Military Prison Research Articles

The Military Prison: Theory, Research, and Practice.

The Military Prison: Theory, Research, and Practice.

ICRC Activity in the Near East in 1970 - Some figures

In 1970, the ICRC, through its delegates in Israel and the occupied territories as well as those in Arab countries, continued its activities consistent with the Geneva Conventions. Their tasks consisted essentially in visiting civilian and military prisoners, in delivering family messages, in organizing the re-uniting of members of families that had been separated and in tracing missing persons.

Self-disclosure in prisoners.

Self-disclosing behavior in prisoners may be viewed as indicative of identification patterns during “prisonization.” To 65 military prisoners in their first month of imprisonment, a modified Jourard Self-disclosure Scale was administered twice. Disclosure was not significantly related to psychiatric diagnosis, type of offense, or biographical variables. However, differences among confiding targets were significant. Data did not support the presence of a clear “prisonization” process in this sample but suggested a continuity of tendencies to disclose self in free and prison settings.

Excessive Dispensary Users in the Military Prison

Excessive Dispensary Users in the Military Prison

Hand test indicators of antisocial behavior.

Abstract The Hand Test Acting Out Score (AOS) and to a limited degree other scores were studied in relationship to offense type of 614 military prisoners, their subsequent disciplinary problems in adjusting to confinement, and an Army measure of mental ability. Significant differences were observed between the mean AOSs of Ss who had committed offenses against people and against property and between Ss who subsequently were model prisoners and disciplinary offenders. The mental ability measure was minimally related to Hand Test response categories. Considerable overlap was observed in AOS distributions of the varying antisocial groups and the AOS was felt to be of questionable value in predicting individual antisocial behavior in confinement.

Biographical and Psychodiagnostic Dimensions of Behavioral Adjustment to the Military Prison

Biographical and Psychodiagnostic Dimensions of Behavioral Adjustment to the Military Prison

The Military Prison at Fort Warren

The Military Prison at Fort Warren

Constitutional Law: Due Process: Scope of Inquiry in Habeas Corpus Petitions from Military Prisoners

Constitutional Law: Due Process: Scope of Inquiry in Habeas Corpus Petitions from Military Prisoners

The role of the chaplain in the rehabilitation of military prisoners

The role of the chaplain in the rehabilitation of military prisoners

Katz v. Officer Commanding the Polish Military Prison, Jerusalem.

Jurisdiction — Foreign Armed Forces — Member of Armed Forces of Allied Power.Jurisdiction — Irregular Apprehension — Effect of — Members of Armed Forces of Allied Power — Desertion — Apprehension by Local Civil Police — Irregular Handing Over to Military Police of Allied Power — Effect of Irregularity on Jurisdiction of Court Martial — Allied Forces Act — Habeas Corpus

A Study of Military Prisoners at a Disciplinary Barracks Suspected of Homosexual Activities

A Study of Military Prisoners at a Disciplinary Barracks Suspected of Homosexual Activities

The Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale as a measure of intellectual impairment for military prisoners.

The Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale as a measure of intellectual impairment for military prisoners.

The “Sick Book Rider” in an Overseas Military Prison

The “Sick Book Rider” in an Overseas Military Prison

PSYCHODYNAMICS OF CONFINEMENT OF WARTIME MILITARY OFFENDERS

The psychodynamics of confinement of wartime military prisoners was discussed. The constructive and destructive factors affecting the men were mentioned. The abandonment of diagnostic labels has enabled the psychiatrists to look upon the military offenders from the point of view of dynamic formulations which are capable of change as the situation demands. Finally, some suggestions were offered for therapy and for preparing the prisoners for restoration to duty.

Mental deficiency and military offense

The percentage of mental defectives in the army is about 0.75, or approximately one-half of that in the total population, but the percentage of defectives among general military prisoners is 21.0. Thus the chances of a mentally defective soldier committing an offense punishable by a general courtmartial is about 30 times greater than those of a soldier with nondefective general intelligence. Defectives in the army should be recognized as a separate group. They should receive special training, should be placed in their own units and should be assigned to special duties in order to increase the efficiency of the army and decrease the number of courts-martial.

Some Criminologic Implications of the Returning Soldier

One of the vital problems which will confront the American public more and more at this stage of the war will be the personal and social needs of the returning soldier. Those engaged in the prevention and treatment of delinquency and crime will be especially concerned with those socially, mentally, emotionally, and physically handicapped soldiers who will not be able to adapt themselves to civilian life after the disorganizing and disintegrating experiences which they encountered in the many phases of military activity. Some of these, because of their maladjustments, will come into conflict with the law. The readers of this Journal will be particularly interested in the latter group. In discussing this problem we must not only concern ourselves with the soldier who is to return in the postwar period, but also those who already have returned, those who are rejected or discharged, and those military prisoners now in confinement in guardhouses, rehabilitation centers, United States disciplinary barracks, and Federal penal institutions. Any attempt to formulate a working hypothesis for dealing with this perplexing question would be presumptuous on my part. I can merely survey the problem in the light of my 20 years of work with the mentally ill and my present experience with the Army's rehabilitation program. Most of us will recall the many social ills, particularly during the prohibition era and the depression, which were outgrowths of World War I. Today, as in World War I, our returning soldiers will have to make many new and difficult adjustments to their homes and communities, and also to the many socially disorganizing situations which will exist in the period of reconstruction following the present crisis. In speculating about the criminologic problems incident to post-war readjustment of returning soldiers the following social and psychiatric problems come to mind and seem to warrant our most thoughtful study and diligent effort. Because of the vast number of men, women and youth directly or indirectly participating in the present war effort, the problems of postwar reconstruction will be large in scope, involved, and varied. With the return of seven to ten million soldiers to peacetime activity, it is obvious that countless readjustments will have to be made in order to control those situations and experiences

Carl Schurz as a Student of Modern Foreign Languages

IN 1850 young Schurz rescued his beloved Professor Kinkel of the University of Bonn from the military prison at Spandau, a sensational achievement. Not before arriving in Scotland did they feel free and safe, though the vocabulary of neither one contained the word liberty and its synonym freedom. The only two English words they knew meant something more prosaic and real. As both fugitives were hungry and thirsty, they entered an inn. There they tried to make practical use of all their English, supported by gestures and grimaces, and they succeeded admirably. Still wearing the shaggy disguise in which they had managed their escape from the Prussian police, the two Germans ordered beefsteak and sherry-two nouns which they kept repeating to the consternation and amusement of waiter and innkeeper. At last, when Schurz threw a gold coin on the table, its meaning struck home. Soon the waiter returned with tempting substantials while slowly and emphatically repeating: oxtail-soup. The faces of the two odd-looking strangers lighted. Schurz concludes the incident with the following instructive remarks: This was the first lesson in English. Judging from the similarity with two German words we could well imagine what the word 'ox' and 'soup' signified, but the meaning of the word 'tail' became clear to us only when we saw the contents of the tureen on our plates. We found the soup delicious, and thus our English vocabulary had been enriched by a valuable substantive.'

The Norman Lockyer Observatory

IN presenting the annual report and accounts (1936–37) of the Norman Lockyer Observatory, the council thanks the new director (Mr. D. L. Edwards) and his small staff for the work carried out under the difficult conditions consequent upon the death of the late director, Dr. W. J. S. Lockyer. Reference is made to the new sensitometer recently added to the equipment of the Observatory, which will make possible the development of quantitative work at Sidmouth over a wide range of the spectrum. Through the generosity of Sir Robert Mond, Prof. F. I. Blumbach is working at the Observatory as a research associate. The council expresses its view that the best tribute that could be paid to Dr. Lockyer's devoted services would be in the development of the Observatory, which retains so many marks of his attention, care and vision. Acquisitions of the British Museum (Natural History) THE Department of Geology has recently acquired, through the generosity of the Medical Committee of the Royal Dental Hospital, a molar tooth of Neanderthal man discovered in Genista Cave, Gibraltar, in 1865 by Capt. F. Brome, governor of the Military Prison. The most interesting recent acquisition in the Department of Minerals is a gilt brass model of a gold nugget from the foot of Croghan, Kinshela, near Arklow in County Wicklow. The original nugget was found in 1795. It was said to have weighed 22 ounces and to have been given to King George III by Abraham Coates in 1796. A model is preserved in Trinity College, Dublin, and a plaster model was presented to the British Museum in 1910. The new model is presented by Lord Seaton. Two fine specimens of hydromuscovite with pyrite and arsenopyrite from the Roman Deep Mine, Ogofau, Carmarthenshire, and specimens of a New British mineral, russellite, a mixed crystal of bismuth and tungstic oxides, from Cornwall, are the most interesting of the other British additions. Natural glasses of problematical origin generally classed as tektites continue to appear in various parts of the world. Through Dr. Spencer, forty-eight specimens of natural glass from Java have been presented by Dr. G. H. R. von Koenigswald. Prof. Suess of Vienna has presented a piece of the so-called kofelsiteâ a fused gneiss from the supposed meteorite crater at Kofels in the Austrian Tyrol. The Department has acquired by purchase some fine groups of cassiterite from Bolivia from Messrs. Gregory and Bottley and has also secured the greater part of the collection of Hugh Septimus Gordon, who specialized in collecting and studying the minerals of the rare earths.

Gibraltar Man

THE gift of this historic tooth of Neanderthal type from Gibraltar to the British Museum (Natural History) serves to recall the fact that it is only by little more than an accident that a certain primitive type of Homo is now known specifically as “Neanderthal” and not as Calpicus, from Calpè, an ancient name for Gibraltar ; for the first known example of Neanderthal man came to light in a rock-shelter, or the remains of a cave, in Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar, in 1848, nine years before the discovery of the type skull in the valley of the Neander in Germany. The history of the discovery was found by Col. E. R. Kenyon in 1910 in the minutes of the long defunct Gibraltar Scientific Society. The skull was presented to the Society by the finder, Lieut. Flint, its secretary ; but its remarkable and peculiar character was not appreciated until long after, when in 1862 it was sent to England by Capt. F. Brome, governor of the military prison, with a quantity of palaeontological material which he had obtained from the Genista cave, where he carried on investigations for some years. It was then examined by Mr. George Busk and Dr. G. H. Falconer, who immediately recognized its importance as a new and distinct type of Homo, the latter wishing to give it, as already mentioned, specific rank in classification. The skull has since been the subject of study by almost every anthropologist of note from Huxley to Keith ; and although it differs from the type in certain respects, and its age is not precisely determinable, all are agreed that it is a pleistocene skull belonging to the Neanderthal group. While some would regard the differences from the type as due to its sex (female) others hold that they are marks of an early and primitive character, such as have since been found in the Neander-thaloid skulls from Palestine. A similar skull, but of a child of five years of age, was found in 1926 by Miss D. Garrod in a recently discovered cave; and in the same stratum were flint implements of late Mousterian type. The original Gibraltar skull was presented by Mr. G. Busk to the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, where it is now exhibited.

A Lost Neanderthal Tooth

AMONG the recent accessions to the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, some of which are referred to later in these columns, is a molar tooth of Neanderthal man. This tooth has been identified as a 'milk tooth', which originally formed part of a series of palæontological specimens collected in Gibraltar by Capt. F. Brome, governor of the military prison, and forwarded by him to England in 1865, The tooth was mentioned by Mr. George Busk in 1868, after which date it disappeared and had been lost to science for nearly seventy years. Its recognition is due to Dr. A. Tindell Hopwood of the British Museum, who furnishes the following particulars of the identification. An unworn human tooth, fastened to a small square of blue paper and contained in a cardboard pill-box without lid, was received some months ago in the Department of Geology with various specimens from the Royal Dental Hospital. This, with some others, was passed to Dr. Hopwood for examination. His interest was aroused by a small printed label gummed to the paper and identical with labels on specimens from Gibraltar already in the Museum. This suggested that the tooth might be the one reputed to have been found by Brome, and examination disclosed the correct date (24.2.65) written in ink in the lower left-hand corner and on the back of the blue paper “1m under six years”—evidently the ground for constant reference to a milk tooth, and leaving little doubt as to the origin of the specimen. Capt. Brome's investigations in the Genista cave, from which the specimens came, lasted over a period of years in the 'sixties of the last century. The cave, which was named “Genista” in his honour, was discovered when the prison, of which he was governor, was being enlarged, and in the course of digging a new tank, fissures were observed in the limestone.