Military Airport Research Articles

Tissue distribution and temporal and spatial assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the mid-Atlantic United States

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become an environmental issue worldwide. A first step to assessing potential adverse effects on fish populations is to determine if concentrations of concern are present in a region and if so, in which watersheds. Hence, plasma from adult smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu collected at 10 sites within 4 river systems in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, from 2014 to 2019, was analyzed for 13 PFAS. These analyses were directed at better understanding the presence and associations with land use attributes in an important sportfish. Four substances, PFOS, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA, were detected in every plasma sample, with PFOS having the highest concentrations. Sites with mean plasma concentrations of PFOS below 100 ng/ml had the lowest percentage of developed landcover in the upstream catchments. Sites with moderate plasma concentrations (mean PFOS concentrations between 220 and 240 ng/ml) had low (< 7.0) percentages of developed land use but high (> 30) percentages of agricultural land use. Sites with mean plasma concentrations of PFOS > 350 ng/ml had the highest percentage of developed land use and the highest number PFAS facilities that included military installations and airports. Four of the sites were part of a long-term monitoring project, and PFAS concentrations of samples collected in spring 2017, 2018, and 2019 were compared. Significant annual differences in plasma concentrations were noted that may relate to sources and climatic factors. Samples were also collected at two sites for tissue (plasma, whole blood, liver, gonad, muscle) distribution analyses with an expanded analyte list of 28 PFAS. Relative tissue distributions were not consistent even within one species of similar ages. Although the long-chained legacy PFAS were generally detected more frequently and at higher concentrations, emerging compounds such as 6:2 FTS and GEN X were detected in a variety of tissues.

DESIGNING OF NOISE POLLUTION MEASURES FOR A MILITARY AIRFIELD

This article discusses the possibilities of reducing noise pollution in the vicinity of a selected airport, with an emphasis on practical measures. The proposed procedures, which are routinely employed at commercial airports, would be ineffective or financially unsustainable under the circumstances of the military airports. The objective at military airports is not to maximise capacity, as at civil airports, where the desire to increase capacity is primarily related to profit. The primary objective for military airports is to perform defined tasks, which may include pilot training, search and rescue exercises and combat training. The main measures proposed to reduce noise pollution in the vicinity of the villages are changes in departure and arrival routes, the splitting of night operations into two parts and the introduction of a new article in the AIP and Airport Regulations prohibiting air operations over and in close proximity to the villages nearby. Finally, it is stressed that a significant reduction in noise will only be possible with the support of changes in legislation or above-standard financial investment by the airport operator.

Analysis of Potential Threats to the Critical Infrastructure of the 31st Tactical Air Base, in the Context of the Security of the Poznan Agglomeration

The main purpose of the article is an attempt to analyze the potential threats to the critical infrastructure of the 31st Tactical Air Base in Poznań-Krzesiny in terms of the security of the Poznań agglomeration. The main threats that may occur have been indicated in the context of military, non-military, asymmetric or hybrid activities. In addition, the mortgage effects of the actions taken, which can have a measurable impact on the safety of the Poznań agglomeration, were discussed and presented. An additional thread in the article is the indication of the existing threats that took place in the area of the Poznań-Krzesiny military airport, which could threaten the functioning of the critical infrastructure located in the area of the 31st Tactical Air Base and the critical infrastructure located in the area of the Poznań agglomeration.&#x0D; The article does not contain any information or data defined as classified information in accordance with Ustawa z dnia 5 sierpnia 2010 r. o ochronie informacji niejawnych.

PFAS surveillance within a highly militarized island: a case study of Okinawa, Japan.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a resilient class of anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern with over 12 000 individual compounds that have been noted for industrial applications, consumer goods, and food packaging materials. In general, the most common contributors to PFAS environmental pollution are aviation facilities, specifically those that use aqueous film forming foams (e.g., at military bases and airports). In this study, we examined the presence of PFAS across Okinawa Island (Japan) due to its large-scale U.S. military presence throughout the island. Surface water was collected at 61 sites across the island to achieve maximum geographical coverage of the island while also collecting near suspected PFAS sources; 31 PFAS were monitored using a 12 min HPLC-MS/MS method. A total of 15 PFAS were detected and quantified around the island with a mean Σ15PFAS of 16.3 ng L-1 and a maximum site concentration of 164.3 ng L-1. Region-specific PFAS profiles were observed across the island, including the overwhelming presence of PFHpA in the northern region of the island, revealing the possibility of multiple PFAS source points in Okinawa. The resultant data herein provides the first island-wide examination of PFAS "hotspots" across Okinawa and is a critical first step toward increasing PFAS awareness and action.

Necessity and securing plan of airfield exclusive for test and evaluation infrastructure in military aviation fields

This study addresses the problem of the absence of an airfield dedicated to flight tests, particularly since the need for flight tests has increased significantly with the development of the domestic aviation industry. In particular, the development of unmanned aerial vehicles, including small drones, along with the development of manned aircraft such as KF-21 “Boramae,” marine attack helicopters, and mine-sweeping helicopters, continues to increase flight test requirements. However, developers are not able to secure sufficient flight test time owing to program schedules. Accordingly, industry/academic/research/military and programrelated institutions involved in aircraft development strongly hope to establish an airfield infrastructure dedicated to flight tests. However, to secure a new airfield, several problems must be addressed, such as civil complaints in the region and securing a large budget. Accordingly, this study analyzed various measures to secure a flight test airfield in the defense sector and proposed that a flight test airfield connected to a military airport relocation project could be the most reasonable alternative for resolving regional conflicts and securing budgets.

Biological Protection of the Military Airport and Its Possible Optimization

Nowadays the importance of air traffic safety is more than ever. One of the basic elements that contribute to safety is the biological protection of the airport. The article aims to describe and explain how the biological protection of the military airport Sliač works. The main aim of protection is the create conditions to reduce the overall risk of bird strike or strike with other animals. It can be reached by the implementation of preventive active or passive methods. The objective of the study was to analyse negative sources which attract all kinds of animals. Based on the findings of the research, we can suggest and implement new methods of deterrence in the airport.

A Place of "Re-collect": Zainichi Experiences with/in Utoro, Japan

Abstract: As a memory place that exemplifies contemporary Zainichi experiences, the Utoro district in Kyoto, Japan, entails stories of Japan's colonial exploitation and postcolonial oppression, yet simultaneously reveals human hope, cooperation, and solidarity. First formed for the Korean workers and their families mobilized for the construction of a military airport during World War II, Utoro was left abandoned for decades in postwar Japan. Its Korean residents have suffered from continuous eviction suits, harassment, and violence including the most recent arson attack in 2022. At the same time, these intricacies of colonial origin and postcolonial controversy also invited networked grassroots efforts among the Japanese and Koreans to remember and reconstruct the place's sociohistorical meanings, resulting in the construction of the Utoro Peace Memorial Museum in 2022. This paper highlights the significance of Zainichi experiences with/in Utoro through an analysis of identity, discourse, and representation of the place. Drawing upon collective memory scholarship and adopting a theoretical framework of re-collection, the paper unravels complex meanings of a site in relation to human acts of remembering, making sense of, and finding significance to our past experiences with/in it. By situating visual and discursive voices of the Utoro community (Zainichi in Utoro ), such as its former residents' oral testimonies and museum displays, this study elucidates the significance of Utoro in Zainichi history. This paper argues that Utoro projects contradictory positionalities of Korean subjects as both integral and excess in the history of colonial and postcolonial socio-politics of ethno-racial Other in Japan.

Hunting the missing fluorine in aqueous film-forming foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Since aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are major sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), understanding the quantity and type of PFAS present in AFFFs is crucial for assessing environmental risk and remediation. We characterized 25 foams from Canada and Europe, including two non-AFFFs and two fluorine-free AFFFs. We used liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify novel PFAS, as well as total oxidizable precursor assays (TOP) and total organofluorine (TOF) measurements for comparison. LC-HRMS showed that the two non-AFFF foams and two PFAS-free AFFFs contained little or no PFAS, confirmed by TOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The PFAS-containing AFFFs, however, spanned a wide concentration range of TOF (2200–45,000 mg F/L) and contained 22 new classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances not previously reported. As a result of identifying new compounds, LC-HRMS was fully able to capture the oxidizable precursors determined by TOP assay in all tested fluorotelomer (FT) AFFFs, while unknown compounds still constituted a significant fraction (19–53 mol%) in most electrochemical fluorination (ECF) AFFFs. A fluorine mass balance was achieved by comparing the amounts of compounds identified by LC-HRMS with those detected by CIC, although LC-HRMS overestimated TOF with a recovery of 127 ± 36%.

Procedures for the planning and implementation of transport operations of Armed Forces and the safety of transport of dangerous goods by air

The aim of the article is to describe practical aspects of the issue related to the transportation of hazardous materials by air and to verify the problem in the form of the following question: Do the current legal conditions and applicable procedures ensure the safe movement of hazardous materials by aircraft? The first part of the article analyzes the legal regulations concerning the transportation of dangerous goods within the country and their impact on transport safety, and also draws attention to the compatibility of normative documents with regard to legislative acts operating internationally, in particular, those in force in the structures of the European Union and the NATO North Atlantic Treaty. Due to the fact that the transportation of hazardous materials carries a high risk, any irregularities arising in the process of transportation preparation may affect the safety of the crew, aircraft and property being moved. Attention was also focused on the proper preparation of hazardous materials for movement, based on the legal regulations cited in the first part of the article. Next, the most important factors affecting transport safety during practical preparation of cargo for air transportation were characterized. In order to fully illustrate the discussed issue and indicate its multifaceted nature, in the last part, an exemplary calculation of the movement of equipment and materials containing dangerous substances from the military airport in Wrocław to the civilian airport in Abidjan (Ivory Coast - Africa) was made. The article is concluded with a summary that highlights the most important aspects related to the transportation of hazardous materials affecting the safety of both people and transported materials.

Assessment of the technical condition of the airport runway surface using an UAV

The technical condition of airport pavements not only has a significant impact on the performance of air operations in the ground movement area but also affects the comfort of aircraft movement on the airport pavement, which determines the safety of air operations. The requirements for airfield pavements are specified in defense standards, as well as in civil documents, e.g. (International Civil Aviation Organization), EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency), FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), where exploitation parameters in the field of airport pavement construction are defined. The article presents the methodology of the initial assessment of the technical condition of airport pavements in terms of existing damage, as well as anomalies of the existing gradeline, which may indicate inadequate evenness of the pavement. The assessment was made using an aerial photogrammetry kit and the test results were presented. This work focuses on the use of an aerial photogrammetry set, which made a flight over the runway of a military airport providing its full imaging.

HPN-SOE: Infrared Small Target Detection and Identification Algorithm Based on Heterogeneous Parallel Networks With Similarity Object Enhancement

Infrared image small target detection and identification is a massive challenge with vast applications in essential places such as military industries and airports. Homoplastically, the unclear outline of the target in infrared images, and the complex image background, and the tiny percentage of targets in infrared images make it challenging to accurately acquire the targets’ features and other characteristics, all of which make the research of target detection and identification in infrared images significantly challenging. In this paper, we first contribute an open dataset of Single-frame Infrared Small Target dataset dubbed CAUC-SIRST. After that, the similarity object enhancement module is obtained based on the input feature maps by calculating the Wasserstein distance between the local target and the local background. Then a heterogeneous parallel backbone network structure is constructed, and the feature maps obtained from three different backbone network channels are fused and stitched together. As above, the general convolution channel adaptively extracts feature information; the SimAM channel increases the attention of potential targets, and the similarity object enhancement channel increases the weight of targets. Finally, fusing the feature maps of the three different channels makes it possible to increase the weight of potential targets while retaining the original basic information, this method is named HPN-SOE. Embedding the algorithm into the camera can form a sensor for infrared target detection and recognition. With extensive experimental results demonstrate our outstanding performance, which outperforms other existing methods by achieving a detection accuracy of 85.7% and a detection speed of 31.2 fps.

Case Study of the Merger of Military Airports in Commercial Aviation at Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport Semarang

The purpose of this research is to find out what are the impacts experienced in the implementation of commercial flights at the Military Airport at General Ahmad Yani International Airport Semarang and to find out the strategy of merging Military Airports in commercial flight activities at General Ahmad Yani International Airport Semarang. This type of research is using qualitative research. Data collection instruments through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study stated that in the application of the rules regarding the use of military airports in commercial flights at General Ahmad Yani International Airport, Semarang, there was no significant impact on commercial flights because the operational activities of the two parties were carried out in different building locations but still using the same runway. The same.

Comparison of PFAS soil remediation alternatives at a civilian airport using cost-benefit analysis

Contamination of soil and water systems by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) due to uncontrolled use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) at firefighting training sites at civilian and military airports is a universal issue and can lead to significant human health and environmental impacts. Remediation of these sites is often complex but necessary to alleviate the PFAS burden and minimise the risks of exposure by eliminating the hotspot/source from which the PFAS spreads. This study presents a probabilistic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for evaluating PFAS remediation alternatives, which includes monetisation of both direct costs and benefits as well as externalities. The method is applied for a case study to compare five remediation alternatives for managing PFAS contaminated soil at Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sweden. The social profitability, or the net present value (NPV), of each remediation alternative was calculated in comparison to two reference alternatives – ‘total excavation’ of the site (Alt 0) or ‘do nothing’. Sensitivity analyses and model scenarios were tested to account for uncertainties, including small or large PFAS spreading and simulating different values for the magnitude of annual avoided cost of inaction (i.e., aggregate benefit) from PFAS remediation. In comparison to total excavation, four of the five studied remediation alternatives resulted in a positive mean NPV. Excavation and stabilization/solidification of the hotspot on-site combined with stabilization using activated carbon for the rest of site (Alt 2) had the highest NPV for both spreading scenarios, i.e., Alt 2 was the most socially profitable alternative. Simulations of the annual avoided cost of inaction enabled estimation of the breakeven point at which a remediation alternative becomes socially profitable (NPV > 0) compared to ‘do nothing’. Alt 2 had the lowest breakeven point: 7.5 and 5.75 millions of SEK/year for large and small spreading, respectively.

Duoport lotniczy jako sposób efektywnego rozwoju infrastruktury lotniczej – doświadczenia międzynarodowe i krajowe

The expansion of low-cost airlines over the last few decades has significantly influenced the requirements and directions of development of aviation infrastructure, opening up development opportunities for many regional and former military airports. In the second phase of development, low-cost airlines increased their presence at major airports. The low-cost model is evolving, just like the models of traditional and charter airlines. These changes are followed by the development and changes in the airport infrastructure. The model infrastructure adapted to serve low-cost airlines is geared towards reducing the cost for the airlines and shortening the turnaround time of aircrafts – it is therefore smaller and simpler, devoid of certain elements, e.g., jet bridges. Similarly, the time and comfort of travel from the airport to the centre of the metropolitan area are not as important as in the case of airports serving traditional airlines. Meeting the requirements of low-cost airlines is influencing changes in the design of airport systems serving metropolitan areas. Various models of aviation market development are implemented around the world – they depend on the size and specificity of the market and, above all, on the social and environmental conditions related to new infrastructure projects. In many areas of the world, in response to the low-cost market boom, duoport systems have been developed in which one of the airports is focused on servicing traditional traffic, and the other on servicing low-cost airlines. Several such projects are being implemented at the same time. Based on these experiences, it is possible to construct an optimal model of a duoport that would enable the development of the aviation market, including both the development of the hub of the local flag carrier and the development of the low-cost segment. This model assumes the specialisation of both airports, cooperation between them, an appropriately attractive location of the secondary airport (serving low-cost airlines) as well as the flexibility of the system (enabling the adaptation of its elements to changing market conditions). The layout of the Warsaw duoport consisting of Warsaw Chopin Airport and Warsaw Modlin Airport must be defined as far from optimal. This is mainly due to the lack of long-term support of the Polish state for this model and the resulting lack of cooperation between the two airports. However, there are objective reasons why the Warsaw duoport may become effective. Both airports have the ability to increase their capacity. Their location in relation to the serviced metropolitan area is optimal. Therefore, this model may be an attractive and worth detailed analysis alternative to the project of the construction of a new central airport within the framework of the CPK project (Centralny Port Komunikacyjny – Solidarity Transport Hub). Key words: air transport, airport, low-cost airline, aviation infrastructure, regional airport, Warsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw Modlin Airport

Електроакустичний тракт детектора для виявлення малих безпілотних літальних апаратів

Small unmanned aerial vehicles have become increasingly popular in recent years for both commercial and recreational use. However, with the onset of war, the threat of using such drones for illegal purposes such as reconnaissance operations and terrorist attacks on the most vulnerable and important targets — military equipment, government buildings, airports or places with a large concentration of people — has rapidly increased. As a result, many methods have been developed for detecting drones, but the most promising of these is considered to be the acoustic method. This article discusses the implementation of a simple and inexpensive acoustic detector with a single microphone, enabling the detection of the sound emitted by the drone engines and propellers, which can then be analyzed to determine the location and trajectory of the unmanned aircraft. To register sound waves, it was proposed to use the electret microphone CMA-4544PF-W with a foam windscreen, and to ensure a wide dynamic range and protect the detector from overload, an amplifier with an automatic gain control system with feedback regulation based on the integrated circuit MAX9814. For further digital signal processing on a PC, an analog-to-digital converter with a sampling frequency of 48 kHz and a bit depth of 16 bits will be used, as well as an external sound card CM6206 with a line input. As a result of test flights, a database of audio files of the noise of the DJI Mavic 2 Pro quadcopter was created, which is now actively used by the military for reconnaissance, the accuracy of object detection by the acoustic detector was studied. The distance from the drone to the microphone affected the accuracy of detection, and the maximum value of reliable detection was 40 meters. The device successfully performs its functions, given its low cost and ease of use, but requires improvement to enhance its characteristics. The spectra of the obtained audio recordings of quadcopter emissions make it possible to determine the main frequencies of tones, the number of which coincides with the number of electric motors and are important features for further identification of the drone.

Claim for Compensation due to Environmental Infringement

Claim for Compensation due to Environmental Infringement

Destruction of PFAS in AFFF-impacted fire training pit water, with a continuous hydrothermal alkaline treatment reactor

As regulations are being established to limit the levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water and wastewater, effective treatment technologies are needed to remove or destroy PFAS in contaminated liquid matrices. Many military installations and airports have fire training ponds (FTPs) where PFAS-containing firefighting foams are discharged during training drills. FTP water disposal is expensive and challenging due to the high PFAS levels. Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT) has previously been shown to destroy a wide range of PFAS compounds with a high degree of destruction and defluorination. In this study, we investigate the performance of a continuous flow HALT reactor for destroying PFAS in contaminated FTP water samples. Processing with 5 M-NaOH and 1.6 min of continuous processing results in >99% total PFAS destruction, and 10 min processing time yields >99% destruction of every measured PFAS species. Operating with 0.1 M-NaOH or 1 M-NaOH shows little effect on the destruction of measured perfluorosulfonic acids, while all measured perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer sulfonates are reduced to levels below the method detection limits. Continuous HALT processing with sufficient NaOH loading appears to destroy parent PFAS compounds significantly faster than batch HALT processing, a positive indicator for scaling up HALT technology for practical applications in environmental site remediation activities.

Quantitative relationships of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water associated with serum concentrations above background in adults living near contamination hotspots in Sweden

Contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at locations around PFAS production/use facilities and military airports. This study aimed to investigate quantitative relationships between concentrations in DW and serum of nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in Swedish adult populations living near contamination hotspots. Short-chained (PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFBS) and long-chained PFAAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS and PFOS) were measured in DW and serum. We matched DW and serum concentrations for a total of 398 subjects living or working in areas receiving contaminated DW and in one non-contaminated area. Thereafter, linear regression analysis with and without adjustments for co-variates was conducted. This enabled to derive (i) serum concentrations at background exposure (CB) from sources other than local DW exposure (i.e. food, dust and textiles) at 0 ng/L DW concentration, (ii) population-mean PFAA serum:water ratios (SWR) and (iii) PFAA concentrations in DW causing observable elevated serum PFAA concentrations above background variability. Median concentrations of the sum of nine PFAAs ranged between 2.8 and 1790 ng/L in DW and between 7.6 and 96.9 ng/mL in serum. DW concentration was the strongest predictor, resulting in similar unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients. Mean CB ranged from <0.1 (PFPeA, PFHpA, PFBS) to 5.1 ng/mL (PFOS). Serum concentrations increased significantly with increasing DW concentrations for all PFAAs except for PFPeA with SWRs ranging from <10 (PFHxA, PFHpA and PFBS) to 111 (PFHxS). Observed elevated serum concentrations above background variability were reached at DW concentrations between 24 (PFOA) and 357 ng/L (PFHxA). The unadjusted linear regression predictions agreed well with serum concentrations previously reported in various populations exposed to low and high DW levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFOS. The quantitative relationships derived herein should be helpful to translate PFAA concentrations in DW to concentrations in serum at the population level.

Diagnostic accuracy of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test among military and civilian personnel of an Air Force airport in central Italy.

Most SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) validation studies have been performed on specimens from COVID-19 patients and negative controls or from mostly symptomatic individuals. Herein we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of AFIAS COVID-19 Ag, hereinafter denominated as AFIAS, during a COVID-19 screening program surveillance testing conducted among personnel of an Italian military airport. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) were collected from study participants and were analysed by both AFIAS and RT-PCR assay. A questionnaire collecting demographic and exposure data were administered to all participants. AFIAS accuracy parameters including Cohen's kappa (K) were determined. Overall, from November 2020 to April 2021, 1294 (NPSs) were collected from 1183 participants (88.6% males, 11.4% females; mean age were 41.3, median age 42). Forty-nine NPSs (3.78%) were positive by RT-PCR, while 54 NPSs were positive by AFIAS. Overall baseline sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.633, 0.981, 0.574, 0.985, respectively and K was 0.585 (moderate). AFIAS sensitivity tended to be higher for NPSs with higher viral load. A higher sensitivity (0.944) compared to the overall baseline sensitivity (0.633) was also found for NPSs from participants with COVID-19 compatible symptoms, for which K was 0.891 (almost perfect). Instead, AFIAS sensitivity was quite poor for NPSs from asymptomatic participants. Most false negative NPSs in this group had moderate viral load. Overall, AFIAS showed high specificity but only moderate sensitivity, mainly because of the high proportion of asymptomatic participants. However, AFIAS showed good sensitivity for NPSs with high viral load and nearly optimal accuracy parameters for NPSs from participants with COVID-19 compatible symptoms. Thus, taking into consideration its performance features, this test can be useful for COVID-19 case identification and management as well as for infection control.

Analysis of Particle Emissions from a Jet Engine Including Conditions of Afterburner Use

Particle emissions from aircraft engines are mainly related to the emission of particles with very small diameters. The phenomena of the formation of particles in various operating conditions of turbine engines are known. However, it is difficult to find the results of research on the use of the afterburner in the literature. Increased aviation activity within military airports and situations such as air shows are associated with a very intense emission of particles, and pose a direct threat to human health. This article presents an analysis of particulate matter emissions from a military aircraft engine, with particular emphasis on operation with an afterburner. The parameters of the emission of particles determined were: PM Number Emissions Index (EIN), Particle Number Emissions Intensity (EN), PM Mass Emission Index (EIM), PM Mass Emission Intensity (EM), Differential Particle Number Emission Index, Differential Particle Volume Emission Index, and Differential Particle Mass Emission Index. The value of EIN for the afterburner use was the lowest among the whole operation range of the engine and was equal to 1.3 × 1015 particles per kilogram. The use of an afterburner resulted in a sharp increase in the EIM coefficient, which reached 670 mg/kg. Despite a very large increase in fuel consumption, the EIM coefficient turned out to be over 60 times greater than in the case of 100% engine thrust.