Milwaukee Public Museum Research Articles

Single syntypes of Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910 (Odonata: Corduliidae), discovered in both the Milwaukee Public Museum and the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, U.S.A., with designation of the lectotype.

A male syntype of Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910, from Kavykuchi Gazimurskie village, Transbaikalia, Siberia, June 24 (in Julian Calendar, July 7 in Gregorian Calendar) 1909, was discovered in the Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin, U.S.A., as received in exchange from A.N. Bartenev by Richard Anthony Muttkowski. Another male syntype with the same data later was found in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Michigan, U.S.A. The latter specimen is designated as the lectotype of S. exuberata. The description of Somatochlora vera Bartenev, 1914, a name currently considered a junior synonym of S. exuberata, is critically evaluated.

Anatomical and biochemical evidence for Treponema pallidum in a 19th to early twentieth century skeletal cadaver.

This report summarizes findings relating to the biochemical and skeletal evidence for Treponema pallidum in an unusually old case of congenital syphilis. In 1951, the Milwaukee Public Museum acquired skeletal remains from the Surgical School of Marquette University. The male was identified as a 60-65-year-old, that was suffering from congenital syphilis. His remains are now part of the anthropological collections of Wisconsin Lutheran College (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests were used to verify the presence of the bacteria-generated antibodies, while mass spectrometry testing provided indirect evidence for the historical treatment of the disease. Notably, antibody detection in human remains of this age is rare. These initial results support what is known of syphilis and its treatment prior to the wide scale, clinical use of penicillin therapy, and describe evidence for long-term skeletal symptoms of congenital syphilis in century-old human remains.

The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World’s Most Misunderstood Mammals

Tuttle, M. D. 2015. The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World’s Most Misunderstood Mammals. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, Massachusetts and New York, 271 pp. (hard cover). ISBN 978-0-544-38227-5, $26. If bats could choose one human advocate, I am quite sure it would be Merlin Tuttle—an ecologist, conservationist, and wildlife photographer with a lifelong passion for bats and more than 50 years dedicated to their research and preservation. His new book— The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World’s Most Misunderstood Mammals —delivers on the title’s promise. Tuttle delights us with some fascinating facets of bat biology and natural history, along with tales of hard work, science, stories of almost fatal adventures on different continents, battles to save species that otherwise would now be extinct or on the brink of extinction principally due to fear and misunderstanding, and friendship with moonshiners and poachers. Most of this is summarized in the preface, which introduces the emblematic example of Austin, Texas, the city that now proudly calls itself the bat capital of America. In 1984, 1.5 million free-tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) had settled in the crevices of the Congress Avenue Bridge, and Austinites reacted in fear and panic, clamoring for their extermination. Aware of the situation, Tuttle resigned his job as curator of mammals at the Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin, and moved to Austin with his recently founded Bat Conservation International (BCI). After his strong intervention emphasizing the truth about bats to policy makers and the public in general, fear and panic turned into respect and appreciation. Nowadays, the free-tailed bat colony is the largest urban colony in the world, consumes about 15 tons of insects each night, and brings in US … Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22713-375, Brazil; e-mail: rmoratelli{at}fiocruz.br.

Predictors of evolution acceptance in a museum population

Studies of the U.S. general public have demonstrated that acceptance of evolution is a function of both religion and education. To test if this is true of natural history museum patrons as well, we conducted a survey of visitors to the Milwaukee Public Museum. We hypothesized that education and religion represented separate pathways in the acceptance of evolution. Measures included the MATE scale of evolution acceptance, as well as questions about religious denomination, frequency of religious service attendance, educational attainment and knowledge of evolutionary terms. The survey was administered to visitors of the Milwaukee Public Museum during the summer of 2013. A total of 203 museum goers completed the entire survey. We analyzed the data using chi square, analysis of variance, and general linear models. We found that, on average, museum patrons scored high on acceptance of evolution. Religious denomination or frequency of church attendance was not related to educational attainment. In bivariate analyses, Christian affiliation was associated with lower acceptance of evolution, with nondenominational Christians showing the lowest level of acceptance. Educational attainment, but not religious denomination was related to knowledge of evolutionary terms. In a multivariate model, knowledge of evolutionary terms was predicted by education and religious denomination. In a similar model, acceptance of evolution was predicted by education, religious denomination, frequency of church attendance and knowledge of evolutionary terms. Our results are consistent with previous findings in U.S. samples demonstrating that religious denomination, religiosity and education are predictors of evolutionary acceptance among adults. In addition, they confirm our hypothesis that religion and education represent largely distinct pathways in the acceptance of evolution. The major impact of religious denomination is on the acceptance, not knowledge of evolution. These results focus attention on understanding what processes allow religious fundamentalists to block the conversion of knowledge about evolution into evolutionary acceptance.

Visitor Opinions of Human Evolution in the Milwaukee Public Museum

Museums have the opportunity to present human evolution to a wide range of visitors, yet few appear to exhibit this topic in an unflinching manner. In a survey conducted at the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM), the vast majority of visitors thought a human evolution exhibit was appropriate for the museum. However, a small number said any discussion of human evolution would mandate the presentation of Biblical creation as well. Museums have an obligation to meet visitor demands as best they can, but doing so for this particular group would mean compromising scientific fact. With respect to the Milwaukee Public Museum, we have identified that label text within the human evolution exhibit is effectively accommodating religious viewpoints. Although the MPM is not the first museum to take this approach, the longevity of this label without public outcry is notable in light of recent events at other museums—most remarkably, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. We consider here the differences between the approaches taken by each museum and whether religious accommodation is a viable approach for museum professionals to consider when exhibiting evolution-related content.

Precisely locating the Ordovician equator in Laurentia

Research Article| February 01, 2013 Precisely locating the Ordovician equator in Laurentia Jisuo Jin; Jisuo Jin 1Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David A.T. Harper; David A.T. Harper 2Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LH, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L. Robin M. Cocks; L. Robin M. Cocks 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Phil J.A. McCausland; Phil J.A. McCausland 1Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Christian M.Ø. Rasmussen; Christian M.Ø. Rasmussen 4Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Peter M. Sheehan Peter M. Sheehan 5Department of Geology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2013) 41 (2): 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1130/G33688.1 Article history received: 29 May 2012 rev-recd: 05 Jul 2012 accepted: 06 Jul 2012 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jisuo Jin, David A.T. Harper, L. Robin M. Cocks, Phil J.A. McCausland, Christian M.Ø. Rasmussen, Peter M. Sheehan; Precisely locating the Ordovician equator in Laurentia. Geology 2013;; 41 (2): 107–110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G33688.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract The Late Ordovician equatorial zone, like the zone today, had few hurricane-grade storms within 10° of the equator, as emphasized by the preservation of massive-bedded Thalassinoides ichnofacies in a trans-Laurentian belt more than 6000 km long, from the southwestern United States to North Greenland. That belt also includes nonamalgamated shell beds dominated by the brachiopod Proconchidium, which would not have been preserved after hurricane-grade storms. The belt lacks such storm-related sedimentary features as rip-up clasts, hummocky cross-stratification, or large channels. In contrast, other contemporaneous Laurentian Thalassinoides facies and shell beds on either side of the belt have been disturbed by severe storms below fair-weather wave base. The position of the biofacies-defined equatorial belt coincides with the Late Ordovician equator deduced from paleomagnetic data from Laurentia, thus providing both a high-precision equatorial location and an independent test of the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis for that time. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Review: Behind-the-Scenes Tour of the Milwaukee Public Museum, by Claudia Jacobson

Review: <i>Behind-the-Scenes Tour of the Milwaukee Public Museum</i>, by Claudia Jacobson

An Early Maya Stela on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala

In 1963, during the second field season of Milwaukee Public Museum excavation on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala, a very important stela fragment was discovered (“Monument” 42, Bilbao; Figure 2 ). It was carved in an art style which may be best described as “Proto-Maya” or “early Maya”, and we have reason to believe that it Protoclassic in age.

A Subjective Tribute to the Work of Robert P. McIntosh

A prominent ecologist named R.H. Whittaker once noted the possibility of an ecology of ecologists, their preferences being regionally or culturally determined. Whether or not this is true of one particular ecologist, Robert P. McIntosh (Mac), has yet to be seen. He would say that his career and his ecology were shaped predominantly by chance. In order to understand his contribution to ecology and The American Midland Naturalist, it is crucial to note the wide variety of work he completed, jobs he had, along with a bit of his character and personal history. In the following pages I will attempt to give a bit of insight into the career of an ecologist from the perspective of a completely biased granddaughter. The subsequent information has been gathered from the articles mentioned and several interviews with my grandfather Dr. McIntosh (Mac). At one point, I asked Mac how he came to study ecology. He knew exactly how to answer this question, as if he had answered a hundred times and knew just how to begin. It was mostly a matter of chance he told me. It all started when he was a freshman at Lawrence College. A friend of Mac's worked as Albert Fuller's right-hand man, to use his own words. By this time Mac had taken one botany class. Fuller, as the Curator of Botany at the Milwaukee Public Museum, was conducting a summer project to gather, press and send plants to high schools as learning tools. Mac's friend was put in charge of overseeing the project and hiring someone to identify the plants. Mac was hired for the job, worked for Fuller and very quickly learned which plants were which. After this experience Mac took more botany classes, graduated from Lawrence College and promptly joined the army in 1942. He was discharged in 1946 and wondered what to do next. To answer this question he talked to Albert Fuller and heard that biology laboratory teachers were needed. He was hired and taught in Milwaukee, Wisconsin until the head of the biology department there suggested that Mac go to Madison to get a graduate degree in biology from the University of Wisconsin. At first he took biology classes until he ran into the ecology department, met John Curtis and eventually became one of five students in Curtis' first graduating class. In 1951 Mac wrote a groundbreaking paper with his teacher and friend John Curtis. The study was based on the analysis of a large sampling of the prairie-forest border of Wisconsin. The data was used to determine if plant communities exist in discrete, neatly ordered units or if they exist as a continuous series of overlapping species. Mac considers the real contribution of the study to be the large sampling technique and the density-frequency dominance index that assigned weighted numbers to each species. It was in this paper that the continuum concept was named. As Mac has told me many times, the ideas of this paper were based on those of an earlier ecologist named Henry A. Gleason. It was Gleason who suggested an idea to rival that of Frederick Clements' original community-unit concept. Mac's unfailing and continued interest in the history of ecology meant he was able to illustrate for me the full story of Gleason and his initially defeated individualistic concept. In the first half of the 20th century, community ideas provided by Clements dominated the field of ecology and all ecology textbooks. Clements proposed that communities of organisms in nature are organized in very distinct units defined by identifiable boundaries. In contrast to Clements' ideas, Gleason offered the view that communities exist as a series of species that are distributed individually from one another. The widespread acceptance of well-delineated communities prevented other ideas such as Gleason's from being

Wisconsin Freshwater Sponge Species Documented by Scanning Electron Microscopy

ABSTRACT The majority of the presently recognized species of Nearctic freshwater sponges have been collected and reported from the State of Wisconsin. Important early contributions to freshwater sponge research were made by Minna E. Jewell and James R. Neidhoefer, both of whom deposited voucher specimens in the Milwaukee Public Museum. These authors included in their publications figures illustrating species diagnostic traits, based on examination of specimens with the light microscope. We re-examined their historically significant voucher specimens of Wisconsin sponge species using scanning electron microscopy and here provide a reference atlas of diagnostic criteria for these species. The material we have examined does not support a valid Wisconsin record for Spongilla aspinosa.

Behind the Findings: Yes, the Science Explorations Program Worked, but Why?

Abstract The Science Explorations program was developed by the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM) out of a desire to use the unique resources of MPM to advance informal science education and to address a community need of local and national concern: improving science education and accessibility for underserved audiences. In 2002, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and private donors, MPM launched this after‐school program for a target group of urban, mostly minority, middle school girls, a group at risk for underachievement in science and technology. The museum staff built a combined program with five middle schools and also sought to reach out to family members of the participating girls in order to increase support for the young women's science endeavors. A three‐year evaluation of the Science Explorations program demonstrated positive findings from primarily quantitative data. An aim of this article is to present findings from the qualitative data to shed light on the reasons this program met nearly all of its targets. Findings from case studies and qualitative interviews suggest that the museum staff's efforts to demystify science—a process that provided ongoing access to real scientific endeavors and invited personal contact with scientists—influenced the program's success. Findings also suggest that strong school liaisons may help increase family support for young women's scientific pursuits, which can in turn play a role in their success in this program.

The Financial Collapse Of The Milwaukee Public Museum

The 123-year old Milwaukee Public Museum, which had long been considered to be one of the top natural history museums in the country, found itself in dire financial straights in 2005. The museum had run large deficits for the past three years and had almost entirely eaten through its cash and long-term endowment. In June 2005 it was forced to lay off many of its experienced collections and research staff and had begun the process of preparing to sell off assets that were not a part of the “exhibit experience.” Milwaukee County’s Chief Executive went so far as to suggest that the Museum’s celebrated 700-acre Tirimbina rain forest preserve in Costa Rica should be sold. How did this once renowned organization become a shell of its former self? What financial management and governance mistakes were made, if any, and how could this disaster have been prevented? THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM CASE

Early Uses of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker

I read with considerable pleasure the account of the ivory-billed woodpecker's survival in “Ivory-billed woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis ) persists in continental North America” (J. W. Fitzpatrick et al. , Reports, 3 June, p. [1460][1]) and “Rediscovery of the ivory-billed woodpecker” (D. S. Wilcove, Perspectives, 3 June, p. [1422][2]). The relatively intensive use of ivory-bill skulls in specific items of Native American material culture may suggest that the very low population density and infrequent encounter rates noted for recent populations may not have applied, at least to the same degree, to ivory-bill populations in the past. The Ioway—a group from the American midcontinent not generally associated with the southeastern old-growth bottomland forests identified as the range of the ivory-bill—used the skull of female ivory-bills as central elements in a series of Buffalo clan-related pipe bundles ([1][3]). A single pipe stem associated with the Pigeon clan used seven male ivory-bill heads as decoration. Pileated woodpeckers ( Dryocopus pileatus ) are also sometimes used, and one pipe whose clan associations are unclear included one male ivory-bill scalp, with the scalps of four pileated woodpeckers spaced along the shaft. The ivory-bill's widespread depictions in prehistoric art may also suggest that it was a more familiar sight than would be suggested by its relatively reclusive descendants. It appears, for example, on both engraved shell and ceramics from late prehistoric sites from Florida to Oklahoma ([2][4]); one particular style of engraved shell gorget, the so-called Cox Mound style, depicts four ivory-bills in rotation symmetry around the margins of the design, surrounding a looped square and cross-in-circle. Scholars differ regarding the meaning of the woodpecker heads ([3][5]). Although rarity may have been one factor in the selection of ivory-bill body parts for ceremonial objects, its use as a recognizable iconographic symbol suggests a greater degree of familiarity. 1. [↵][6] 1. A. Skinner , Ethnology of the Ioway Indians, (Bulletin of the Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, 1926), vol. 5. 2. [↵][7] 1. J. P. Brain, 2. P. Phillips , Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Southeast (Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996). 3. [↵][8] George Lankford has suggested they represent the four winds (4); Barker suggests sentinels (5). 4. 1. R. Townsend 1. G. Lankford , in Hero Hawk and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, R. Townsend, Ed. (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT, 2004), pp. 217-218. 5. 1. A. Barker , Archaeology 55((no. 4)), 44 (2002). [OpenUrl][9][Web of Science][10] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1114103 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1114507 [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #ref-2 [5]: #ref-3 [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [8]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3 in text [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArchaeology%26rft.volume%253D55%26rft.issue%253D%2528no.%2B4%2529%26rft.spage%253D44%26rft.atitle%253DARCHAEOLOGY%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [10]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000185642900027&link_type=ISI

SURVEYS FOR TERRESTRIAL AMPHIBIANS IN SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHASTA SALAMANDERS (HYDROMANTES SHASTAE)

As part of a larger effort to manage rare, forest-associated species on United States Forest Service [USFS] lands, we conducted surveys to examine the terrestrial amphibian fauna in the region north of Shasta Lake in Shasta County, California. Our goal was to assess species diversity of terrestrial amphibians in this area and attempt to identify new localities of the Shasta salamander (Hydromantes shastae). We chose our survey area based on the distribution of USFS lands, the known range of H. shastae, and past survey efforts (Fig. 1). We selected 40 Public Land Survey Sections from USGS 7.5' topographic maps for sampling. Sections within the study area were selected for survey based on the presence of a road or trail that allowed sufficient access for travel to and from the site and for sampling to occur in a single day. In each selected sectionr the largest stream crossing the primary access road or trail was chosen as the initiation point for surveys. Two surveyors searched 5-m wide meandering belts roughly parallel to the stream, 1 that began approximately 5 m and the other approximately 50 m from the stream edge. At the conclusion of 2 h search time or 0.8 km stream length the crew crossed the stream and repeated the procedure working in the opposite direction. An additional 1 person-hour opportunistic search (30 min/surveyor) was conducted in areas adjacent to the transects that the surveyors deemed most likely to harbor terrestrial salamanders. Searches were conducted by turning cover objects such as rocks and down wood. All surveyors had previous experience surveying for terrestrial amphibians. Surveys were conducted from January to March 2002, when air temperatures were between 1 and 19°C and substrates beneath cover objects were moist. Because a main target of our surveys was H. shastae, a known population was visited weekly as a reference site. All H. shasfae captured at newly discovered sites were deposited in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, for use in assays of genetic diversity. All H. shastae captured at the reference site were released at the point of capture. All other captured reptiles and amphibians were identified to species, measured, and released. A map of historic H. shastae sites was compiled from museum collection records (American Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Field Museum of Natural History, Humboldt State University, Los Angeles County Museum, Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Sciences, Milwaukee Public Museum, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, University of California Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of Texas Arlington, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology), observational reports from the ShastaTrinity National Forest, and unpublished observations (P Lewendal, Environmental Planner, State of California, Eureka, CA; L Lindstrand III, Fisheries/Wildlife Biologist, North State Resources, Inc., Redding, CA). We combined records that appeared to be from the same locality. If the precision of the observation was not sufficient to differentiate the location of 2 sites, they were considered 1 site. The known site information contains localities ranging from the recent detection of a single individual

A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Research

Science progresses whenever new ways of explaining natural phenomena are revealed. New ideas can only be put to use after the results and significance of research have been brought to the attention of both the scientific and lay communities. The Milwaukee Public Museum Dig-A-Dinosaur Program is a model for scientists who want to conduct research as well as engage and educate the public in their field of study. An array of rewards is derived from including amateurs as members of a research team. Such collaborations strongly increase interest in and comprehension of science as a process. Active participation in scientific investigations promotes one's ability to grasp the logic employed to construct scientific knowledge. Derivative to this, people who experience research enthusiastically share what they learn with diverse audiences. Moreover, the productivity of the scientist can be significantly increased, as exemplified in an extensive paleoecological research project conducted by the authors. In retrospect, the project provided an educational experience for the volunteers that should have been formalized. It would certainly be appropriate to earn college credit based on participation and formalization would validate this learning experience.

Silurian Reef-Dwelling Brachiopods and Their Ecologic Implications

Other| April 01, 2000 Silurian Reef-Dwelling Brachiopods and Their Ecologic Implications RODNEY WATKINS RODNEY WATKINS 1Geology Department, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells St., Milwaukee, WI 53233 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information RODNEY WATKINS 1Geology Department, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells St., Milwaukee, WI 53233 Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Accepted: 06 Jan 2000 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1938-5323 Print ISSN: 0883-1351 Society for Sedimentary Geology PALAIOS (2000) 15 (2): 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015<0112:SRDBAT>2.0.CO;2 Article history Accepted: 06 Jan 2000 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation RODNEY WATKINS; Silurian Reef-Dwelling Brachiopods and Their Ecologic Implications. PALAIOS 2000;; 15 (2): 112–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015<0112:SRDBAT>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyPALAIOS Search Advanced Search Abstract Brachiopods were one of the most diverse groups of reef-dwellers during the Paleozoic, and their degree of specialization for reef habitats provides an important way of assessing the ecologic complexity in reef communities. Silurian (Wenlockian) reef brachiopods in Gotland and Wisconsin are compared to level-bottom brachiopods in Gotland, Wisconsin, and the Welsh Borderland. The reef—level-bottom comparisons are made at the level of single bulk samples, as combined groups of samples from single reefs and from single level-bottom communities, and as combined groups of samples from several reefs that occupy the same stratigraphic horizon. Species diversity of reef brachiopods is higher than that of level-bottom brachiopods, but the amount of this difference decreases from the scale of entire reefs to the scale of single samples, where Shannon indices (H′) and rarefaction curves of reef and level-bottom samples commonly overlap. In terms of species richness, maximum reef values reach 44 species (n = 3452 individuals), while maximum level-bottom values reach 32 species (n = 7732 individuals). Cluster analysis separates associations of reef and level-bottom brachiopods, but there is also some compositional overlap of reef and level-bottom samples. Although the reefs contain more pedunculate brachiopods and fewer strophic, free-lying brachiopods than level bottoms, the reef brachiopods include no morphotypes or genera that are not also known from the level bottom. Wenlockian reef brachiopods in Gotland and Wisconsin were open surface dwellers with very close taxonomic, functional, and ecologic ties to level-bottom communities. As such, they indicate very similar levels of ecologic complexity between reef and high-diversity level-bottom communities. Cryptic reef brachiopods are known from the Silurian, but appear to have been rare. Brachiopods did not include common reef specialists until the Late Paleozoic. The slow pace of brachiopod specialization for reefs and the very close resemblance of Silurian reef and level-bottom brachiopods reflect the ecologic simplicity and long-term diversity plateau of the Paleozoic evolutionary fauna. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Sol Tax and Tribal Sovereignty

Nancy Oestreich Lurie is curator emerita of anthropology, Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM). This article draws upon her first-hand knowledge of the American Indian scene including ongoing research with the Ho-Chunk Nation (formerly Winnebago) that began in 1944; lasting friendships made with Indian people across the country while serving as assistant coordinator to Sol Tax during the American Indian Chicago Conference; and association as an action anthropologist in the founding of the Wisconsin Winnebago government under the Indian Reorganization Act, the Menominee's drive to repeal their termination, and the establishment of the Milwaukee Indian Community School and the Potawatomi Bingo-Casino enterprise in Milwaukee. Her work as an expert witness in cases before the U.S. Indian Claims Commission and federal and state courts familiarized her with the history and effects of federal Indian policy. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1998 meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, where the results of discussion enriched and helped to clarify the present version. In addition to published sources cited, this account rests in large part on personal recollections, particularly of the American Indian Chicago Conference, and on the Indian affairs file of newspaper clippings and tribal and intertribal newspapers maintained since 1972 in the Anthropology Department at the Milwaukee Public Museum.

Soapbox Discourse: Tribal Historiography, Indian-White Relations, and Southeastern New England Powwows

ANN MCMULLEN is curator of North American ethnology at the Milwaukee Public Museum and holds a Ph.D. in anthropology from Brown University. She has written widely on Northeastern woodsplint basketry and began dissertation research on Native American conceptions of history in southeastern New England as preparation for the exhibition Entering the Circle: Native Traditions in Southeastern New England at the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Bristol, Rhode Island (1992-93). The data and conclusions presented here are dealt with in much greater depth in Ann McMullen, Culture by Design: Native Identity, Historiography, and the Reclamation of Tradition in Twentieth-Century Southeastern New England (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996), based on ethnographic and ethnohistorical fieldwork done between June 1990 and May 1994. Research was funded by the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University; the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research; and the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America, Brown University. I gratefully acknowledge this assistance here. I am indebted to my dissertation committee-Shepard Krech III, George L. Hicks, William O. Beeman, Patricia E. Rubertone, and William S. Simmons-for discussion on this paper, and to Dan Odess for his critical reading of earlier versions, subsequent discussions, and support. In addition, I thank Barry O'Connell and two anonymous peer reviewers for their critical comments on an earlier draft, and Ann Marie Plane and Clara Sue Kidwell for their encouragement. Within the text and notes, I have used italicized pseudonyms to disguise informants' identity, but individuals deceased during the period of my research retain their true names.

Areas of Endemism: Definition and Recognition Criteria

Journal Article Areas of Endemism: Definition and Recognition Criteria Get access Antony S. Harold, Antony S. Harold 1Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences,Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Randall D. Mooi Randall D. Mooi 2Vertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum,Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Systematic Biology, Volume 43, Issue 2, June 1994, Pages 261–266, https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/43.2.261 Published: 01 June 1994 Article history Received: 14 June 1993 Accepted: 27 October 1993 Published: 01 June 1994

Major Gift from Potawatomi Bingo to Milwaukee Public Museum

Major Gift from Potawatomi Bingo to Milwaukee Public Museum