Milled Waste Glass Research Articles

Recycled waste glass as fine aggregate in eco-friendly gypsum-cement composite

The development of eco-friendly construction materials in the construction industry is an effective approach to realizing sustainability. One of the waste materials that can be utilized for this purpose is waste glass. Recycling waste glass into a construction material not only can consume fewer natural resources but also can reduce greenhouse emissions. Many studies have shown that it is feasible to incorporate waste glass (WG) as cementitious material or aggregate in cement-based materials, but limited research had paid attention to its application in gypsum-cement composite (GCC). Accordingly, this study is aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of recycled waste glass (RWG) from beverage bottles on the mechanical properties and water-resistant performance of GCC. The milled WG was incorporated as fine aggregate (less than 0.6 mm) in GCC at a ratio of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% by weight of the binder. The properties of GCC containing RWG in terms of consistency, bulk density, compressive strength, and water-resistant performance were assessed. The consistency was found to decrease by RWG due to increased water demand for wetting its surface. Owing to the higher density of RWG, the bulk density was observed to increase from 1670 kg/m3 to 1963 kg/m3 with higher amounts of RWG. The RWG addition also had positive effects on the mechanical strength where it can significantly improve the compressive strength (by up to 26.9%) of GCC, attributed to its pozzolanic reaction and filler effect. Besides that, the water absorption showed a downward tendency with an increment of RWG content (from 9.8% to 3.1%) while the softening coefficient increased by 52.6% to reach 1.16, suggesting good water resistance of the produced GCC. Based on the above findings, RWG has the potential to enhance the mechanical properties and water-resistant performance of an eco-friendly GCC, thus providing an alternative avenue to reuse the RWG.

Strategies to enhance the moisture-barrier qualities of concrete mixtures to improve their durability

Moisture transport in concrete significantly impacts its durability attribute, which in turn affects the useful service life of the built concrete infrastructure. A host of physical, chemical, and mechanical deterioration processes of concrete depend on the presence of moisture inside the concrete. Enhancement of the moisture-barrier characteristic of concrete can thus be the key to improving its durability. This paper reports the test results of various strategies implemented to reduce the moisture transport into concrete. These strategies include (i) use of fly ash and silica fume as partial replacement of cement for refinement of capillary porosity, discontinuity of pores, and refinement of the chemistry of hydrated cement matrix; (ii) use of milled waste glass as partial replacement of cement to refine the microstructure of cementitious mixture (iii) use of hydrophobic additives to reduce the affinity of capillary pore surfaces to moisture; and (iv) use of polymer emulsion to line capillary pore surfaces to cause partial blockage of the capillary pore system. Five different concrete mixtures including a control mixture were prepared using the above formulations and tested for moisture sorption, acid attack resistance, abrasion resistance, and compressive strength characteristics at 28 and 90 days of concrete age. Test results indicated enhancement in compressive strength, moisture resistance, and other durability characteristics of the modified mix formulations compared to that of control mixture. Mix formulation incorporating fly ash and silica fume as partial replacement of cement proved to be the most effective combination for achieving the desired improvements in mechanical and durability attributes of concrete. The findings of this study are expected to provide guidelines for designing concrete mixtures with enhanced durability when exposed to aggressive environmental conditions.[copyright information to be updated in production process.]

Milled Waste Glass Powder in Magnesium-Silicate-Hydrate Cement: Technical and Environmental Assessment

Milled Waste Glass Powder in Magnesium-Silicate-Hydrate Cement: Technical and Environmental Assessment

Performance assessment on manufacturing of unfired bricks using industrial wastes

This paper presents eco-friendly unburnt bricks made up of fly ash, waste plastic powder, waste glass powder, lime, gypsum and crusher sand as alternatives to conventional burnt clay bricks for sustainable development. The research focuses on the maximum utilization of industrial waste in eco-friendly unburnt brick production. Materials are characterized according to their chemical and geotechnical properties. In this research, we use a milled waste glass powder of size less than 600μm and plastic powder obtained from plastic waste of size less than 600μm are added along with crushed sand, gypsum, lime and fly ash with various mix proportions concerning FaL-G mix concept. All the proportions were taken on a weight basis. Compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence are the key parameters chosen for comparing the innovative brick with conventional fly ash brick. There are five different mixes (Type A, B, C, D & E) are made in this research. The plastic and glass powders are replaced by crusher sand at the increased rate of 2% in every mix whereas 2%,4%,6%,8%, and 10%. It was found that the type B bricks have 17.63% strength was increased when compared to base mix. From the test results, type B bricks have enhanced mechanical performance when compared to all other mixes.

The behavior of UHPC containing recycled glass waste in place of cementitious materials: A comprehensive review

An innovative leader in cutting-edge sustainable concrete technology is ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC). Through the utilization of post-consumer glass, UHPGC technology can improve the environment. Due to the fact that these materials are neither biodegradable nor ecologically benign, any economic benefit from a reduction in the amount of waste dumped in landfills is undesirable. This endeavor reviews the previous research on the behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) incorporating waste glass powder as an eco-friendly cementitious material. A summarization was performed as well for previous works which used milled waste glass to replace cement, Quartz Powder (QP), Silica Fume (SF) and Sand or Quartz Sand (QS) in UHPC mixtures. Thus, various applications of Waste Glass Powder (WGP) in UHPC and its fresh and hardened characteristics were examined. The paper also pursues updating the database for more experimental and numerical work on UHPC incorporating waste glass from different sources.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Sand By Glass Powder with Calcium Nitrite as Admixtures On the Properties of Concrete

Every year, millions of tonnes of waste glass are produced across the world. Glass is disposed of as garbage in landfills, which is unsustainable since it does not breakdown in the environment. Silica is the main component of glass. The use of milled (ground) waste glass as a partial replacement for cement in concrete might be a significant step toward the creation of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and cost-effective infrastructure systems. When waste glass is ground down to micron-sized particles, it is called micro glass. It is believed that it would undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, resulting in secondary Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C–S–H). Chemical characteristics of clear and tinted glass were assessed in this study. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to analyse the chemical composition of glass and cement samples, and it revealed slight changes in composition between clear and tinted glasses. Flow and compressive strength experiments on mortar and concrete were conducted by adding 0–25% ground glass, with the water to binder (cement + glass) ratio being constant for all replacement levels. With the inclusion of glass, mortar flow rose somewhat, with a small influence on Further experiments were undertaken using the same mix parameters and a 1% super plasticizing admixture dosage (by weight of cement) to analyse the packing and pozzolanic effects, and usually observed an improvement in compressive strength of mortars with admixture. Concrete cube samples were made and evaluated for strength in the same way as mortar samples were (until 1 year curing). When compared to control samples, the compressive strength of recycled glass mortar and concrete was found to be higher. The financial and environmental benefits of replacing 20% of cement with waste glass were determined to be compelling.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Unsaturated Polyester-Based Fibre Glass Composites Filled by Recycled Milled Composites

The present study discusses the mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of polyester resin reinforced by random mat glass fiber and milled of (scraped material) waste of glass-reinforced pipe (GRP). The current work uses the finite element method based on ANSYS program as a tool for evaluating the performance of the design proposal for the car roof. The milled wasted glass fiber composite has showed a good and acceptable young modulus, maximum stress, and yield strength compared with the random mat composite. The agreement of the suggested material comes from the experimental and theoretical results for some of the laboratory tests. The divergence between results of random mat glass fiber and milled waste glass fiber do not exceed the percentages errors that are obtained during experimental work, which are 3.98% and 5.26% for tensile strength and strain until failure in the tensile test, 4.5% and 3.6% for flexural strength and strain in bending test and 12.32% and 1.27% for strain energy and deformation in the impact test, respectively. The result of the numerical solution was compatible with the experimental results. The result extracted from this study proved that the milled of waste of glass fiber composite is an acceptable reinforcement material with economic and environmental benefits.

Performance Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Incorporated with Waste Glass-A Review

The ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) is an advanced UHPC innovative pioneer in sustainable concrete technology. UHPGC technology can provide environmental benefits through the use of post-consumer glass. Economic benefits through the decrease in the amount of landfilled materials are undesirable as they are neither biodegradable nor environmentally friendly and could reduce the costs for UHPC. Compressive strength greater than 150 MPa and mini-slump spread diameter bigger than 250 mm can be achieved, depending on the UHPGC composition and curing temperature. The glass powder (GP) milled to the micro-scale is subjected to low pozzolanic reaction and works as a catalyst speeding clinker dissolution forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). These reactions have a good positive influence on both UHPC’s mechanical and microstructural properties. This paper overviews previous studies carried out as partial or full replacement of sand or quartz sand (QS), quartz powder (QP), and silica fume (SF) by the use of milled waste glass (WG) in UHPC mixture. Nowadays, the sustainability of the construction sector must be a priority for the scientific community. So, the development of the used materials and methods to extend the lifetime of concrete structures is mandatory.

Properties of mortar and pervious concrete with co-utilization of coal fly ash and waste glass powder as partial cement replacements

Cement mortar mix was optimized with coal fly ash (FA) and milled waste glass powder (GP) for the targeted flow percentage (F%) at 110% and a maximum possible 28-day compressive strength (C28). Then, pervious concrete was produced with the optimum mortar mix and tested for the permeability, compressive strength and mass loss. The results showed that the flow at 109.7% and the maximum 28-day compressive strength at 82.6 MPa were achieved with a mortar mix of FA/binder at 14.3%, GP/binder at 7.3% and water/binder at 30%. According to the prediction models, the ratios of FA/binder and GP/binder had a statistical significance on the F% and the C28, respectively. The 28-day hardened pervious concrete made of the optimized mortar mix had a permeability of 6.3 mm/s, a compressive strength of 15.2 MPa, and a mass loss of 44.8%. The co-utilization of FA and GP enhanced the rate and extent of compressive strength development for both mortar and pervious concrete. This study demonstrates that a sustainable production of green infrastructure pervious concrete is feasible with co-utilization of waste materials, FA and GP, as the partial cement replacements.

Waste Glass Reuse in Foamed Alkali-Activated Binders Production: Technical and Environmental Assessment

Waste glass is a type of construction and demolition waste (CDW), which carries significant environmental burdens and can be recycled. In this study, a foamed alkali-activated glass (FAAG) via the use of milled waste glass was synthesized in low-temperature (i.e., 80 ⁰C). The influence of foaming agent (i.e., aluminum powder) content on the foaming process of samples was investigated and optimized in view of their performance. The optimum mix formulation, which is FAAG with 10% aluminum powder was then selected, and followed by the measurement of the water-resistance and absorption, impact resistance and thermal conductivity of the prepared FAAG. X-ray diffraction was also involved to identify the phase formation within the samples. Finally, the environmental impacts related to the preparation of 1 kg FAAG were obtained. Results shows that a type of more sustainable FAAG compared with the commercial product was successfully developed in low-temperature, revealing the low thermal conductivity of ~0.13 W/(m∙K) with a density of ~0.59 g/cm3 and compressive strength of ~5.52 MPa, which is 97% higher than the commercial product. Meanwhile, in addition to a foaming agent, aluminum powder is also acting as a key component in the geopolymerization of samples, facilitating the formation of aluminosilicate that provides strength.

Durability of concrete containing recycled concrete coarse and fine aggregates and milled waste glass in magnesium sulfate environment

Globally very large amounts of natural resources are being consumed every year due to the rapid growth of the demand for concrete in the construction industry. To address this problem recycling of demolished concrete has been introduced as a rational and practical solution for dealing with construction waste. In parallel to this, the use recycled materials in concrete, such as milled waste glass (MWG), has been widely examined with the aim of improving concrete strength and durability. In this study, the durability of concrete mixes containing recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) as partial replacement (0% and 30%) of aggregates (gravel and sand), and MWG as partial replacement (0% and 30%) of cement was investigated. Concrete cubes were subjected to saturated magnesium sulfate solution, and the concrete durability was examined through a set of indicator parameters, including the expansion, mass variation, water absorption, and compressive strength of the concrete samples. A durability loss index (DLI) was introduced based on the aforementioned parameters to evaluate the durability of concretes in different groups. The results show that expansion and water absorption of concrete exposed to sulfate environment decreased with using RFA in the concrete mix by 17% and 26%, respectively, compared to conventional concrete. Also, the compressive strength results of sulfate-exposed specimens illustrate that simultaneous use of MWG with RCA and RFA can increase the sulfate durability of concrete in term of the compressive strength by 15% and 53%, respectively. In addition, DLI of mixes indicates that durability of concrete containing RCA, RFA and MWG may not be influenced much by the exposure of concrete to sulfate environment relative to normal concrete if appropriate mix proportions are adopted.

Synergy Action of Glass Powder and Foaming Additive in Production of Lightweight Cement-Based Materials

Waste glass in the form of finely grounded powder can be, due to its assumed pozzolanic behaviour, used in cement and concrete industry as a Supplementary Cementing Material (SCM) helping to reduce the consumption of natural resources and emission of greenhouse gases. In this sense, the presented paper is focused on the use of waste borosilicate glass in production of cement-based lightweight composites. For both Portland cement and glass admixture, chemical composition, pozzolanic activity and basic physical characteristics were accessed. In composite mixes, cement binder was partially replaced with glass powder in the amount of 15 and 20 mass %. In order to produce lightweight materials, foaming agent in the amount of 0.58 ml/kg of blended binder was used. For the developed materials, bulk density, matrix density, total open porosity, mechanical resistance, water transport parameters and thermal properties were tested The obtained experimental results revealed pozzolanic activity of micro scale milled waste glass that led to the decrease in porosity and thus improved mechanical resistance of the investigated composites. High porosity of foamed concretes significantly improves their thermal-insulation function and helps to save raw materials for their production.

Experimental Verification of Scrub and Impact Resistance of the Epoxy Coatings Filled with the Finely Milled Waste Glass

The main aim of the research is to examine the possibility to replace the primary materials, glass flakes and mildly ground siliceous sand that are the most commonly used fillers in majority polymer coatings today, with special types of finely milled waste glass. During the experimental testing, carried out for the purpose of the research into the chosen progressive polymer protective materials (protective coating premium (PC-P) with higher long-term durability, protective coating economy (PC-E) and floor coating economy (FC-E)), some mechanical attributes of the developing epoxy coatings were tested. Impact resistance and scrub resistance are tested with the developing epoxy coatings containing secondary raw materials. These tests dealing with mechanical resistance and they are two of the most testing attributes of the epoxy polymer coatings. Based on the evaluation of the test results of performed tests the possibility of replacing the commonly used fillers by special types of finely milled waste glass is assessed.

Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice

Abstract Million tons of waste glass is being generated annually all over the world. Once the glass becomes a waste it is disposed as landfills, which is unsustainable as this does not decompose in the environment. Glass is principally composed of silica. Use of milled (ground) waste glass in concrete as partial replacement of cement could be an important step toward development of sustainable (environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and economical) infrastructure systems. When waste glass is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C–S–H). In this research chemical properties of both clear and colored glass were evaluated. Chemical analysis of glass and cement samples was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique and found minor differences in composition between clear and colored glasses. Flow and compressive strength tests on mortar and concrete were carried out by adding 0–25% ground glass in which water to binder (cement + glass) ratio is kept the same for all replacement levels. With increase in glass addition mortar flow was slightly increased while a minor effect on concrete workability was noted. To evaluate the packing and pozzolanic effects, further tests were also conducted with same mix details and 1% super plasticizing admixture dose (by weight of cement) and generally found an increase in compressive strength of mortars with admixture. As with mortar, concrete cube samples were prepared and tested for strength (until 1 year curing). The compressive strength test results indicated that recycled glass mortar and concrete gave better strength compared to control samples. A 20% replacement of cement with waste glass was found convincing considering cost and the environment.

Influence of Milled Waste Glass to Clay Ceramic Foam Properties Made by Direct Foaming Route

Influence of Milled Waste Glass to Clay Ceramic Foam Properties Made by Direct Foaming Route

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Pastes with Blended Binder Containing Fine Milled Glass

Physical and mechanical behaviour of cement pastes with partial Portland cement replacement by fine milled waste glass is researched in the presented paper. The tested pastes contain milled borosilicate glass in amount of 5, 10, 20, and 30 mass% of cement. The chemical composition of borosilicate glass and used Portland cement is accessed by XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis. For the milled glass, pozzolanic activity and particle size distribution are measured. Here, modified Chapelle test is used for evaluation of pozzolanic activity. Particle size distribution is measured on laser diffraction principle. Basic physical properties and mechanical properties are determined for samples cured 28 and 90 days in water in order to evaluate the kinetics of hydration process. The obtained results revealed the possible applicability of the tested borosilicate glass in the composition of cement-based composite materials.

Utilization of Waste Glass in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

This experimental study aimed to design an autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) with different kind of glass wastes as an alternative fine aggregates for mass housing projects that will meet the requirements in order to help contribute to the industry in saving the environment. Moreover we want to encourage the government to find solutions regarding the disposal to landfills of glassy waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using glassy waste to sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals. Different kinds of glass wastes in the form of sub grain packaging glass cullet, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) panel glass waste and calsi glass, were used as a sand replacement in AAC production. Large proportion of the post-consumer glass is recycled into the packaging stream again, but some sub grain packaging glass cullet does not meet the strict criteria for packaging glass thus is sent to landfill. CRT is classified as a hazardous glass waste and there are several issues surround CRTs which create barriers to increased recovery of the glass. In countries e.g. Latin America and Asia where still CRT glass is being produced even when shredder, the glass stream is a mixture of panel and funnel glass, making it difficult for reuse in new CRTs. Based on our knowledge also calsi glass as a processed blast furnace slag is not used in packaging production. The viability of current and novel applications of mentioned glasses is examined here. Although aerated concrete was initially envisaged as a good insulation material, there has been renewed interest in its structural characteristics in view of its lighter weight, savings in material and potential for large scale utilization of wastes. Due to this fact we undertake the studies of an influence of different amounts of glass wastes onto properties of aerated concrete in terms of physical (microstructure, density), mechanical (compressive and tensile strengths) and chemical characteristic. Use of milled waste glass in concrete as partial re-placement of sand represents an important step towards development of sustainable (environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and economic concrete-based infrastructure systems.

Use of milled waste glass in recycled aggregate concrete

Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement for cement, to overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate concrete was investigated. Based on experimental investigations of the structure and properties of concrete materials, it was found that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale particle size, undergoes pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). These reactions bring about favourable changes in the structure of the hydrated cement paste and the interfacial transition zones in normal and recycled aggregate concrete. Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement of cement, produced significant gains in mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and abrasive effects, of recycled aggregate and normal concrete. Milled waste glass was also found to suppress alkali–silica reactions. Recycling of waste glass in concrete can divert large quantities of the market-limited (mixed-colour) waste glass from landfills for value-added use as partial replacement for cement, enable effective use of recycled aggregates in concrete, yield major cost and energy savings, and enhance the long-term performance and the sustainability of concrete-based infrastructure systems.

Green and durable mortar produced with milled waste glass

The concept of using milled waste glass as partial replacement for cement in cement paste and mortar was investigated to reduce the adverse environmental and energy impacts of cement and cement-based products. Based on the experimental investigations it was found that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale particle size, undergoes pozzolanic reaction with cement hydrates. These reactions bring about favourable changes in the structure, including pore system characteristics of the hydrated cement paste and mortar. Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement of cement, produced significant gains in the resistance to moisture sorption, chemical stability and improvement in microstructure of the cementitious materials. Milled waste glass was also found to suppress alkali–silica reactions. Unlike normal pozzolanic reactions, those involving glass do not reduce the alkalinity of cement paste; this is favourable to the chemical stability of cement-based materials and the protection of reinforcing steel against corrosion in concrete.alues derived using available design codes.

Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing milled glass as partial replacement for cement

Milled waste glass was used as secondary cementitious material towards production of recycled aggregate concrete with improved strength and durability attributes. Experimental investigation of the novel concept of using milled waste glass, as partial replacement for cement, to overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate and the resulting concrete showed that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale particle size, is estimated to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). These reactions bring about favorable changes in the structure of the hydrated cement paste and the interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete.Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement of cement, is estimated to produce significant gains in strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Milled waste glass was also found to suppress alkali-silica reactions. The encouraging test results are viewed to facilitate broad-based use of recycled aggregate and diversion of large quantities of landfill-bound mixed-color waste glass for a value-added use to produce recycled aggregate concrete incorporating milled waste glass.