Military Defense System Research Articles

A Deep Learning-based Method of Investigating Rammed-earth Wall Damage on the Ming Great Wall Military Defense System

The collection, detection, and statistical analysis of massive damage information from large cultural heritage sites is an important issue that affects the progress, depth, and quality of cultural heritage protection efforts. The Ming Great Wall of China, known for its vast size, poses a significant challenge to protection efforts. Conventional methods for collecting and recognizing damage information from the wall are nearly impossible due to its scale. The limitation has significantly hindered efforts to safeguard the vulnerable rammed-earth walls of the Ming Great Wall. To address this issue, we developed new technical schemes that combine the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for low-altitude surveying and mapping with the accuracy of artificial intelligence detection. This enables the efficient collection, detection, and statistical analysis of a massive amount of damage data from the Great Wall sites. The system achieved an average damage detection accuracy of 0.838, as measured by the average precision (AP). Additionally, the system's average effective detection range exceeded 91.5%, while reducing manual labor time by about 95%. These results provide accurate, efficient, and timely data and technical support for efforts such as status investigation, condition evaluation, protection and maintenance, and budgeting for the Great Wall sites. Furthermore, this research proposes a potential approach for gathering and analyzing data from other large-scale cultural heritage sites.

Indiscernible noise determination of a military system equipped with an internal combustion engine

The main objective of this paper is to explore the non-detectability criteria of military systems and to determine the indiscernible noise of military systems equipped with internal combustion engines. Non-detectability is one of the critical requirements evaluated for military defense systems and it is defined strictly in MIL-STD-1474E standard. Furthermore, this standard specifies the limits of sound pressure levels conservatively for 1/3 octave bands. Though, the standard does not define indiscernible or inaudible noise levels for events in the presence of background noise. It is also not explicitly well-defined in the existing literature. This study presents a comparison of non-detectability distance defined in MIL-STD-1474E standard and indiscernible noise of a military system extracted from the measured octave band sound levels, which are processed based on sound propagation theory. In this study, several parameters such as atmospheric absorption, geometric spreading, ground effect, terrain type, obstacle existence are included to determine the indiscernible noise level of the military system of interest. The results are compared with the non-detectability distance limits given in the MIL-STD-1474E standard, and it is observed that the proposed method of indiscernible noise, which is defined as extracted sound level should be lower than the background noise, is well-correlated.

AI in the Sky: Developing Real-Time UAV Recognition Systems to Enhance Military Security

In an era where Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become crucial in military surveillance and operations, the need for real-time and accurate UAV recognition is increasingly critical. The widespread use of UAVs presents various security threats, requiring systems that can differentiate between UAVs and benign objects, such as birds. This study conducts a comparative analysis of advanced machine learning models to address the challenge of aerial classification in diverse environmental conditions without system redesign. Large datasets were used to train and validate models, including Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines, ensemble methods, and Random Forest Gradient Boosting Machines. These models were evaluated based on accuracy and computational efficiency, key factors for real-time application. The results indicate that Neural Networks provide the best performance, demonstrating high accuracy in distinguishing UAVs from birds. The findings emphasize that Neural Networks have significant potential to enhance operational security and improve the allocation of defense resources. Overall, this research highlights the effectiveness of machine learning in real-time UAV recognition and advocates for the integration of Neural Networks into military defense systems to strengthen decision-making and security operations. Regular updates to these models are recommended to keep pace with advancements in UAV technology, including more agile and stealthier designs

Purwarupa Radar Berbasis Arduino dan GUI Processing 3 sebagai Pendeteksi Musuh

Radar is a tool that functions to determine the whereabouts of objects in the surroundings. A military defense system requires a system for monitoring and handling certain areas (land, sea, air) effectively and efficiently to prevent unwanted presence from entering private areas. This design is expected to increase the defense system's capabilities to make it easier to automatically track and destroy enemies. The laser gun is an actuator that is integrated to shoot enemies detected by radar. The servo motor drives the ultrasonic sensor and the diode laser which moves from 00 to 1800, the ultrasonic sensor is integrated into the servo motor which functions to detect objects by reflecting ultrasonic waves on the object and receiving them back when the waves hit the object, then the 5V diode laser is used as a weapon. will emit a laser beam when directed at an object detected by the servo motor. Processing3 software is used as a graphic programming tool that can display object detection read by the ultrasonic sensor. The results of this research are that the ultrasonic sensor is capable of detecting objects in the range 0-40cm and the servo motor is capable of reaching angles from 00 to 1800. And this system can work effectively during shooting so that it can meet defense needs in dealing with enemies and can work quickly and precisely.

Evaluation of Chinese traditional military settlements’ defensive capabilities via principal component analysis (PCA): a case study of coastal Wei forts in the Ming dynasty

Defensive capability is one of the essential attributes of traditional military settlements. In the Ming dynasty, coastal Wei fort was the one of the most functionally complex and wide-ranging fortifications in the military defense system of China. Because many factors affect their defensive capacities, including three dimensions: individual construction, synergistic links, and regional jurisdiction, it is not easy to compare different settlements’ defensive capacities or to judge the degrees of different factors’ influences. Through principal component analysis, this study determines the weights of each minor factor. It constructs a model for evaluating traditional Chinese military settlements’ defensive capabilities, to quantify the defensive capability. The results show that the synergistic relationship between the settlements, especially settlement accessibility, has the most significant impact on defensive capability, much higher than a single castle's defensive construction. The defensive capability index of the Wei forts in Guangdong is the highest, consistent with the highest rate of victory in the wars fought on the coast during the Ming dynasty. The defensive capacity is directly proportional to the rate of victory, which validates this evaluation model’s soundness. This study not only comprehensively evaluates the coastal Wei forts’ defensive capacity in the Ming Dynasty, but also provides new methods for the quantitative or comparative analysis of military settlements at other temporal and spatial scales.

Value evaluation model (VEM) of ancient Chinese military settlement heritage: a case study of Liaoxi Corridor in the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Great Wall Military Defense System is the most complete ancient military cultural heritage in China, which is of great significance to the study of China’s ancient military defense mechanism and pattern. Military settlement is an important carrier of this mechanism. The estimation and in-depth understanding of its value can further excavate the profound connotation of the military defense system and the Great Wall spatial pattern in the Ming Dynasty. This paper adopts the AHP-CRITIC weighting approach to determine the weights of the historical value, scientific value, social value, cultural value and artistic value of the settlement heritage, so as to construct the value evaluation model of military settlements, and takes 34 Ming Great Wall military settlements in the Liaoxi Corridor as an example for evaluation. The results of the evaluation identified the priority settlements for conservation and development, and also explored their relationship with historical status, urbanization processes and official policies. The evaluation model constructed in this paper has a certain universality, and can also be followed in the evaluation of other military settlements in the Ming Great Wall Defense System, so as to obtain the overall cognition of the settlement system.

Perceptions on disabilities and illnesses in late Joseon Korea

This paper seeks to delineate and explain changing public perceptions towards those who suffered from deafness, blindness, or intellectual disability in Joseon Korea. In the fifteenth century, the Great Code of State Administration (경국대전, 經國大典 Gyeongguk Daejeon) prohibited discrimination against the disabled. The deaf and blind in particular even enjoyed favorable attention. The state provided such economic benefits as exemption from taxes as a way to compensate them for their impaired abilities, thereby fostering a rather favorable social climate towards persons with disabilities. Some blind persons were even believed to have such special talent as fortune telling. In the eighteenth century, however, negative perceptions towards the disabled began to gain strength. Increasing frequency of documented references to disability as an object of mockery suggests that the state and the society alike viewed the disabled as ‘useless people’ (폐인). Mainly utilizing court histories, literary anthologies, army rosters (군적), and military division (군영) records, this paper argues that overall change in the Joseon economy fueled discrimination against the disabled. In particular, changes in the military defense system and its associated military tax (군포) significantly contributed to the negative portrayal, as the new practice tended to divide the population into households collectively responsible for tax levies. By the nineteenth century, the state’s harsher treatment of the disabled set the stage for outright discrimination against disabled in modern Korea, exacerbated by the introduction of the Western notion of eugenics.

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases.

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique based on sound waves used for the evaluation of soft tissues. Sound waves have been used for a long time in nonmedical fields, including military defense systems, radar systems, and detection of icebergs. Technological advances resulted in new techniques becoming available for medical imaging, including ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Nowadays, the use of imaging has become a gold standard protocol in the diagnosis of many diseases, and recently developed diagnosis and therapy options provide more efficient treatment of rheumatic diseases. Thus, it has become possible to prevent structural damage and disability in patients with rheumatic disease. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is becoming a preferred imaging technique for rheumatic diseases, as it has many advantages. Among its advantages are being inexpensive, being radiation-free, having a dynamic image capacity, helping to detect disease activity, and helping with early detection and diagnosis of structural damage. This review summarizes the use of ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases.

„…fő nélkül csak egy nap sem jó volna azt a földet hadni”

The military defence of the northeastern part of the country, known at the time as Upper Hungary, was operated in the 17th century through the system of captaincies under the Hofkriegsrat (Imperial War Council). This region was not only threatened by constant Ottoman raids, but also by the growing ambitions of the princes of Transylvania, which were often supported by the gentry class of the area. At the same time the political significance of counties had grown significantly, as well as the power of the wealthy gentry, who just started finding their political identity. Therefore the position of the captain-general of Upper Hungary was always a role where finding a balance between the goals of the monarch and the interests of the county nobles was a primary political consideration, unlike in the captaincies of the western part of the country. At the same time the military defence system also had to be maintained, and only after addressing all these issues could the captain-general try to realise his own ambitions, or improve the status of his family. This essay analyses János Drugeth de Homonna’s tenure as captai-general to showcase the unique characteristics of the captaincy of Upper Hungary.

Advancing Network Securing Strategies with Network Algorithms for Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) Missile Batteries

Recently, the Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) has become vital for the defense system as the military defense system is vital for national security. Placing Integrated Air Defense System batteries among locations to protect locations assets is a crucial problem because optimal solutions are needed for interceptor missiles to intercept attacker missiles for maximizing protection of assets across locations or places. In this research, the procedures of using network algorithms along with developing several network algorithms are going to be demonstrated to develop a model for sequential development of seven network securing strategies of placing Surface to Air Missile (SAM) batteries to maximize the protection of assets across locations (based on given asset values) by generating optimal solutions through computation to destroy maximum attacker missiles by using minimum interceptor missiles with given intercept probability. This network securing strategies can be implemented not only for Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) planning but also Counter Air (CA) planning as Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) is conducted with defensive counter air supported by attack operations in offensive counter air.

Tang remains from the Keyak Khduk Beacon site in Yuli County, Xinjiang

Abstract Through consecutive fieldwork seasons from 2019 to 2020 at the Keyak Khduk Beacon site, the excavation team of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has unearthed a variety of structures such as a residential area, a berm, a wooden fence, a ramp, and several ash piles. All uncovered artifacts are of practical use for frontier soldiers, including paper and wooden-strip documents, objects made of ceramic, bronze, iron, wood, stone, bone, horn, leather, textile, and grass, and many remains of plants and animals. The excavated texts mention different levels of military units such as “Tonghai Garrison” and “Yulin Garrison” and multiple military roads such as “Loulan Route,” “Yanqi Route,” and “Mazezei Route.” The information fills the gap in the historical records about the military defense system under the Karasahr Garrison, one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi, proving the Tang’s effective administration and governance over the Western Regions. This excavation project has provided new materials for understanding Tang garrisons’ planning characteristics and construction techniques in the Western Regions. It will also greatly facilitate research progress in Dunhuangology, Turfanology, bibliography, history of calligraphic art, and other related fields.

Development of Cyber Weapons to Improve Indonesia's Cyber Security

It is indisputable that technical advancements have an impact on a country's military capability and security. This is inextricably linked to the deployment of numerous technologies and new discoveries aimed at boosting the military's defense system. As a result of this predicament, all governments are attempting to modernize their defense systems in order to deal with dangers posed by technological advancements. This is both a challenge and an opportunity for Indonesia's existing defense system. The goal of this study is to look into the development of cyber weapons and how they may help Indonesia improve its cyber security. The purpose of this study is to utilize a descriptive qualitative technique to investigate or explain the concerns surrounding the importance of cyber weapons in strengthening cyber security in Indonesia. The conclusions of this study show that as the number of Internet users grows, so does the global trend of cyber attacks. It's difficult to compare precision cyberweapons systems to existing kinetic weapons because of their new nature. Additionally, the development and use of cyber weapons can yield economic rewards. Human resources, as well as support and cooperation from Indonesian cyber defense groups with professionals in the field of hacking, are all crucial variables to consider while designing cyber weapons.

Уровни и этапы проектирования и исследования перспективных радиолокационных станций в отечественной специализированной САПР

The article is devoted to the design stages and levels in the developed Russian computer-aided design (CAD) system of radars. The concept of design in CAD is presented. Established three levels of radar design: system, structural, functional-logical. The radar design route is described. It consists of the stages of preliminary assessment of radar parameters, engineering analysis, simulation modeling of the use of radar as part of military defense systems, finding optimal variants of the radar composition.

Design of a framework of military defense system for governance of geoinformation

A defense system for geoinformation governance must be able to manage geographic information related to national security. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is useful for the defense of the country, as in the case of monitoring the spread of COVID-19, enabling authorities to make decisions based on data (data-driven). The difficulty in developing a GIS for defense is that the system requires specific functionalities from military organizations and is fault-tolerant. A case study was conducted based on requirements engineering ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018, to promote common understanding among all stakeholders, design a framework of GIS for defense, capable of isolating demands in a system developed in modules individualized. The system validation was demonstrated by obtaining the prototype of a tool of the defense system for geoinformation governance. The system framework is composed of input data, migrator, operational core, solver, output bus, geoportal, and external accessors. The application is under development and already has features such as tracing routes and identifying troop access.

Analysis of the Success or Failure of Bismarck's System

As an indispensable figure in the history of the second half of the 19th century, Bismarck gathered the Little Germany under the flag of Prussia through war and political maneuvres, constructed a new diplomatic and military defense system for Germany by diplomatic means, and carried out drastic reforms at home. He is also known as "Germany's navigator" and "Germany's architect" for his political work in building modern Germany. This paper combs the diplomatic system established by Bismarck after the dynastic war -- The rise and fall of Bismarck's system, in order to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the policy system adopted by Bismarck for German diplomacy and military defense after the reunification of Germany in the 19th century.

Perangkat Penyimpanan Muatan Listrik Ramah Lingkungan Berbasis Karbon Aktif Dari Limbah Hasil Pengolahan Muntok White Pipper

The national need for advanced materials is spread across several fields, such as industry, transportation, information systems and military defense systems. In the field of transportation, the government continues to innovate by shifting fuel-based vehicles (BBM) towards environmentally friendly cars in the form of electric cars. However, the main challenges in developing this electric car are the electric energy charge storage system which is durable, has high storage capacity, and short charging time. In this study, carbon was activated gradually using a 7% H3PO4 solution followed by heating at a temperature of 700oC for 3 hours under nitrogen gas (N2). The results of the FTIR analysis showed that the activated carbon N2 gas had a strong and sharp C=C group along the absorption band 1500 cm-1 – 1400 cm-1 which indicated that the activated carbon had high quality and purity. This result was strengthened based on the EDS spectra which showed a carbon content of 90.56%. In addition, based on SEM micrographs, it can be observed that the morphology of the carbon produced has pores scattered on the surface. The presence of these pores will provide space for the transfer of charge or ions to the electrode. The best electrode was obtained on activated carbon with N2 gas activation treatment with a conductivity of 3.92 x 10-2 S/m and a capacitance of 1.44 x 10-3 F, so it was concluded that activated carbon muntok white paper can be used as an electric charge storage material.

4세기 후반 백제의 대고구려 전쟁과 영토의식 - 치양성(雉壤城)·패수(浿水)에 대한 새로운 비정을 바탕으로 -

This study newly ascertained battle area between Baekje and Goguryeo in the late 4th century through historical research and dealt with the circumstances that Baekje established its perceptions of own territory in detail as a result.<BR> Chiyangs Fortress(雉壤城) which had been located in Baecheon, has been located in Tosan, and the Paesu(浿水) which had been located in Yaeseong River, has been located in Daedong River. During the war, Baekje established Sugok Fortress(水谷城) as its northeastern base and two countries engaged in battles between Paesu and Sugok Fortress.<BR> Later, Goguryeo attempted to advance southwards, toward the central part of Hwanghaedo, and Baekje established military defence system(關防) against its movement. It started from Sugokseong, passing Palgon Fortress(八坤城), and led to the sea near Gaeseong.<BR> After the war, Baekje demarcated Daedong river as its northern territorial boundary and it was retrospected as historical sites of first ancestor King Onjo. Through this process, the southern part of Daedong river was considered as own territory of Baekje.<BR> Based on this process, in the 7th century Silla claimed that the southern region of Pyeong’yang had been part of the Baekje territory, in the 8th century Tang dynasty officially approved the southern part of Daedong river as territory of Silla, and Gyonhwon of the later Paekche defined his standpoint to reclaim Pyeong’yang.

Information visualization analysis based on historical data

Visual expression is increasingly used in historical research due to its intuitiveness and distinctness. However, most of the common research contents focus on the spatial concept, but lack the visualization analysis of the attribute characteristics of the research elements. In order to achieve this goal, based on a case study of the coastal military defense system in Ming Dynasty, the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform was adopted to reconstruct the historical map and its spatial data were extracted. On this foundation, the attribute characteristics of the military settlements, accessibility, was quantified by constructing a hierarchy evaluation model, and then the results were projected into the spatial geographic coordinates to realize the visualization of the accessibility of the military settlements in Ming Dynasty. The results showed that the combined method of quantification and visualization not only enabled more comprehensive and intuitive display of historical information, but also promoted data extraction and correlation analysis, creating a possibly for more in-depth future research.

An exploration of the military defense system of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province from the perspective of castle-based military settlements

The Ming Great Wall distributed in Qinghai Province is a significant part of the Great Wall, which is the most world-renowned heritage site in China. However, compared to the Great Wall sections in other provinces, this section has not been systematically researched due to the later complete investigation and not enough attention paid from the public. It is of importance to study the Ming Great Wall Military Defense System (M-GWMDS), as it is the premise and foundation for further systematic researches about the Ming Great Wall. To supplement and improve the whole M-GWMDS in China, the authors researched the M-GWMDS in Qinghai Province from a new perspective, namely the castle-based military settlement. By consulting and summarizing related literature, the architectural features and military functions of castles have been clarified. After that, the castle-based military settlement in Qinghai Province was further analyzed, including its spatial distribution, troops deployment, three defense districts, and the reachable domain of troops. Finally, the authors explored to comprehensively research the military defense system, which contains four elements, i.e., the Great Wall mainline, military settlements, beacon tower system, and the relay system. Such components have made up a close network to defense, attack, and transfer vital information/staff with practical cooperation, which revealed the scientificity and practicability of Chinese ancient military thoughts. This study is helpful to enrich the systematic research on the Ming Great Wall and meaningful to expand the analysis of local history and ethnology of Qinghai Province.

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases.

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that is used for evaluation of soft tissues based-on utilization of sound waves. Sound waves has been used for a long time in non-medical field including military defense systems, radar systems and detection of icebergs. In association with the technological advances inventions in medical imaging has been achieved and new techniques including magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, computed tomography became available. Nowadays, imaging techniques has become as a gold standard protocol in diagnose of many diseases. Recently developed diagnose and therapy options provides more efficient treatment of rheumatic diseases. Thus, it became possible to prevent structural damages and disabilities. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is becoming a preferred choice of imaging technique for rheumatic diseases, with many advantages. Among its advantages includes being cheap, radiation-free, dynamic image capacity, and capacity of detection of disease activity, early diagnosis and early detection of structural damages. This review summarizes use of ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases.