea‐level–euhydrated (SL‐ EUH); b) SL‐HYPO; c) ALT‐EUH; and d) ALT‐HYPO. Local thermal control of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was assessed by local heating to 42°C for 30 min. CVC was calculated as laser‐Doppler flow/mean arterial pressure and analyzed for initial peak (~2–4 min after onset of warming), and plateau (last 3–5 min of warming). Initial peak CVC values were 1107 ± 593, 673 ± 273, 619 ± 241 and 784 ± 440 % of baseline for SL‐EUH, SL‐HYPO, ALT‐EUH, and ALT‐HYPO, respectively. Plateau CVC values were 1585 ± 797, 1340 ± 609, 962 ± 396 and 1082 ± 869 % of baseline. There were no significant influences of HYPO or ALT (P > 0.05 for all), although HYPO and ALT reduced initial peak SkBF by 29–44% and plateau SkBF by 15–39%. Based on these pilot data, 14–18 subjects would be required to give 80% power to detect statistical differences in initial peak and plateau SkBF responses during local heating as a result of hypohydration and altitude exposure.The opinions contained herein are not official and do not reflect Army/DOD views

An update on North American boar stud practices

This survey included 44 boar studs from Canada and the USA with a total of ∼10,000 boars. Studs with 51–500 boars accounted for 84% of respondents. More than 90% of boars were housed in stalls. Evaporative and mechanical cooling systems predominated and boars were typically fed based on body condition. The predominant age of boars was 1–2 years with annual culling rates between 20 and 70%. The primary reasons for culling included genetic improvement, semen quality and feet and leg issues. Collection occurred commonly on Mondays and Thursdays and boars were rested 3–7 days between collections. The average sperm produced per boar per week was 51–150 billions and resulted in 21–40 doses per boar per week. Most studs collected boars using double gloves and disposable cups or liners and used pre-warmed containers. Ejaculate pooling was practiced by >60% of studs. Evaluation of semen for motility was performed with 0–5 min of warming in extender with viewing at 100–400× magnification. Concentration estimation occurred by photometer and CASA for 88% of studs. Ejaculate discard occurred for reasons of poor motility, abnormal sperm and bacteria. Most studs retained extended samples for 3–7 days for quality control. Discard rates were most common between 1 and 10% and were related to individual boar and season. Doses of semen contained 2–4 billion sperms, with final sperm numbers adjusted for fertile sperm and packaged as doses in tubes and bags with 60–100 mL.

Adjustments on the cryopreservation conditions reduce the incidence of boar ejaculates with poor sperm freezability

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different cryopreservation conditions (CCs) for freezing and thawing boar ejaculates, focusing on those having sub-optimal sperm freezability. Using a split-ejaculate technique, single ejaculates from 53 boars were diluted in lactose-egg yolk extender, containing a final glycerol concentration (GLY) of 2 or 3%, packaged in 0.5 mL straws and were cooled at rates of −10, −40 or −60 °C/min (cooling rate: CR). Thereafter, the frozen sperm samples were thawed by warming them at rates of ∼1200 or ∼1800 °C/min (warming rate: WR). Frozen-thawed sperm samples were assessed for the sperm motility (CASA system) and flow cytometric analysis of plasma and acrosomal membranes integrity. Cooling rate had no influence ( P > 0.05) on sperm quality parameters, however GLY and WR independently affected ( P < 0.05) all assessed sperm parameters. Evaluating the combined effect of GLY and WR (four different CCs resulting of a 2 × 2 factorial design), the best post-thaw quality results were achieved for sperm samples frozen with 3% glycerol and thawed at 1800 °C/min (CC4). However, there was a significant interaction ( P < 0.001) between CC and ejaculate for all post-thaw sperm quality assessments. Therefore, ejaculates were classified in three different populations according to the post-thaw sperm quality achieved using control CC (CC1: 2% of glycerol and ∼1200 °C/min of warming). The effectiveness of CCs was different ( P < 0.05) in the three ejaculate populations. Spermatozoa from ejaculates considered as “good” freezers were relatively unaffected ( P > 0.05) by the modifications in the CCs, whereas those from “moderate” and, mainly, “bad” freezers were very sensitive ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, optimization of the CCs – GLY and WR – can improve the cryosurvival of spermatozoa in some ejaculates, particularly in those having poor sperm freezing ability.

Salvage of glucosylceramide by recycling after internalization along the pathway of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

To examine the (intra)cellular fate of a glycolipid, normally residing at the cell surface, a fluorescent analog of glucosylceramide, 6-[N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoylglucosylsp hingosine (C6-NBD-glucosylceramide), was inserted into the plasma membrane of baby hamster kidney cells at low temperature. Upon warming the cells to 37 degrees C, part of the glycolipid analog was internalized. A comparison with receptor-mediated uptake of transferrin revealed that after 2 min of warming, both C6-NBD-glucosylceramide and the transferrin-transferrin receptor complex are localized in the same intracellular compartment (early endosomes). We conclude that C6-NBD-glucosylceramide is internalized along the pathway of receptor-mediated endocytosis. When, after internalization of part of the membrane-inserted glycolipid analog, the residual pool of plasma membrane C6-NBD-lipid was removed by "back exchange" with a lipid acceptor, C6-NBD-glucosylceramide molecules can be shown to return intact to the plasma membrane. This demonstrates that glycolipids, analogous to a variety of protein receptors, are able to recycle to the plasma membrane after internalization.