Milk Replacer Research Articles

Interactions between the human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis in influencing systemic immune development and function in piglets

IntroductionThe oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) is a predominant component of human milk, serving as a prebiotic for gut microbiota and influencing immune development in infants. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) is a commensal bacterium found in breastfed infants. Both 2′-FL and a specific strain of B. infantis, Bi-26™, are commercially available. This study investigates the potential synbiotic relationship between 2′-FL and Bi-26™ on immune development.MethodsTwo-day-old piglets (n = 53) were randomized in a 2 × 2 design, receiving either a commercial milk replacer ad libitum without (CON) or with 1.0 g/L 2′-FL (FL). Piglets in each diet were further randomized to receive either glycerol stock alone or Bi-26™ (109 CFU) (BI and FLBI) orally once daily. On postnatal day (PND) 34/35, animals were euthanized, and blood was collected for serum cytokine analysis. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for ex vivo stimulation and flow cytometry analysis. Serum and ex vivo cytokines were analyzed using a multivariate model. All other outcomes were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, considering prebiotic and probiotic fixed effects. The significance level was set at a p value <0.05, with trends reported for 0.05 < p < 0.1.ResultsImmune cell populations in PBMCs were unaffected by the experimental treatment. However, serum interleukin (IL)-1RA, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18 were all higher (p < 0.05) in the FL group than in the CON group. In isolated PBMCs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation resulted in higher IL-1RA and a trend for higher IFN-γ secretion in the FL group vs. the CON group.Conclusion2′-FL stimulates a balanced cytokine profile in healthy piglets without changing immune cell populations. When immune cells are stimulated ex vivo with LPS, 2′-FL primes T-cells for a proinflammatory response, which is moderated by co-administration of Bi-26™.

Growth performance of neonatal calves fed milk replacer 2 versus 3 times per day

Abstract Several calf studies demonstrated growth advantages when feeding greater protein and/or milk solids amounts, however studies comparing 2x/d versus 3x/d feeding are limited. The study objective was to evaluate feeding 2 times/d versus 3 times/d thereby increasing milk solids intake. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (N=20/treatment) using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) 2X: milk replacer (MR) fed 2x/d; and 2) 3X: MR fed 3x/d for increase solids intake. The MR was fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h and the 3rd 3X feeding was at 1200 h. Calves on 2X were fed MR at 0.567 kg/d for d 1-14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15-35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36-42 to facilitate weaning at 42 d. Calves on 3X were fed MR 0.851 kg/d for d 1-14, increased to 1.275 kg/d for d 15-35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36-42 followed by weaning. Calf starter (CS; amounts and orts weighed daily) and water were offered for ad libitum intake. Initial BW was not a significant covariate and final BW (81.5 and 80.9 kg, for 2X and 3X, respectively) was similar. A treatment by week interaction (P < 0.01) indicated variable BW gains during the study with calves fed 3X demonstrating greater BW during week 4 (P < 0.10) and 5 (P < 0.05) compared with calves fed 2X. However, BW gains for calves fed 3X were reduced (P < 0.05) during the weaning period resulting in similar BW gains (36.8 and 36.4 kg) at study end. Intake of CS (0.65 and 0.46 kg/d) was lower (P < 0.04) for calves fed 3X compared with calves fed 2X. Feed conversions (0.64 and 0.58 kg/kg) were greater (P < 0.02) for calves fed 2X compared with 3X fed calves. Calves fed 2X had less (P < 0.01) scours (fecal score=0; 34.3 and 29.7 d) compared with 3X fed calves. Providing an additional MR feeding demonstrated minimal BW gains due to lower CS intake. Providing greater MR intake using a 3rd daily feeding reduces CS intake that can inhibit transition to dry feed when weaning calves.

Two-Dimensional Combined Stochastic Sensor for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Bovine and Vegan Milk

Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogenic mycotoxin responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and animals. A two-dimensional combined stochastic sensor based on the physical modification of a gold dot with N-[5-methylpyridin-2yl] octadec-9-enamide was designed and validated for aflatoxin B1 determination in bovine and vegan milk. The working concentration range was between 0.1 fmol L−1 and 0.1 µmol L−1 with a sensitivity of 2.70 × 109 s−1mol−1L. The recovery values for aflatoxin B1 in the milk samples exceeded 95.00%, with relative standard deviations lower than 0.10%.

Sustainable Innovations in Oat-Based Yogurts: Modulating Quality and Sensory Properties with Chia Seeds and Honey

This study investigates the impact of adding varying concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) of chia seeds on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of oat-based yogurt fortified with 2% honey. The research analyzed changes in pH, titratable acidity, water-holding capacity (WHC), dry matter content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity over a 7-day storage period. The pH values ranged from 4.33 ± 0.01 to 4.57 ± 0.01, with no significant impact observed due to chia seed addition. Titratable acidity increased most rapidly in the 9% chia seed sample, particularly between days 5 and 7. WHC significantly improved with higher chia seed concentrations, with the 9% chia sample reaching 99.9 ± 0.07% compared with 69.9 ± 0.12% in the control. Dry matter content showed a similar trend, with the highest increase observed in the 9% chia sample. TPC and antioxidant activity were positively correlated with chia seed concentration and storage time, with the 9% chia sample exhibiting the highest values on day 7. Sensory evaluation revealed that the 3% chia seed concentration was most preferred by panelists for its balanced texture and flavor. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the clustering of higher chia concentrations with improved functional properties. This study presents novel insights into the impact of varying concentrations of chia seeds on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant potential of oat-based yogurt, specifically fortified with honey, contributing to the development of functional plant-based dairy alternatives.

Plant-based milk substitutes as probiotic vehicles: Health effect and survival, a review

The use of plant extracts or nondairy milk alternatives as a substitute for Cow's milk in the formulation of foods that function as vehicles for the consumption of probiotics has become popular. This substitution aims to formulate food products without lactose, low in fat, and, therefore, low in calories. Additionally, they can enter vegan or vegetarian markets. The use of these vegetable extracts has been explored for the development of probiotic foods that confer health benefits without cow milk allergy. However, few studies support that replacing Cow's milk in these foods allows probiotics to remain viable during storage, survive the digestive tract sufficiently, and reach their colonization site. Additionally, even fewer clinical studies in human or animal model assays have analyzed the impact of probiotic foods formulated with plant extracts.

Preweaning Megasphaera elsdenii Supplementation in Dairy-Beef Calves: Impact on Performance, Behavior, and Rumen Development

This study evaluates the effects of an oral probiotic capsule containing a live culture of M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 on performance, feeding behavior, rumen pH VFA, and development of dairy-beef crossbred calves. Thirty-one male dairy-beef crossbred calves (Holstein x Angus; mean ± SD; 45.3 ± 7.1 kg; 8.2 ± 2.0 d old) were enrolled in a blinded, 76-d randomized trial. Calves were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: placebo, probiotic capsule administration on d 15, or probiotic capsule on d 15 plus a second capsule on d 39 of the study. Calves were housed individually with ad libitum access to water and calf starter and were fed 7L/d of milk replacer (1050g of powder/d) in 2 meals until d 41, then 3.5L/d in 2 meals until weaning on d 56. Behavioral observations were recorded in 1-min intervals using a wall-mounted camera. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 14, 35, 49, 58, and 70, and analyzed for pH and VFA. Upon euthanasia on d 77, forestomach weights were recorded, and rumen papillae dimensions were measured. Mixed linear models were used for statistical analysis. Probiotic treatment resulted in greater daily solid feed DMI and ADG, particularly during weaning and postweaning periods. Additionally, probiotic treated calves spent more time drinking water and tended to have lower rumen pH compared with control. Empty rumen weight and papillae area were greater in calves supplemented with the probiotic capsule on d 15 compared with the other treatments. These findings suggest that preweaning M. elsdenii supplementation enhances performance and rumen development in dairy-beef crossbred calves. However, the impacts of timing and number of capsule applications on rumen development and calf performance should be further investigated. Further research should also investigate the probiotic's impact on the rumen microbiome and fermentation dynamics throughout the rearing period using detailed microbiome analysis.

Practice changes and infant health risks during the 2022 infant formula shortage: Results of a US healthcare provider survey.

In February 2022, an infant formula recall and closing of a major manufacturing center exacerbated a nationwide shortage initiated by COVID-19-related supply chain disruptions. The effects were far-reaching, impacting families and healthcare providers across the US. A 19-item web survey was developed to better understand how the infant formula shortage impacted healthcare provider practices, resources needed and those already used, and patient health, including malnutrition. Subjective data on providers' experience were also collected. Two hundred forty-one providers responded, primarily registered dietitians (94%) practicing in inpatient/academic hospitals in urban and metropolitan areas. Practice adjustments included increases in patient education (100%), communication with pharmacies/durable medical equipment companies (65%), and visit durations (28%). Feeding adjustments by caregivers included new infant formula (99%), toddler (55%) or homemade (23%) formula, cow's milk (46%) or milk alternatives (32%), formula dilution (41%), and early food introduction (14%). Providers indicated an increase in malnutrition (33%), related diagnoses (including failure to thrive [31%] and deceleration in z score [27%]), and associated symptoms. Of the providers who reported malnutrition and related diagnoses, 93% also reported caregiver feeding practices that are generally not recommended. Providers made practice adjustments to mitigate the consequences associated with formula unavailability and misuse yet saw an increase in malnutrition and related diagnoses or symptoms. Subjectively, providers reported frustration that greater workloads did not result in improved outcomes, contributing to burnout. These data underscore the essentiality of supporting healthcare providers as they guide families in safe infant feeding practices.

Fat composition in milk replacer modulates plasma cholesterol of dairy calves

This study evaluated the effect of feeding milk replacers (MR) formulated with alternative fat sources and containing different fat compositions on plasma cholesterol of dairy calves. Forty-five individually housed male Holstein calves (2.3 ± 0.82 d; mean ± SD) were blocked by arrival day and age. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) an MR containing a fat blend with 65% rapeseed and 35% coconut fats (RC), 2) an MR containing 65% palm and 35% coconut fat (PC), and 3) an MR containing 65% lard and 35% dairy cream (LD). All MR were isoenergetic with 30% fat, 25% protein, and 36% lactose (DM basis). Calves were fed 6.0 L/d from d 1 to 5, 7.0 L/d from d 6 to 9, and 8.0 L/d from d 10 to 35 at 13.5% solids. Water and chopped wheat straw were available ad libitum from arrival onwards. Milk, water, and straw intakes were recorded daily. Blood was sampled and BW was measured at arrival and weekly thereafter at 1300 h. Fecal scores were recorded daily after the morning meal. Growth and intakes did not differ among treatments. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations were higher in calves fed RC than PC and LD, and higher in calves fed PC than LD. Additionally, plasma TG was greater in calves fed PC than LD at wk 2 after arrival, while calves fed RC did not differ from the other treatments. The proportion of abnormal fecal scores were reduced in calves fed RC in wk 2. Including palm and rapeseed fats in the MR did not affect growth but increased plasma total cholesterol.

Long-term effects of transition milk feeding on feed intake, growth performance, feeding behavior, and oxidative status of Holstein calves

This study investigated the long-term effects of feeding 5-d transition milk (TRANS) compared with milk replacer (MR) on parameters, including intake, growth, feeding behavior and oxidative stress. Fifty Holstein calves (30 females and 20 males) were fed either 12 L/day TRANS or MR for the first 5 d after an initial colostrum feeding of 3.5 L. Thereafter, all calves were fed with 12 L of MR/d (140 g/L) and were gradually weaned starting in wk 8 until wk 14. Throughout the 14 wk the calves had unrestricted access to concentrate (up to 9.8 kg/calf/day), hay, and water. After weaning all heifers were fed a total mixed ration for young cows. Oxidative status was assessed in blood samples from birth to first insemination. Parameters assessed included the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) for antioxidant capacity and the concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites by the dROM (detection of reactive oxygen metabolites) assay. In addition, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), oxidative damage in the form of lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were measured. An oxidative stress index (OSi) was calculated: dROM/FRAP x 100. Total protein (TP) concentration was also quantified via the Bradford assay. The only significant difference in feeding behavior between the 2 treatment groups was a higher concentrate intake by the TRANS calves during the weaning phase. Body weight and ADG did not differ significantly between the TRANS and MR groups. TRANS calves showed a trend for fewer cases of health disorders. Markers of oxidative status, including TBARS, AOPP, GSHPx, FRAP and ROM, showed no treatment effects but varied significantly over time. Of note, the oxidative stress index as ratio between pro- and antioxidants in both groups peaked during weaning and then returned to baseline, suggesting an effective response to this transition phase Overall, the results indicate that feeding TRANS during the first 5 d of life had no long-term effect on the parameters studied as compared with MR feeding under the present rearing conditions. These results provide insight into the changes of oxidative status with age and confirm that the relatively high milk feeding level, slow and late weaning enables calves to adapt well to solely solid feed.

US household demand system analysis for dairy milk products and plant‐based milk alternatives

AbstractUsing the QUAIDS model, we analyze interrelationships among dairy milk and plant‐based milk alternatives (PBMA) for US households from 2018 to 2020 using NielsenIQ. We adopt the Shonkwiler–Yen methodology to account for censored observations. PBMA demand is inelastic, while milk products show elastic demand. PBMA substitutes for traditional white milk and organic milk. Traditional flavored milk and PBMA as well as lactose‐free and organic milk are complements. PBMA and lactose‐free milk are independent goods. Demographic factors like income, household size, and education significantly affect budget share, alongside women, infants, and children participation and the pandemic.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 30 mg/kg for dogs and ornamental fish. For the other target species, the calculated safe concentrations were 9 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 13 mg/kg for laying hens, 12 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 19 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 16 mg/kg for piglets, 23 mg/kg for sows, 39 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and salmonids, 35 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses, 22 mg/kg for dairy cows, 14 mg/kg for rabbits and 7 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 7 mg/kg complete feed. The use of lavender oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake does not exceed the daily amount considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of lavender oil in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since the oil of the flowering tops of L. angustifolia is recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Toward Diverse Plant Proteins for Food Innovation.

This review highlights the development of plant proteins from a wide variety of sources, as most of the research and development efforts to date have been limited to a few sources including soy, chickpea, wheat, and pea. The native structure of plant proteins during production and their impact on food colloids including emulsions, foams, and gels are considered in relation to their fundamental properties, while highlighting the recent developments in the production and processing technologies with regard to their impacts on the molecular properties and aggregation of the proteins. The ability to quantify structural, morphological, and rheological properties can provide a better understanding of the roles of plant proteins in food systems. The applications of plant proteins as dairy and meat alternatives are discussed from the perspective of food structure formation. Future directions on the processing of plant proteins and potential applications are outlined to encourage the generation of more diverse plant-based products.

Vitamin K - content in food and dietary intake among the Danes

Insufficient information on the content of vitamin K2 in our foods hinder estimation of the dietary intake. We aimed to establish content of eight vitamin K vitamers, vitamin K1 (phylloquinone; PK) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones; MK-4 to MK-10) in 88 composite food samples representing dairy, eggs, meat, fish, cereals, and plant-based alternatives to dairy. Combined with PK data for other foods, the dietary intake among Danes was estimated. The unit’PKeq’ is used to compensate for the difference in molecular weight for MK-4 at 445 g/mol up to MK-10 at 853 g/mol. The highest content was found in chicken thigh with skin at 53 μg PKeq/100 g followed by 49 μg PKeq/100 g in Danablue (blue cheese). The daily intake of vitamin K is 139 μg to 160 μg PKeq for adults. The highest percentage comes from PK (64 %), 27 % from MK-4, 4.6 % from MK-9, and 2.4 % from MK-8.

Effects of single-dose ruminal infusions of high or low short-chain fatty acid concentrations and high or low pH on apparent total tract digestibility and hindgut fermentation of pre-weaned dairy calves

While the importance of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on rumen development are well-known, their impact on the small and large intestine are unclear. This study investigated how single-dose ruminal infusions with high or low short-chain fatty acid concentrations and high or low pH affect calves' productivity as well as physiological parameters associated with hindgut acidosis at 3-time points in 49 d. Holstein bull calves (n = 32) were individually housed and fed milk replacer (900 g/d) twice daily and calf starter and water ad libitum. At d 10 ± 3 of life, the rumens were fistulated and cannulated. At d 14 of life, calves were grouped by body weight and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: high or low SCFA concentration (285 vs. 10 mM) and high or low pH (6.2 vs. 5.2), creating 4 treatment groups: high SCFA concentration, high pH (HS-HP); high SCFA concentration, low pH (HS-LP); low SCFA concentration, high pH (LS-HP); and low SCFA concentration, low pH (LS-LP). On d 21, 35, 49, feces were sampled to calculate apparent total-tract digestibility, determinate organic acid concentrations (i.e., SCFA, BCFA and lactic acid), and pH. Afterward, the rumen was evacuated and underwent a single-dose infusion for 4 h with one of 4 treatment buffers. After completion of rumen infusion on d 49, calves were harvested, and the tissue weight and length, and digesta pH of the rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum were recorded along with the digesta pH of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum only at d 49 after dissection. Data were analyzed with main factors as fixed effects and repeated measures for weekly measurements. Treatments did not affect performance parameters such as feed intake, ADG, apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements. In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, HS-HP had a greater digesta pH than LS-HP, while the hindgut digesta pH was only affected by the SCFA concentration. High SCFA concentration increased the concentration of colonic isovaleric acid and fecal BCFA, while only colonic acetic acid and fecal lactic acid concentrations were affected by treatment. Fecal SCFA and BCFA concentrations increased mainly on d 35. In summary, 4 h of physiological buffer infusion in the rumen does not change apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements but does affect hindgut fermentation parameters (i.e., organic acid concentrations and digesta pH). In addition, calves can experience increased risks of hindgut acidosis around 35 d of life.

Carbohydrate composition of cow's milk and plant-based milk alternatives

The prevalence of lactose intolerance is one of the factors driving consumers toward plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA). This study aimed to analyze the carbohydrate profile of cows' milk (regular and lactose-free from both pasteurized and UHT milks; n = 80) and PBMA (n = 60) by HPLC. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the energy content and total carbohydrate content between regular milk and lactose-free milk. Although milk and PBMA are entirely different food matrices, some PBMA types, as soya and coconut, may have energy contents and total carbohydrate contents comparable to those of milk. Furthermore, the variability observed in total carbohydrate content, as well as in carbohydrate profile, both between PBMA types and within samples of the same type, arises not only from variations in raw materials but also from the number of dilutions of the vegetable extract and the addition of different types and levels of carbohydrates, such as sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol, during PBMA manufacture. Although, milk presents a regular carbohydrate composition, differing solely between presentations (regular/lactose-free), the PBMA differs significantly between types and among the same type, not being for that reason regarded as a milk substitute.

Performance and Physiological Responses of Pre-Weaning Peranakan Etawa Goats Fed Milk Replacer with Maggot Flour

Pre-weaning growth is crucial for achieving high weaning weights, which are expected to positively correlate with the overall performance of does/ewes. Milk replacer, designed to meet the nutritional needs of pre-weaning kids, offers a solution to this challenge. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the impact of incorporating maggot flour into milk replacer on the performance of pre-weaned Peranakan Etawa (PE) crossbreed goats. The parameters observed included milk replacer intake, nutrient consumption, body weight gain, weaning weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and feed cost per gain. The study involved 10 two-week-old local pre-weaned PE goats, each with an average body weight of 5.33 ± 0.93 kg, divided into two treatment groups with five replicates each. The treatments included a commercial milk replacer (P0) and a milk replacer containing maggot flour (P1). Data were analyzed using an independent t-test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that daily body weight gain in pre-weaned PE goats fed milk replacer containing maggot flour did not differ significantly (P0.05) from those fed the commercial milk replacer. The physiological responses of the pre-weaned goats, including rectal temperature and respiratory rate, were similar between treatments and did not negatively affect their physiological status. The lowest feed cost per gain was observed in the group fed the maggot flour-based milk replacer (P1), indicating its potential economic advantage.

Opinion Piece: New Plant-Based Food Products Between Technology and Physiology.

The rapid growth of product sectors for plant-based meat and dairy alternatives has raised significant scientific interest in their nutritional and ecological benefits. Here, it outlines the fractionation of plant-based raw materials and describes the technologies applied in the production of meat and dairy substitutes. Moreover, the study describes the effects of these new products on human nutrient supply and metabolic responses. Examples of meat-like products produced by extrusion technology and dairy alternatives are provided, addressing production challenges and the effects of processing on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability. In contrast to animal-based products, plant-based protein ingredients can contain many compounds produced by plants for defense or symbiotic interactions, such as lectins, phytates, and a wide range of secondary metabolites. The intake of these compounds as part of a plant-based diet can influence the digestion, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of essential nutrients such as minerals and trace elements but also of amino acids. This is a critical factor, especially in regions with limited plant species for human consumption and inadequate technologies to eliminate these compounds. To fully understand these impacts and ensure that plant-based diets meet human nutritional needs, well-controlled human studies are needed.

Changes in the biological and nutritional value of pea and bean grains as a result of their bioactivation

The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve the technology for processing peas and beans of domestic selection into plant-based drinks and their use in technologies for alternative products of complex raw materials for healthy, functional and specialized nutrition of various population groups. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of the developed technological modes of bioactivation on the nutritional and biological value, functional and technological properties of the protein-carbohydrate complex of pea and bean grains. The work examines the results of studies of changes occurring in pea grains bred at the Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture and beans bred at the Omsk State Agrarian University during their bioactivation using the Smart Sprouter "Rosinka" installation, in particular the biochemical composition and inhibitory activity of grain of the studied varieties, a protein complex and amino acid composition, protein digestibility in vitro, functional and technological properties of the protein-carbohydrate complex of grain. The research has been carried out using generally accepted, modern instrumental methods for analyzing the properties of raw materials and finished products. It has been established that the use of the developed technological parameters of bioactivation leads to modification of the functional and technological properties of the structure-forming nutrients of grain, intensive accumulation of all amino acids, with the exception of threonine, make it possible to increase the protein content in pea grain by 15.32 % and beans by 14.96 %, relative to the initial values increase the degree of compliance of pea and bean grain protein with the FAO/WHO reference protein by 4.48 and 17.53 %, reduce the activity of grain protease inhibitors by 19.76 and 26.12 %, increase the digestibility of grain protein by 7.77 and 5.85 %. The research results prove the feasibility of using bioactivated pea and bean grains for the production of alternative products with a complex raw material composition, including plant-based drinks and products in the "dairy alternatives" segment.

Comparative analysis of LAB and non‐LAB fermented millet drinks fortified with Chlorella sp.

AbstractThis study investigates the expanding domain of functional beverages crafted from plant‐based milk alternatives. In this study, a total of eight different fermented drinks fortified with beneficial Chlorella sp. and probiotics including Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIM 5775) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) drinks were developed using barnyard millet as the base ingredient due to its rich protein and high‐fibre content in comparison with the other millets in the market. Results revealed that the protein content increases by 2% upon the addition of Chlorella sp., among bacterial samples, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented Unflavoured drink (LRFFD) > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented flavoured drink > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented with Chlorella sp. > LRFM, and among yeast samples, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented Unflavoured drink (SCFUFD) > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented with Chlorella sp. > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented flavoured drink (SCFFD) > SCFRM, indicating higher protein content than in typical fermented drink. Fat content was notably low across all samples. Ash and fibre content ranged from 0.23 to 0.27 g and 0.22 to 0.35 g, respectively, for both bacterial and yeast fermented drink. Millet is generally considered a carbohydrate‐rich grain. When fermented, some of the carbohydrates may be broken down by the fermentation process. So, the carbohydrate content was low in fermented millet drink when compared to the nonfermented drink. Energy values varied, with LRFFD and SCFFD containing the highest energy due to incorporation of Chlorella sp. and chocolate flavour. Both LAB and yeast‐fermented drinks demonstrated effective antioxidant activity, with higher total phenolic content, except for non‐Chlorella sp. beverages. GC‐MS analysis identified constituents like hexadecenoic acid and hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) with anticarcinogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Additionally, these samples exhibited elevated antimicrobial activity against test strains. Sensory analysis indicated a preference of SCFFD and LRFFD sample for its good taste as it contains chocolate flavour and the overall acceptability of bacterial fermented beverage was higher compared to the yeast fermented drinks. Therefore, a fermented millet beverage was successfully obtained by the coculture of LAB and Saccharomyces cerevisiae incorporated with Chlorella sp. could increase the product's functional properties.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ШТАММОВ МОЛОЧНОКИСЛЫХ БАКТЕРИЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ГОРСКОГО ГАУ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ЗАМЕНИТЕЛЯ ЦЕЛЬНОГО МОЛОКА

An effective raw material for the production of probiotic products for young farm animals and poultry are whole milk replacer (WMR), which are prepared on the basis of skim milk. The work was carried out at the Research Institute of Biotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Gorsky State Agrarian University. The article presents the results of using a whole milk replacer (WMR) based on skim milk fermented with strains of lactic acid microorganisms selected by the Gorsky State Agrarian University in feeding young farm animals. The increase in live weight in calves of the experimental group receiving the probiotic product was 13.3 % higher than that of their peers. Replacing 50 % of whole milk for calves with a lactobacilli preparation is an economically advantageous technique, because experimental calves consumed 11.93 % less feed units per 1 kg of gain than animals in the control group.