Millimeter-wave Wireless Communication Systems Research Articles

Sliced chaotic encrypted transmission scheme based on key masked distribution in a W-band millimeter-wave system

In order to guarantee the information of the W-band wireless communication system from the physical layer, this paper proposes the sliced chaotic encrypted (SCE) transmission scheme based on key masked distribution (KMD). The scheme improves the security of free space communication in the W-band millimeter-wave wireless data transmission system. In this scheme, the key information is embedded into the random position of the ciphertext information, and then the ciphertext carrying the key information is encrypted by multi-dimensional chaos. Chaotic system 1 constructs a three-dimensional discrete chaotic map for implementing KMD. Chaotic system 2 constructs complex nonlinear dynamic behavior through the coupling of two neurons, and the masking factor generated is used to realize SCE. In this paper, the transmission of 16QAM signals in a 4.5 m W-band millimeter-wave wireless communication system with a rate of 40 Gb/s is proved by experiments, and the performance of the system is analyzed. When the input optical power is 5 dBm, the bit error rate (BER) of the legitimate encrypted receiver is 1.23 × 10−3. When the offset of chaotic sequence x and chaotic sequence y is 100, their BERs are more than 0.21. The key space of the chaotic system reaches 10192, which can effectively prevent illegal attacks and improve the security performance of the system. The experimental results show that the scheme can effectively distribute the keys and improve the security of the system. It has great application potential in the future of W-band millimeter-wave wireless secure communication.

A Compact Millimeter-Wave Multilayer Patch Antenna Array Based on a Mixed CPW-Slot-Couple Feeding Network.

A compact Ka-band antenna array has been proposed to realize broadband and high gain for millimeter-wave applications. The antenna array is divided into a multilayer composed of a driven slot patch layer and a parasitic patch array layer, which is excited by a mixed CPW-Slot-Couple feeding network layer. According to characteristic mode analysis, a pair of narrow coupling slots are introduced in the driven patch to move the resonant frequency of characteristic mode 3 to the resonant frequency of characteristic mode 2 for enhanced bandwidth. In this article, a 1to4 CPW-Slot-Couple feeding network for a 2 × 2 driven slot patch array is implemented, and then each driven slot patch excites a 2 × 2 parasitic patch array. Finally, a proposed 4 × 4 × 3 (row × column × layer) Ka-band antenna array is fabricated to verify the design concepts. The measured results show that the frequency bandwidth of the antenna array is 25 GHz to 32 GHz, and the relative bandwidth is 24.5%. The peak gain is 20.1 dBi. Due to its attractive properties of miniaturization, broadband, and high gain, the proposed antenna array could be applied to millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Enabling Spherical Beam Coverage for Millimeter-Wave Stationary and Mobile Applications: A stackable patch antenna

The limited beam-scanning angles of planar phased arrays are one of the most critical challenges for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless communication systems. This article proposes a new class of antenna topology, denoted as a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">stackable patch antenna</i> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SPA</i> ), that achieves near-spherical beam-steering coverage for mm-wave applications. The proposed SPA consists of two identical rectangular patch antenna elements. By separately controlling the magnitude and phase of the excitation ports, the proposed antenna can radiate in multiple directions that are normal or parallel to the patch elements. In addition, the proposed structure has the advantage of enabling end-fire radiation when the structure is encompassed by the full metallic frame of a device. This is accomplished without any deformation or modification of the metal frame.

A New CPW-Fed Semicircular Inverted Triangular Shaped Antenna Based on Mixed-Alternate Approach for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Applications.

This paper presents the design and development of a new semicircular inverted triangular shaped antenna for 5G millimeter-wave wireless applications. An alternate-mixed approach based on cavity, slots and loaded stubs is employed in the designed antenna lattice. The suggested antenna structure is formed by a radiator, partial defected metal ground plane and a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide. The proposed antenna resonated at multiple frequencies by the setting up of the proper dimensions and locations of the rectangles, elliptical cut slots and cavity stubs. Furthermore, a parametric analysis is carried out to examine the antenna's effectiveness and impedance-matching controls. The proposed structure is realized on the low-cost RT/Duroid Rogers RO3010™ laminate with an overall small size of 1.381λ0 × 1.08λ0 × 0.098λ0, where λ0 represents the wavelength corresponding to the minimum edge frequency of the 23 GHz at 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna's key characteristics in terms of bandwidth, gain, radiation patterns and current distribution have been investigated. The antenna exhibits high performance, including an impedance bandwidth of 19 GHz ranging from 23 GHz to 42 GHz, results in 58.46% wider relative bandwidth calculated at 10 dB scaled return loss, a peak realized gain of 6.75 dBi, optimal radiation efficiency of 89%, stable omnidirectional-shaped radiation patterns and robust current distribution across the antenna structure at multiple resonances. The designed antenna has been fabricated and simulation experiments evaluated its performance. The results demonstrate that the antenna is appropriate and can be well integrated into 5G millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Energy-Efficient Optimization of mm-Wave Communication Using a Novel Approach of Beamspace MIMO-NOMA

The new concept of Beamspace Multiple Input Multiple Output system (BS-MIMO) was developed to address the issue of reduced Energy Efficiency (EE) of the traditional MIMO in millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems by decreases the large number of radio frequency chains (RF-chains) while maintaining the same number of antennas in those systems. On the other hand, a fewer RF-Chains leads to a smaller number of users that the system can serve as a result of the number of users that can be served must be equal to/or less than the RF-chains’ number. To overcome the above issue, the BS-MIMO is proposed to be integrated with Non-Orthogonal Multiple-Access (NOMA) scheme to produce the novel approach of BS-MIMO-NOMA. As a result, the novel scheme is capable of serving a group of users with correlated channels via a single RF-chain. In this paper, we will address the issue of EE of the above-mentioned communication systems. Specifically, we propose and develop an iterative algorithm with a low complexity that achieves near-perfect performance. The proposed scheme, named MSE-DPA (for Mean-Square-Error-Based Dynamic Power Allocation Algorithm), is checked to ensure this validity of Figure-of-Merit. The simulation results indicate that the EE is approximately 85% greater than that of traditional (fully-digital) MIMO systems for a certain fair system and environment scenario.

Predictive Modeling of Millimeter-Wave Vegetation-Scattering Effect Using Hybrid Physics-Based and Data-Driven Approach

System design and deployment of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems for outdoor coverage need sophisticated channel models to describe the wave interaction with illuminated physical objects. However, the conventional physical–statistical model cannot accurately predict the site-specific mmWave channel characteristics when involving complex system configurations and geometric information of transceiver relative locations. A framework of machine learning (ML) assisted channel modeling approach is proposed, in which the statistical models are leveraged for inter-cluster-level channel characterization and the propagation properties within each kind of clusters are predicted using a hybrid physics-based and data-driven approach. In particular, with a focus on the mmWave through-vegetation-scattering effect, a set of dedicated directional channel measurements and ray-tracing simulations is performed in an identical vegetated street canyon environment at 28 GHz for the performance evaluation of the proposed approach. Moreover, the training results and model validation in different environments show that comparing with the physical–statistical model, the proposed hybrid model, which adds the environment features to the artificial neural network (ANN) as inputs, has higher prediction accuracy and greater generalization ability in terms of the site-specific through-vegetation cluster parameters, such as vegetation attenuation, delay spread (DS), and angular spread.

Error Rate Analysis of Different Modulation Schemes Over Shadowed Beaulieu-Xie Fading Channels

ABSTRACT A new composite model called shadowed Beaulieu-Xie (BX) is used in terahertz and millimeter-wave wireless communication systems. This model characterizes an environment with an arbitrary number of non-line-of-sight and line-of-sight signals. In this paper, an analysis of the average bit error rate (ABER) is done. The analysis is carried out for different coherent and non-coherent modulation techniques. The mathematical expressions of ABER are obtained using the probability density function of the output signal to noise ratio of the shadowed BX fading channel. A new closed-form ABER expression for gray-coded rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation over the shadowed BX channel is also evaluated. The effects of fading and shadowing parameters on the modulation techniques are analyzed and compared.

Compact Omnidirectional Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array Fed in Series by a Novel Feed Network

In this article, a novel substrate integrated waveguide power divider is proposed to feed antenna array elements in series. This feed network inherently provides uniform output power to eight quadrupole antennas. More importantly, it leads to a compact configuration since the feed network can be integrated inside the elements without increasing the array size. Its design procedure is first discussed. Next, the series feed network was used to feed a novel compact omnidirectional antenna array. Targeting the fifth-generation (5G) 26 GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band, the simulated results showed that the proposed array exhibits a broad impedance bandwidth of 4.15 GHz and a high gain of 13.6 dBi. A prototype was fabricated and measured, exhibiting a measured impedance bandwidth of 6.72 GHz and a gain of 12.3 dBi. Its attractive features indicate that the proposed antenna array is well suitable for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Modeling and performance analysis of OAM-GSM millimeter-wave wireless communication systems

Modeling and performance analysis of OAM-GSM millimeter-wave wireless communication systems

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication

In present 4G the enormously growing of cellular user and the shortage of bandwidth which results in difficulty to provide a high data rate to each end user. To achieve wider bandwidth millimeter wave technology is considered to solve the problem of bandwidth shortage. This paper presents a 4x1 element circular phase array of inset fed rectangular patch antenna operating in the millimeter wave band (24.81GHz 33GHz). To achieve large impedance bandwidth the array is designed with edge coupled parasitic patch arrangement which provides dual resonance. The designed array used the ring-shaped sequential rotation feeding line to reduce the unwanted side lobe radiation. The design antenna array achieved good return loss – 10dB ≤ S11 ≤ – 18.64dB and maintaining 26% (24.81GHz 33GHz) bandwidth. The antenna array has achieved good return loss S11, -18.64dB at 29.09GHz and VSWR ≤ 1.85 (24.81GHz-33GHz). In millimeter wave wireless communication require high gain antenna to overcome the problem of path loss. The designed array has achieved 10.14dB gain. So the designed will be suitable for the future millimeter-wave wireless communication system.

Dielectric-Slab-Loaded Hollow Substrate-Integrated Waveguide $H$-Plane Horn Antenna Array at $Ka$-Band

A dielectric-slab-loaded hollow substrate-integrated waveguide (HSIW) H-plane horn antenna with improved impedance matching is proposed based on printed circuit board material FR-4. HSIW is utilized to avoid high dielectric loss. Apart from that, a dielectric slab is added by directly extending the substrates for gain improvement. Moreover, two coupling lines are added above and below the horn aperture for better impedance matching. The proposed HSIW H-plane horn antenna shows a maximum realized gain of 11.2 dBi with 77.6% radiation efficiency and 32.9% bandwidth (27.7-38.6 GHz). Based on the antenna element, a 1 × 4 HSIW H-plane horn antenna array is proposed. The array shows a maximum realized gain of 17.2 dBi with 66.5% radiation efficiency and 31.9% bandwidth (27.6-38.1 GHz). Good agreements of the measured and simulated results are achieved for both designs. The proposed antenna and array can be good candidates for low-cost millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Energy-Efficient Full-Duplex Concurrent Scheduling Based on Contention Graph in mmWave Backhaul Networks

In the fifth generation (5G) era, dense deployment of small cells and full-duplex (FD) technology applications are two key features of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems, which offer the opportunity to meet the explosive growth of data service requirements. It is the beamforming and advances in analog as well as digital self-interference (SI) cancellation schemes that improve the network capacity in mmWave wireless backhaul networks. To achieve power saving and further network performance optimization, we propose a FD concurrent transmission mechanism employed in a mmWave backhaul network. Contention graph is constructed in consideration of multi-user interference (MUI), SI, and FD transmission constraints. Then flow-grouping and power control algorithms are proposed based on the contention graph. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of energy consumption, achievable network throughput, and energy efficiency. The impact of the interference threshold on the system performance is also investigated when the distribution of base stations (BSs), traffic loads, and maximum transmission powers change. Simulation results illustrate that with proper SI cancellation and interference threshold, the proposed concurrent mechanism outperforms time-division multiple access (TDMA), half-duplex (HD) concurrent transmission, and FD concurrent transmission without power control.

Low-Complexity Multiuser Detection in Millimeter-Wave Systems Based on Opportunistic Hybrid Beamforming

In this paper, we study the multiuser detection in a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless communication system using hybrid beamformers, where uplink transmissions are considered under limited scattering. For a base station, with the condition that the number of radio-frequency (RF) chains is relatively smaller than that of users, we consider opportunistic beamforming with analog beams for multiple-signal detection and derive a closed form expression for system sum rate. By applying the minimum mean square error (MMSE)-filter with the proposed opportunistic hybrid beamforming algorithm, the system performance can be further improved. Through simulation results, it is shown that the proposed MMSE-based multiuser detection approaches are attractive for hybrid mm-wave systems to support a large number of users with a small number of RF chains.

Hybrid MIMO and Phased-Array Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security in mmWave Wireless Communications

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication system allows a compact antenna array with a large number of colocated elements, which enables flexible array design and beampattern synthesis. However, security is also particularly important but challenging for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications, as the broadcasting nature allows any receivers to have a copy of the transmitted signals. In this paper, we propose a hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased-array time-modulated directional modulation (DM) scheme for physical layer security in mmWave wireless communications. The hybrid MIMO phased-array enjoys the advantages of MIMO in spatial diversity without sacrificing the main advantage of phased-array in coherent directional gain. The essence is to divide the transmit array into multiple subarrays. Each subarray can be used to form a directional beam, while all subarrays are jointly combined to work as an MIMO for higher angular resolution capabilities. More importantly, a time-modulated DM scheme is applied for the phased-MIMO to achieve physical layer security for mmWave wireless communications, even without the knowledge of the eavesdropper’s position information. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified by numerical results.

Demonstration of 60 GHz millimeter-wave short-range wireless communication system at 3.5 Gbps over 5 m range

Millimeter-wave communication has received considerable attention for use in new-generation broadband wireless communication because of the scarcity of microwave band spectrum resources. The unlicensed frequency band at 60 GHz is suitable for indoor short-range broadband communication. In this paper, we introduce a 60 GHz millimeter-wave short-range wireless communication demo system adhering to the IEEE 802.11ad standard and targeting high-definition video streaming transmission. The system uses single-carrier transmission with frequency-domain equalization. The hardware prototype consists of a 65-nm CMOS radio-frequency front-end and a baseband transceiver for the physical layer functions. Important baseband technologies such as carrier synchronization, phase noise compensation, frequency-domain equalization, and low-density parity-check decoding based on probability calculation are also discussed. The system performance is demonstrated in an experiment on high-definition video transmission, where a data rate of 3.52 Gbps is achieved with a quadrature phase-shift keying signal over a distance of 5.109 m.

60-GHz Dual-Polarized Two-Dimensional Switch-Beam Wideband Antenna Array of Aperture-Coupled Magneto-Electric Dipoles

A dual-polarized aperture-coupled magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna is proposed. Two separate substrate-integrated waveguides (SIWs) implemented in two printed circuit board (PCB) laminates are used to feed the antenna. The simulated $- {10}$ -dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 21% together with an isolation of over 45 dB between the two input ports. Good radiation characteristics, including almost identical unidirectional radiation patterns in two orthogonal planes, front-to-back ratio larger than 20 dB, cross-polarization levels less than $- {23}\;{\text{dB}}$ , and a stable gain around 8 dBi over the operating band, are achieved. By employing the proposed radiating element, a ${2} \times {2}$ wideband antenna array working at the 60-GHz band is designed, fabricated, and tested, which can generate two-dimensional (2-D) multiple beams with dual polarization. A measured $- {10}\;\text{dB}$ impedance bandwidth wider than 22% and a gain up to 12.5 dBi are obtained. Owing to the superiority of the ME dipole, the radiation pattern of the array is also stable over the operating frequencies and nearly identical in two orthogonal planes for both of the polarizations. With advantages of desirable performance, convenience of fabrication and integration, and low cost, the proposed antenna and array are attractive for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Dielectric Flat Lens Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

In this letter, a practical fabrication of a novel inhomogeneous gradient-index dielectric flat lens for millimeter-wave applications is presented. A previous theoretical design of a dielectric flat lens composed of different permittivity materials is now modeled and analyzed for a practical prototype fabrication and performance evaluation at 60 and 77 GHz. The measurement results at 60 GHz show that with the novel gradient-index dielectric flat lens antenna prototype, we can achieve up to 18.3 dB of broadside gain, beam-steering capabilities in both planes from $-30^\circ$ to $+30^\circ$ with around 15 dB of gain, and up to $\pm 45^\circ$ with around 14 dB of gain, with low sidelobe levels. At 77 GHz, the performance evaluation shows that we can obtain up to 18.9 dB of broadside gain, beam-steering capabilities in both planes from $-30^\circ$ to $+30^\circ$ with around 17 dB of gain and low sidelobe levels, and up to $\pm 45^\circ$ with around 15 dB of gain. This novel design leads to a low-cost, low-profile, and lightweight antenna solution, easy to integrate in a compact millimeter-wave wireless communication system.

Low-Cost High-Gain and Broadband Substrate- Integrated-Waveguide-Fed Patch Antenna Array for 60-GHz Band

A low-cost high-gain and broadband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-fed patch antenna array is demonstrated at the 60-GHz band. A single-layered SIW feeding network with wideband T-junctions and wideband high-gain cavity-backed patch antennas are employed to achieve high gain and wideband performance simultaneously. Although the proposed antenna array has a multilayered structure, it can be fabricated by conventional low-cost single-layered printed circuit board (PCB) technology and then realized by stacking and fixing all of single layers together. The simulated and measured impedance bandwidths of a 4 × 4 antenna array are 27.5% and 22.6% for 10 dB. The discrepancy between simulation and measurement is analyzed. A gain up to 19.6 dBi, and symmetrical unidirectional radiation patterns with low cross polarization are also achieved. With advantages of low fabrication cost and good performances, the proposed antenna array is a promising candidate for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Photonic generation of frequency quadrupling signal for millimeter-wave communication

We propose and demonstrate a photonic method of generating frequency quadrupling signal for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless communication system. The frequency quadrupling scheme is based on carriers cancellation within an integrated dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM), thus avoiding the use of an optical filter or an electrical phase shifter. The effects of modulation-depth on the power level of generated mm-wave signal as well as on the system performance of wireless transmission are analyzed theoretically and measured experimentally. In the experiment, transmission of 155Mbps OOK baseband data on a photonic-generated 40GHz mm-wave over a length of 25km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) and 20m wireless distance with error free is successfully demonstrated.

MM-Wave Integration and Combinations

This article summarizes the status of millimeterwave CMOS PAs and presents various circuit design techniques. The article shows that millimeter wave CMOS PAs are still a bottleneck for millimeter wave system integration and more circuit design effort has to be devoted for millimeter wave PAs implementation along with the development of the nanometer CMOS technologies. The article also shows that fully integrated millimeter wave CMOS PAs using combining structures will be very important for next-generation millimeter-wave high-speed wireless communication systems.