Million Tons Research Articles

Sustainable management of construction and demolition waste in Bangladesh to promote resource recycling

ABSTRACT This study conducted during the fiscal year of 2022–2023 endeavors to offer waste generation rates (WGR) for different Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) materials and analyze the financial and environmental benefits of CDW recycling at a national level. Findings from the study reveal that CDW in Bangladesh mainly consists of concrete (56%), brick (15%), mortar (9%), metal (6%), and ceramics (6%). Additionally, the collective CDW produced in six major cities studied totals 3.71 million tons (MT). The WGR of CDW is assessed through regression analysis. The mean WGR for Construction and Demolition activities in the fiscal year 2022–2023 are notably recorded at 64.68 kg/m2 and 1626.97 kg/m2, correspondingly for the 12 city corporations. The study highlights the potential for entrepreneurial initiatives in recycling materials like concrete, brick, mortar, metal, ceramics, and timber, leading to reduced CO2 emissions and energy consumption. The estimated economic value of recycling concrete, brick, and metals in major cities is approximately 104.5 million USD and 0.45 MT of CO2 reduction from recycling brick and metals from major cities.

Greenhouse gas emissions from Chinese livestock sector can be decreased by one third in 2030 by the improvement in management

China is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the livestock sector is a major source of non-CO2 GHG emissions. Mitigation of GHG emissions from the livestock sector is beneficial to the sustainable development of the livestock sector in China. This study investigated the provincial level of GHG emissions from the livestock sector between 2000 and 2020 in China, to determine the driving factors affecting the provincial-level GHG emissions from the livestock sector, based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model, which took into account of technological progress, livestock structure, economic factor, and agricultural population. Moreover, a gray model GM (1, 1) was used to predict livestock GHG emissions in each province until 2030 in China. The results showed that the GHG of Chinese livestock sector was decreased from 195.1 million tons (MT) CO2e in 2000 to 157.2 MT CO2e in 2020. Henan, Shandong, and Hebei provinces were the main contributors to the reduction in Chinese livestock GHG emissions, with their livestock GHG emissions reduced by 60.1%, 53.5% and 45.5%, respectively, in 2020 as compared to 2000. The reduction in GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector can be attributed to two main factors: technological progress and the shrinking of the agricultural laborers. In contrast, the agricultural economic development model with high input and high emissions showed a negative impact on GHG emission reduction in China’s livestock sector. Furthermore, the different livestock structure in each province led to different GHG reduction effects on the livestock sector. Under the gray model GM (1,1), the GHG emissions of the livestock sector will be reduced by 33.7% in 2030 as compared with 2020 in China, and the efficiency factor will account for 76.6% of the positive effect of GHG reduction in 2030. The eastern coastal region will be the main contributor to the reduction of GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector in 2030. Moreover, recommendations (such as upgrading livestock management methods and promoting carbon emission mitigation industries) should be proposed for the environmentally sustainable development of the livestock sector in the future.

Dolomite-Based Concrete: A comprehensive review on mechanical properties

Concrete, an extensively used material contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to use of Portland cement (PC). The production of PC worldwide is approximately 4 billion tons annually accounting for 8% of global CO2 emissions. To address this environmental challenge and mitigate carbon footprint, various industrial waste such as Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Metakaolin, Eggshell Powder, and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash have been employed to partially replace PC, alleviating disposal issues. A waste/byproduct of the dolomite business, dolomite powder is produced yearly in amounts of 1.75–2 million tons (MT), or 25% of the industry's total production (7–8 MT). The current paper intends to summarize the related research on the usage of dolomite powder as a PC replacement in relations to compressive, flexural and split tensile strength. A bibliographic analysis is done using VOSviewer providing relationships between the keywords and countries doing research on dolomite powder. Concrete incorporating dolomite exhibits enhanced mechanical properties, boasting a 5–10% increase in compressive strength, 6–12% higher tensile strength, and a 5–10% boost in flexural strength at a 10% dolomite replacement rate. This is because dolomite has a smaller particle size which fills the miso and macro pores improving the microstructure of concrete and decreasing the porosity Thus, the dolomite as a PC replacement increases overall performance and has proven to be a sustainable option for construction practices.

Assessing geomorphic and hydraulic changes related to an unplanned reconnection of the middle Mississippi River and its floodplain near Miller City, Illinois, USA

The 2016 Len Small Levee breach and the decision not to repair this breach provides a unique opportunity to study the geomorphic and hydraulic changes associated with floodplain reconnection along a large (~30 km long) meander of the Mississippi River known as Dogtooth Bend. This study evaluates recent geomorphic, hydraulic, and sediment-transport capacity changes related to the breaching of the Len Small Levee and the development of cutoff channels across the neck of Dogtooth Bend. We also assess actions undertaken to mitigate further development of cutoff channels across Dogtooth Bend. To address these goals, we perform geomorphic change detection (GCD) analysis and hydrodynamic modeling to assess the geomorphic and hydraulic changes within both the Mississippi's river-connected floodplain and channel.GCD analysis using digital elevation models (DEMs) of the floodplain from pre (2011) and post (2020) levee breach showed net deposition of 23 million tons (MT) of sediment across the reconnected portion of Dogtooth Bend floodplain alone and an additional 34 MT within the batture (the land between the channel's low-water elevation and the flood-mitigation levee). Converting these deposition masses to deposition rates indicates ~5.7 MT yr−1 of deposition within the river-connected floodplain, which is equivalent to ~6 % of the average annual suspended load (~89 MT yr−1) showing this floodplain area is currently a substantial sink for river-transported sediments.In 2021, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a grade-control structure down gradient of the levee breach to inhibit the development of cutoff channels across the neck of Dogtooth Bend. Our modeling indicates the addition of this grade-control structure could decrease peak discharge by up to ~15 % and annual flow volume by half assuming channel conveyance remains similar to 2020 conditions. However, sediment-transport-capacity modeling revealed the decrease in flow across Dogtooth Bend attributed to the grade-control structure did not translate into an increase in sediment-transport capacity within the main channel. Assessment of critical shear stress of erosion for fine-grained cohesive materials across Dogtooth Bend suggests conditions favorable to scouring along the actively forming cutoff channels even with the grade-control structure in place. These observations taken together suggest the current river management efforts may not be sufficient in preventing a meander cutoff over the long-term.

Sustainable paddy residues management through mushroom cultivation in India

AbstractFarmers' open‐field burning of paddy straw and the indoor burning of paddy residues as domestic fuels are significant environmental concerns since they emit dangerous pollutants. The worldwide burning of paddy residues totals 90 million tons (MT). Around 24 MT emanated from India, accounting for approximately 27% of the world's paddy straw burning. Burning residues emit smog particles, polyaromatic amines, nitrous oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, methane, seriously degrading the air quality and risking human health. The combustion of dry paddy straw emits massive volumes of methane and nitrous oxide, 65 and 1.6 kilotons, respectively. This study analyzes the consequences of burning paddy residue outdoors and indoors by reviewing the relevant literature and data. Open‐field burning causes air pollution, damages soil health, and harms human health. Indoor burning of paddy residues as domestic fuels harms women's and children's health in rural areas. To mitigate the adverse effects of this practice, we magnified our research using the various literature and recent statistics to link with mushroom cultivation as an alternative to paddy residue burning. Recently, India produced almost 240,000 tons of mushrooms; Odisha, Maharashtra, and Bihar are the three leading states for mushroom production. The cultivation of mushrooms is considered advantageous for both health and the environment. This study has concentrated on mushrooms' economic potential, medicinal value, and health benefits.

Theoretical Contribution and Critical Analysis of Indian Dairy Sector: A Review on Sustainable Advantage in Milk Supply Chain

A milk supply chain (MSC) is an operational framework that integrates dairy farmers, suppliers, milk outlets, retailers and users to deliver the milk from the producer to end users. Domestic consumption of milk from 17.0 million tonnes (MT) in the year 1950 increased to 221.6 MT in the year 2022−2023 (Department of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry Dairying, 2023). Now the Indian dairy Sector has become the largest milk production country across the globe. This article aims to review an in-depth analysis of the selected literature corpus, providing a better understanding of a subject domain. More than 300 articles or research papers were retrieved from various journals of production engineering, clinical and medical journals on pertinent topics through academic literature and publishers and were systematically studied and classified. It also gives better insights about publications concerning possible issues related to the number of themes, sub-themes covered in individual journals, future scope, the methodology adopted, number of methods used and publication trends. The literature suggests that milk intake helps prevent various health ailments, contrary to other non-epidemic diseases in humans. Inclusive authors discuss the literature on the trade-off between sustainability and risks or challenges in the MSC.

Effective reduction of land-to-ocean plastic leakage in Thailand from 2000 to 2019 and implications for low- and middle-income countries

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) normally lack reliable estimates regarding their long-term, land-to-ocean plastic leakage, hindering global endeavour in addressing marine plastic pollution. Here, we proposed a plastic flow framework for LMICs and applied it to estimate Thailand's plastic flows from production to marine deposition during 2000–2019. The results show that land-to-ocean plastic leakage decreased from 0.60 million tonnes (MT) in 2000 to 0.37 MT in 2019 (29% to 7% of generated), due to improved waste management. The leaked plastics amounted to 9.91 MT over two decades, with 47% being packaging materials and 76% polyethene. However, even substituting all packaging plastics with biodegradable ones, at least 39% of the two-decade leaked plastics remained in aquatic sediments by 2019. Our result indicated that improving waste management and biodegradable plastics substitution both are effective but have limits in mitigating marine plastic pollution. We thus suggest further harnessing the power of informal sectors and improving environmental infrastructure.

Modelling andin situobservation of broadband acoustic scattering from the Silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea)in Lake Victoria, East Africa

AbstractLake Victoria is the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, and fish from the lake are a vital food resource for millions of people living around it. The silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), a small schooling pelagic species known in Tanzania as “dagaa” contributes ca. 55% to the total annual catch (ca. 0.51 million tonnes (MT) in 2014). The acoustic target strength (TS, dB re 1 m2) of dagaa, a key factor for biomass estimation, is however not well described, and is a major source of uncertainty in biomass estimation. In this study, we developed a Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model to predict the TS of dagaa at standard fisheries survey frequencies. The model was based on the morphology of the body and the dual-chambered swimbladder, as obtained from X-ray images of fish ranging in total length (TL) between 2.8 and 5.4 cm. The results suggested that the swimbladder (which comprises 2.6 to 8.2% of body volume) accounts for ca. 65 to 90% of the total backscattering at 120 kHz. The predicted TS was highly dependent on tilt angle, varying by 14.0 dB at 120 kHz across the tilt range 65–115˚ (where 0˚ is head up and 180˚ is tail up), and TS variability with tilt generally increased with increasing frequency. The tilt angle of acoustically tracked individual fish indicated a distribution of tilt angles with a mean and s.d. of 93.5 and 15.1°. Our model suggested a new tilt-averaged TS–TL relationship for dagaa [$T{S}_{120\ kHz} = 19.49\log ( {TL} ) - 70.3$], which leads to a TS 1.5 dB higher than the value in the relationship presently used to estimate stock biomass. The new relationship will lead to a substantial reduction (by ca. 30%) in estimated biomass. The discrepancies between the mean relative frequency response of the in situ measurements of backscatter from dagaa and the KRM model predictions were in the range of -2.9–3.1 dB at frequencies from 45 to 250 kHz. The KRM modelling and in situ broadband measurements of dagaa will be beneficial for acoustic identification and behavioural studies of dagaa, and will enable improved biomass assessment, thereby underpinning sustainable long-term management.

Potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from pig production in China on the basis of households’ pork consumption

In the past decades, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pig production in China have been increasing rapidly, which has become a huge challenge in fulfilling China’s “carbon neutral” commitment. However, few studies have focused on reducing the GHG emissions from pig production in view of households’ pork consumption. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of the GHG emissions from pig production in China in 2001–2020 through geographical information system, optimized the pig production in China, and estimated thepotentialGHG emissions reduction from pig production in China in 2020 through spatial analysis based on pork surplus or deficit. Results show that the temporal and spatial pattern of the GHG emissions from pig production and its proportion in the total GHG emissions from livestock production in China in 2001–2020 varied differently at the province level and conformed to the “Hu Huanyong Line” mode. The largest and smallest GHG emissions from pig production were 108.93 million tons (MT) in 2014 and 78.10 MT in 2020, respectively. The largest and smallest proportions of GHG emissions from pig production in the total GHG emissions from livestock production were 77.52% in Zhejiang in 2013 and 0.13% in Tibet in 2009, respectively. Moreover, a potential optimization scheme of pig production in China in 2020 was provided and a method of GHG emissions reduction from pig production is proposed. The results indicate that the total potentialGHG emissions reduction from pig production on the basis of households’ pork consumption could reach 35.21 MT, accounting for 45.09% of the total GHG emissions from pig production and 10.27% of the total GHG emissions from livestock production in China in 2020. These findings areusefulin the spatial layout planning of pig production, agricultural GHG reduction, and global warming mitigation.

Dynamic Scenario Predictions of Peak Carbon Emissions in China’s Construction Industry

As the largest carbon emitter in the world, China aims to reach its peak carbon emissions goal by the year 2030, while the construction industry makes a significant contribution to carbon emissions, directly affecting the country’s commitment to meet its target. The present paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of carbon emissions released by China’s construction industry under single- and multiple-scenario settings with altering economic growth rates, optimizing energy structures, adjusting industrial structures, and modifying carbon emission policy factors. The research results show that the total carbon emissions generally present a steady increase from the year 2000 and will reach 12,880.40 million tons (MT) by 2030 under a scenario without any intervention. Indirect carbon emissions released from associated industries account for over 96% of the total carbon emissions, while direct carbon emissions make a minor contribution to the total. Single and comprehensive scenarios have positive effects on reducing emissions; it was also observed that only under energy structure scenario III and comprehensive scenario III could carbon emissions released from the construction sector reach a peak value by 2030. The effects of emissions reductions as a result of single policies can be presented in the following order: energy structure, economic growth, carbon emissions policy factor, and industrial structure. All of the emissions reduction effects of multiple scenarios are superior to the single scenarios. The research results provide a basis and guidance for policymakers to adopt the correct steps to fulfill China’s aim of achieving peak carbon emissions by the projected date.

Greenhouse gas emissions of meat products in China: A provincial-level quantification

Driven by a continuous rise in household living standards, China's meat consumption keeps growing, increasing the need for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation. This study employed a process-based life-cycle inventory model to quantify the province-level GHG emissions of meat products in China. Four major livestock products (beef, mutton, chicken, and pork) at four farming scales (cage-free, small, medium, and large-scale farming) were considered. The GHG emissions of the Chinese livestock sector were 429 million tons (MT) CO2e in 2018. Beef had the highest GHG intensity (19.6 kg CO2e/kg), followed by mutton (10.0 kg CO2e/kg), chicken (4.4 kg CO2e/kg), and pork (3.8 kg CO2e/kg). Spatially, northwestern China had a high GHG intensity 5.58 g CO2e/kcal), while the eastern and central regions presented low-intensity values (1.89 and 1.71 g CO2e/kcal, respectively). At the province level, Shandong (38.2 MT CO2e) was the top emitter, while Shanghai (0.5 MT CO2e) had the lowest emissions. This study identified the GHG emission hotspots along the meat product production chain and revealed the spatial pattern of meat-related GHG emissions in China, advancing the low-carbon transition of China's livestock sector.

Crop Residue Management Options, Environmental implications, Limitations and Policy Interventions: A brief review

India ranks as second largest country for agro-based economy having about 1.79 MKM2 agricultural land that generates approximately 686 Million Tonnes (MT) of gross crop residues including approximately 234 MT surplus residues annually. In 686 MT crop residue, contribution of crop types as well as states is variable. In the present study, the role of crop residue as an important natural and renewable resource along with their on and off farm management options having their own benefits, drawbacks and limitations were discussed. Various terminologies used for crops’ residue and methodoloies used to estimate their generation potential were analysed. Different factors regulating the crop residue usage for diverse purposes which affects their end use were identified and listed. As, raw and condensed form of crop residues have different physico-chemical properties and resource value. Various on and off farm crop residue management options including crop residue burning, residue removal, residue retention, residue incorporation, composting, biochar production, livestock feed, mushroom cultivation, biofuel biogas and bioenergy production from different crop residues were compared. Various Government initiatives to minimise and support the unsustainable and sustainable crop residue management options, respectively were reviewed

Assessment of hazardous radionuclide emission due to fly ash from fossil fuel combustion in industrial activities in India and its impact on public

Traditionally coal has been extensively used as a dominating fossil fuel in a wide range of industries due to its abundance. In India, industries like thermal power plants, cement industries, iron, and steel industries along with many captive power plants consume a huge quantity of coal each year to meet energy demand. Coal combustion releases blackish-grey colored fly ash waste is one of the most imperative sources of radionuclides like Radium (226Ra), Thorium (232Th), Potassium (40K) and Uranium (238U). The estimated industrial fly ash is ∼308.416 Million Tonnes (MT) in 2019, considered as an emerging environmental problem. This study represents the first-ever radionuclide emission from Indian fly ash generated across various major industries. The results reveal that the estimated 226Ra, 232Th, 238U, and 40K radionuclides were estimated to be ∼27.473 TBq, ∼44.351 TBq, ∼41.089 TBq, and ∼111.091 TBq respectively. The potential radionuclide hotspot regions across the nation are identified, which could be used as an important tool to assess its impact on the chronic exposure of millions of residents living near these sources. Cleaner or green energy could be the best alternative to combat the unseen health disaster. More effective and safe utilization of fly ash can minimize the hazardous effect of radionuclides emission.

Status of Coal-Based Thermal Power Plants, Coal Fly Ash Production, Utilization in India and Their Emerging Applications

Both fossil and renewable fuel sources are used widely to produce electricity around the globe. The dependency on fossil fuels for energy leads to the depletion of reserves and various forms of pollution. Coal fly ash (CFA) is one of the most burning issues in the whole world due to its large amount of production in thermal power plants. Every year a million tons (MTs) of CFA are generated globally of which almost half is utilized in various forms, while the remaining half remains unused, leading to various types of pollution. Hence, there is an immediate requirement for CFA management approaches for the efficient and sustainable use of fly ash. In the present review, the authors emphasize the status of energy and its supply and demand. A detailed description of coal fly ash-based thermal power plants, fly ash production, and utilization is provided. Moreover, the current and emerging applications of CFA are also provided.

Predicting CO2 Emission Footprint Using AI through Machine Learning

Adequate CO2 is essential for vegetation, but industrial chimneys and land, space and oceanic vehicles exert tons of excessive CO2 and are mostly responsible for the greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change. Due to COVID-19, CO2 emission was in 2020 at its lowest level compared to prior decades. However, it is unknown how long it will take to reduce CO2 emission to a tolerable point. Furthermore, it is also unknown to what extent it can increase or change in the future. Accurate forecasting of CO2 emissions has real significance for choosing the optimum ways of reducing CO2 emissions. Although some existing models have noticeable CO2 emission forecasting accuracy, the models implemented in this work have more efficacy in prediction due to incorporating COVID-19’s effect on CO2 emission. This paper implements four prediction models using SARIMA (SARIMAX) based on ARIMA. The four models are based on the time period of the surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of this work is to compare these four models to suggest an effective model to predict the total CO2 emissions for the future. The study forecasts global total CO2 emission from 2022 to 2027 for near future prediction, 2022 to 2054 for future prediction and 2022 to 2072 for far future prediction. Among the various error measures, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is chosen for accuracy comparison. The calculation yields different accuracy for the four SARIMAX models. The MAPEs for the four methods are: pre-COV (MAPE: 0.32), start-COV (MAPE: 0.28), trans-COV (MAPE: 0.19), post-COV (MAPE: 0.09). The MAPE value is relatively low for post-COV (MAPE: 0.09). Hence, it can be inferred that post-COV are suitable models to forecast the global total CO2 emission for the future. The post-COV predictions for the global total CO2 emission for the years 2022 to 2027 are: 36,218.59, 36,733.69, 37,238.29, 37,260.88, 37,674.01 and 37,921.47 million tons (MT). This study successfully predicts CO2 emission either for the COVID-19 period or the post-COVID-19 normal periods. The Machine Learning (ML) method used in this study has shown good agreement with the IPCC model in predicting the past emissions, the current emissions due to COVID-19 and the emissions of the upcoming future. These prediction results can be an asset for the decision support system to develop a suitable policy for global CO2 emission reduction. For future research, a number of other external influence variables responsible for CO2 emission can be added for finer forecasts. This research is an original work in predicting COVID-19-affected CO2 emission using AI through the ML methodology.

Endocrine disruptor chemicals as obesogen and diabetogen: Clinical and mechanistic evidence.

Obesity is becoming an inevitable pandemic all over the world. The World Obesity Federation predicts in the 2022 World Obesity Atlas that one billion people worldwide, including 1 in 5 women and 1 in 7 men, will be living with obesity by 2030. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and diabetes is becoming more of a public health problem. Increased insulin resistance due to obesity and deficiency in insulin secretion are the two main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An exogenous chemical or mixture of chemicals that interferes with any aspect of hormone action was defined as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA), the first known EDC, was synthesized and was considered to be estrogenic. Global production of BPA has increased progressively from 5 to 8 million tons (MT) between 2010 and 2016. Furthermore, researchers estimated that the production should reach 10.2 MT by 2022. The human population is exposed to EDCs in daily life in such forms as pesticides/herbicides, industrial and household products, plastics, detergents, and personal care products. The term obesogen was used for chemicals that promote weight gain and obesity by increasing the number of adipocytes and fat storage in existing adipocytes, changing the energy balance, and finally regulating appetite and satiety. Besides the obesogenic effect, EDCs can cause T2DM through alteration in ß cell function and morphology and insulin resistance. In this review, we provide clinical and mechanistic evidence regarding EDCs as obesogen and diabetogen. However, those studies are not enough methodologically to indicate causality. In this respect, randomized clinical trials are needed to investigate the association between obesogen, diabetogen and the related metabolic clinical picture.

Material Flow analysis of plastics from provincial household appliances in China: 1978–2016

China has the highest level of plastic production and consumption in the world. The plastic waste ban has resulted in a lack of raw materials for plastic reprocessing, while household appliance-related plastic (HAP), as a high-value and high-quality plastic waste source, receives great attention to fill such a gap. As HAP is scattered and has been rapidly increasing, a better understanding of the spatial-temporal patterns of HAP waste is critical. For the first time, this study quantifies the stocks and flows of plastics contained in five categories of household appliances (refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner, TV, and computer) in China over 1978–2016 and maps their province-specific distribution through a dynamic stock-driven material flow analysis model. We find that (i) the HAP stocks are growing rapidly to reach around 25.4 million tonnes (MT) in 2016 and the HAP waste generated in 2016 is over 2 MT while the dismantling capacity is failing to catch up; (ii) the HAP waste in southeastern provinces is notably more than in northwestern provinces by approximately 11 times; (iii) washing machines (37%) and refrigerators (24%) are the major types of household appliances that contribute most to HAP waste generation; (iv) PP (38%) and PS (34%) are the major plastic types in HAP waste. These findings can provide quantitative references for the government to arrange waste management facilities, improve recycling capacities of dismantling companies, and promote coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders to achieve efficient waste management of HAP.

Municipality Solid Waste Management. A Case Study of Smart City Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Waste Management has become a big problem in India as a result of rapid urbanization. The urban population is around 377 million spread over 7,935 cities and towns who generates 62 million tones municipal solid waste per year. Only 43 million tons (MT) of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is treated, and 31 MT is dumped in landfill sites. One of the essential services provided by Municipal Corporation is Solid Waste Management in order to keep the urban area clean. Further, The COVID-19 pandemic-induced catastrophe has altered the dynamics of waste generation in practically every sector around the world, necessitating specific attention. Unpredictable changes in trash quantity and composition also put pressure on policymakers to react quickly. Nevertheless, almost all the solid waste is dumped within the city haphazardly. It is believed that India had an unsound system of waste disposal management. This study was carried out to find out the issues if any regarding the solid waste management practices undertaken by Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation and suggest certain remedial measures to improve the system.

Recent Trends and Economic Aspects in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Sector

In recent decades, the global aquaculture sector has become more complex and dynamic due to several factors, such as strong demand at the retail level, diversification of farmed species, outsourcing of product processing, and synergies among producers, processors, and retailers. Globally, the fish food sector has become very important to meet the growing human demand for food. In 2020, 89% of fish production was used for direct human consumption (17% of the total protein consumed). Global fish consumption has increased (excluding algae) at an annual rate of 3% since 1960. In 2030, the total fish production is expected to reach 202 million tons (MT) and the aquaculture production 106 MT. The United Nations has estimated that, between now and 2030, the global demand for fish products will increase by at least 40 MT each year. This need cannot be satisfied by fishing alone, given that fishing practices have reached an intensity that is unsustainable, and that climate change and pollution are worsening the problems of marine ecosystems. European and Italian aquaculture is characterised by a diversification scenario in terms of production systems, technologies adopted, and species bred. According to an EU report, Italian aquaculture production has grown by 4% in the last five years (fourth place in Europe). In Italy, rainbow trout is the most widely farmed species. The production of rainbow trout contributes approximately 25.5% of the total value and 69.9% of the volume of farmed fish. Over the past ten years, trout production has increased by 8.5% overall with an average annual growth rate of 2.5%. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the economic situation of the rainbow trout production and consumption sectors in Italy using a supply chain approach. In particular, in this brief excursus, the main production trends and the economic and organisational relationships between the various companies and associations in the aquaculture sector are analysed.

The Development Scenarios and Environmental Impacts of China's Aluminum Industry: Implications of Import and Export Transition.

Aluminum is widely used in buildings, transportation, and home appliances. However, primary aluminum production is a resource, energy, and emission-intensive industrial process. As the world's largest aluminum producer, the aluminum industry (ALD) in China faces tremendous pressure on environmental protection. This study combines material flow analysis and scenario analysis to investigate the potential of resource conservation, energy saving, and emission reduction for China's ALD under the import and export trade transition. The results show China's per capita aluminum stock will follow a logistic curve to reach 415 kg/capita by 2030. However, unlike the continued build-up of stocks, domestic demand for aluminum will peak at 44 million tons (MT) in 2025 and fall to 36 MT in 2030. The scenario analysis reveals that China's primary aluminum output could peak in 2025 at around 52 MT if the restrictions are not implemented (Scenario A). Compared to Scenario A, demand for primary aluminum is effectively limited in Scenarios B and C where exports of aluminum products are reduced. Correspondingly, both scenarios also have obvious benefits in reducing the environmental load of China's ALD. Besides, if hydropower used in aluminum electrolysis increases to 25% by 2030, the total GHG emissions in 2030 will be reduced by 12%. Therefore, promoting import/export and energy mix transformation can become an essential means for the sustainable development of China's ALD.Graphical Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40831-022-00582-0.