Military Action Research Articles

Workplace health promotion measures and use of medical services in the German Federal Armed Forces

Abstract Introduction Workplace health promotion measures (WHPM) are among recommended options for maintaining employees health, important for the German Federal Armed Forces as an employer. In order to detect associations between WHPM and health care utilization, we recorded the number of outpatient visits and hospital stays, differentiated according to gender, military or civilian activity. Methods Prospective longitudinal observational substudy with cross sectional analysis of items regarding use of medical services at T0 (6-9/2022). Analysis for T1 (2023) and T2 (2024) follow. Data were obtained with a web-based employee survey to record self-reported endpoints. A total of about 224.000 employees by the German Armed Forces were addressed. Results Survey participation rate was 10.5% (n = 23.568) of all employees in T0, 29.1% were women and 0.3% reported being diverse, 43.2% of the participants were <40 years of age. Independently of taking part in WHPM, we did not detect differences in the proportion of male soldiers receiving treatment in hospitals of the German Federal Armed Forces. Among female soldiers without WHPM, 37.5% stayed in hospitals and with WHPM 30.5%. Higher % of women (84%) than men (78%) presented to the military - or family physician (w: 81%, m: 73%), independent of participation in WHPM and assignment for civil or military. In last 4 weeks, more women (81.3%) than men (65.6%) were prescribed medication. Female employees in civilian w.p.(84.8%) took more medications than those in military w.p (77.7%). Oral contraception was used by 20% of women in both civilian and military w.p. Conclusions There are no gender differences nor difference for civilian or military employees concerning the number of days staying in hospital. More women than men recieved regular outpatient medical care and more women than men take medication regularly. *Ludwig S and Roy R share last authorship Key messages • There are no gender differences nor difference for civilian or military employees concerning the number of days staying in hospital. • More women than men recieved regular outpatient medical care and more women than men take medication regularly.

Injury of the musculoskeletal system in civilian casualties as a result of hostilities. Report 1. Age structure

The integration of the military medical supply system into the unified medical space of Ukraine involves the functional combination of forces and means of medical services and the civilian health care system in order to maximize their capabilities for effective medical supply of the troops while preserving organizational independence. The purpose of our study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of civilian patients with trauma due to modern hostilities. Materials and methods. To carry out our work, we analyzed skeletal traumas in 137 civilian patients who were injured during modern hostilities in Ukraine and were treated in health care facilities of the frontline zone in 2014–2023. Results. Comparing epidemiological data in two different periods of the war in Ukraine, we concluded that there is some difference in the age structure of victims with traumatic injuries sustained during modern hostilities. Thus, during the high-intensity conflict, the number of children’s injuries increased dramatically. The share of victims under the age of 15 during the full-scale invasion increased 4.5 times. In this period, the percentage of young and middle-aged wounded civilians decreased. If in the period of Anti-Terrorist Operation/Joint Forces Operation the number of people aged 16–60 was 67.6 %, then with the beginning of hostilities their share decreased to 42.0 %. This trend indicates the strengthening of internal and external migration starting from February 2022. Unlike the young and middle-aged, the share of elderly and senile people increased dramatically during the full-scale war. During the period of low-intensity military operations, the number of patients aged 61–91 was 29.4 %, while during high-intensity conflict, it was already 44.8 %. A sharp increase in traumatic injuries among elderly and senile patients is another feature of this conflict. Conclusions. Publicizing the experience of providing medical care to patients with injuries sustained due to military actions in Ukraine is only at the beginning of its existence. That is why, based on the above, we planned to continue scientific research on this problem.

The Overview of Vertical Take-Off and Landing Technology

Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) technology is garnering significant attention in the aviation industry due to its distinct benefits and wide range of potential applications. A long runway is not necessary when using VTOL technology, which allows aircraft to take off and land vertically straight from the ground. Air mobility in cities, military activities, and emergency response are just a few of the areas where this technology is beneficial. This essay will provide an overview of the development, application, and future of vertical takeoff and landing technology. The technologys operating principles, advantages and limitations will also be explored. Overall, VTOL technology offers a tremendous leap in aircraft technology, with numerous possible uses. Even though there are still difficulties, more research and development will probably result in improvements and broader use.

Население Черноморского округа 70-х гг. XIX в.: состояние и структура, влияние Русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг.

In this article, the author examines the society of the Black Sea District during the 1870s of the XIX century. Within the context of colonization processes and the impact of military actions during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, issues pertaining to the formation of administrative and territorial boundaries, as well as the state and structure of the population in both the pre-war and post-war periods, are discussed. The author presents data regarding the ethnic and religious composition of the population, highlighting its growth from the end of 1872 to the beginning of 1883, and comes to the conclusion that the war had a detrimental effect on demographic processes. The main sources of this study include published official statistical data, normative legal acts, and newspaper publications from “Kavkaz” and “Moscow Vedomosti”, alongside personal materials such as memoirs and analytical works by Arseniy Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, an active participant in the development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus during the 1870s.

Evaluation of Return to Military Activities after Combining Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Modified Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Versus Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Alone in Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear in Soldiers. A Randomized Comparative Study

Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the clinical result, complications, failure rate, and return to resuming military duty of a single-stage anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) procedure utilizing quadrupled semitendinosus tendon graft joint with modified lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET). This study evaluates the potential impact of combined modified LET with ACLR versus ACLR alone on the rate of return to high-impact military activities, which we call return to sports (RTSs), and the subsequent rate of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft failure. Materials and Methods: A total of 198 soldiers with primary ACL tears with a high-grade pivot test (grade 3) were included and randomized using the simple randomized method and divided into two groups. A consecutive cohort of military personnel with an isolated ACL tear undergoing ACLR with modified LET (group A, n = 116) and ACLR alone (group B, n = 82) were analyzed between 2016 and 2021. Both groups were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Soldiers underwent a survey evaluating knee function (knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score [KOOS]), RTS criteria (RTS type), symptoms (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] subjective), activity level (Tegner score), and fear of movement (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11) to assess psychological readiness for sport participation. Results: Among these, a mean age of 32 ± 2.93 years underwent primary ACLR with modified LET (n = 116) or without LET (n = 82) procedure. A total of 31 soldiers (15.6%) experienced ACL graft failure, including 26 (31.7%) reconstructions without LET and 5 (4.3%) with LET. Combined with LET during primary ACLR, it lowered the risk of graft failure by 2.8 times. Multivariable analysis revealed a significant reduction in graft rupture risk (relative risk = 0.325, P = 0.029) associated with LET compared to ACLR alone after adjusting for age, anthropometric factors, and tibial slopes. 105 out of 113 (90.5%) soldiers were able to return to military duty in group A (combined ACLR with modified LET), whereas 51 of 81 (62.9%) of the soldiers who underwent ACLR alone (group B) returned to military duty (P = 0.05). Conclusion: At 24 months postoperatively, combined ACLR plus LET showed a significantly higher RTS rate than ACLR alone. The combined ACLR with the modified LET group also showed a lower failure rate than the ACLR alone group. No marked differences were observed in KOOS sub-scores, IKDCsubjective, and Tegner activity scores.

Dual-Use “New Space”: US Experience

The article explores the growing involvement of private space companies in military activities, with a primary focus on the United States. It delves into the specific contributions of private entities to national defense missions, particularly in the militarization of outer space. The authors analyze the strategic interests of government agencies in integrating non-state actors to enhance space capabilities, such as communication, Earth observation, situational awareness, and in-orbit servicing. The paper also assesses the potential implications of these trends for international security, highlighting the complexities that arise from the blurred lines between civil and military space operations. It points to the creation of the U.S. Commercial Augmentation Space Reserve (CASR), an initiative aimed at enhancing defense through commercial space partnerships, and discusses the operational and strategic challenges of managing vast satellite constellations. Additionally, the article reflects on the security risks posed by the militarization of commercial space infrastructure, examining the potential consequences for geopolitical stability and the future of space conflict management. Finally, it suggests that further research and regulatory measures are necessary to mitigate the military threats linked to the New Space

The human cost of war: An experimental study of Taiwanese attitudes towards war casualties

This paper investigates public attitudes toward types of war casualties. Through a survey experiment, we examine Taiwanese responses to hypothetical scenarios involving casualties among Taiwan's own military, the US military as allies, the Chinese military as enemy combatants, and mainland Chinese civilians. Our paper reveals three findings: first, there is a stronger aversion among Taiwanese citizens to their own military casualties compared with those of their allies. Second, Taiwanese attitudes toward their own military casualties are more adverse than those incurred by enemy military. Lastly, Taiwanese support for military action diminishes more significantly with Chinese civilian casualties than with Taiwanese military losses.

The Primacy of Commercial Gain over Ideology in Wars and Armed Conflicts

The paper provides a brief analysis of the causes and reasons for military conflicts and wars in the past and present and makes a forecast for the future. By comparing ideological differences and commercial goals, the author concludes that economic priorities are the primary causes of military conflicts and wars. Analyzing historical examples, the author shows that economic priorities have always been the main reasons for unleashing military actions. The main objectives that the aggressor solved by unleashing war were: expansion of the territory of its habitat; plundering of the defeated; transformation of the defeated population into slaves (cheap labor). These priorities, in the author’s opinion, are the main ones in all wars and armed conflicts in history. Similar tasks are currently being solved by the industrial and banking oligarchs of the United States and the United West in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and Europe. Other goals and objectives of wars and armed conflicts are secondary and can be realized as additional ones. In this regard, the question of the primary and secondary objectives of commercial benefit and ideology is resolved in favor of commercial benefit. In the paper, on the basis of scientific and research works of the author, it is concluded that the current situation in the world is a well thought out and carefully calculated by the financial oligarchs of the United States and the united West, when a commercial project and its realization should bring them substantial profits, and the population of the planet Earth — destruction, grief and suffering.

Motivating servicemen with health problems to engage in physical training physical training

The importance of physical training today is undoubtedly relevant in solving the problems of military personnel's readiness to fulfill the assigned tasks of military and professional activities. It is known that one of the leading factors affecting the health of servicemen with disabilities is compliance with the regime of physical activity, which in turn is facilitated and played an important role by physical training and sports. The systematic formation of the need for physical training and sports depends primarily on the individual, his or her preferences, beliefs and interests, i.e. motivation. Therefore, one of the priority areas of activity of specialists involved in the rehabilitation and adaptation of servicemen with disabilities is the formation of motivation in physical training and sports in the conditions that have developed in our country after the invasion of the Russian aggressor. The article is devoted to highlighting and analyzing the problematic issues that require special attention in terms of helping to integrate servicemen who have health problems or have been severely injured during hostilities into the social environment and further motivate them to participate and engage in physical education activities.

INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF POST-CONFLICT REGIONS: PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to research innovative strategies of the European Union, which are aimed at the economic recovery of post-conflict regions, as well as to determine the possibilities of their adaptation for use in Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that after the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, Zaporizhzhya, etc. oblasts were under the terror of the occupiers, which negatively affected their residents, infrastructure and development of these territories. Their restoration requires the use of new approaches, including the introduction of innovative technologies and tools. The European Union has a lot of experience in this area, and its strategies can be useful for Ukraine in terms of accelerating the reconstruction process and creating favorable conditions for economic growth. The methods of system analysis, comparative analysis and the case study method were used to achieve the research goal. The systematic analysis made it possible to study a set of economic, social and political factors that influence the recovery of post-conflict regions, and the comparative method helped to determine the most effective European strategies that can be adapted to Ukrainian realities. The case study method made it possible to analyze in depth successful examples of the application of innovative strategies in EU countries, such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is of great importance for the development of recommendations for the implementation of similar approaches in Ukraine. The results of the study show that innovative strategies play an important role in the reconstruction of post-conflict regions. The European Union has developed a number of tools for the reconstruction of destroyed territories, among which investments in digital transformation, development of small and medium-sized businesses, infrastructure restoration and introduction of "green" technologies occupy an important place. In particular, the European Structural and Investment Funds provide financial support to rebuild infrastructure and stimulate economic growth in conflict-affected regions. The «Horizon Europe» program also contributes to the financing of scientific research and the development of technological innovations, which can be extremely useful for the recovery of Ukraine. The practical value of the article lies in the development of a recommendation on the adaptation of innovative EU strategies for the reconstruction of the de-occupied territories of Ukraine. The implementation of these strategies can not only contribute to economic growth, but also help create new jobs, restore infrastructure and increase the investment attractiveness of regions. In addition, the introduction of "green" technologies and digital transformation can contribute to the sustainable development and integration of Ukrainian territories into the European economic system. An important aspect is also the development of human capital through educational programs and vocational retraining, which will ensure long-term growth and social stability in regions devastated by military actions.

СУЧАСНІ СТРУКТУРНІ ЗМІНИ В АГРАРНОМУ СЕКТОРІ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ПРОДОВОЛЬЧУ БЕЗПЕКУ КРАЇНИ

. In the article, the author examines the evolution of the role of food security, both at the historical stages of development and in the modern world, as well as its place in the system of ensuring economic and national security of the state. The strategic priority of agrarian policy in most countries was ensuring food security, which was understood primarily as self-sufficiency in food. This became especially relevant in the 50s of the XX century as a result of the fact that military actions violated previously imposed trade relations, and violations in this area arose under the influence of the payment crisis. The purpose of the article is an analysis of modern structural changes in the agricultural sector and their impact on the country's food security. The methodological basis of the research in the article is the scientific work of the authors in the field of economics of culture, innovation management, management in the field of culture, as well as social partnership. The research was carried out on the basis of general scientific methods of research - a systematic approach, analysis and synthesis, methods of typological and comparative analysis, empirical methods. The object of the study is the sphere of culture, which needs conditions in which organizational and financial reforms are carried out, as well as the development and application of innovative management methods. The hypothesis of the study. Currently, all developed countries of the world, including the United States, Japan, and the EU countries, have their own national programs, laws and measures to ensure national food security. Presentation of the main material. The primary tasks of the state in the sphere of regulation of agro-industrial production should be the stabilization and development of agro-industrial production, ensuring food security, improving food security of the population, maintaining economic parity between agriculture and other sectors of the economy, converging income levels of workers in agriculture and industry, protecting domestic producers in the sphere of agro-industrial production. From the point of view of welfare economics, "the problem of food safety and quality is one of the specific features of the functioning of the agricultural market, which determine its equilibrium in a Pareto inefficient state. This, in turn, is the economic basis for the need for state policy intervention in the agricultural sector and the possibility of redistributing the financial resources of society for its development. The originality and practical significance of the study. In our opinion, the existing problem of food security should be considered in the context of economic security, since it concentrates the main directions of agricultural policy and economic reforms in the current market conditions. This process reflects the real trends in the development of agricultural production, the state of the market and the position of consumers in it, determines the degree of involvement and dependence on the world food market, applies the mechanism of state strategy taking into account internal and external factors in order to create the main life support system – food security. Conclusions. Taking into account the interests of economic security and socio-political stability in society, it should be noted that the food and agricultural complexes always remain the most important sectors of the economy. The primary task is to create conditions for economic management and entrepreneurial stability in the agro-food sector of the economy and to ensure state support for producers

PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE "ORTHOPEDIC DENTISTRY, INCL. IMPLANTATION" SPP DENTISTRY AT MILITARY CONDITION

In the conditions of rapid development of modern dentistry, the providing of high-quality dental services is extremely important and requires the presence of qualified specialists. Therefore, their acquisition of professional competences should take place starting from the student ranks. Educational discipline "Orthopedic dentistry, incl. implantation" OPP Dentistry is studied by students during 3-5 courses and ensures that students acquire integral, general and professional competencies for the future provision of high-quality dental consultations and services with the use and application of modern aesthetic orthopedic structures for the replacement of partial and complete defects of the dentition, as well as elimination of pathology, which contributes to the occurrence of defects in the hard tissues of the teeth. In addition, the process of examining patients in order to establish a diagnosis and draw up a treatment plan is important. Therefore, the application of the latest teaching methods includes a combination of both theoretical knowledge and practice and consolidation of acquired and properly mastered practical skills. The education of foreign students is of great importance, which, in connection with military actions and constant air alerts caused by the danger caused by the activity of enemy strategic aviation taking place in our country, is conducted in a mixed format (online for students who are at home (by border) and offline for foreign students living and studying in Ukraine) using innovative multimedia teaching methods. The constant and continuous development of modern technologies in the field of stomatology also requires the introduction of the latest training tools and methods associated with the use of modern methods and technological support. All these challenges today are combined with student education, which takes place under martial law and requires a special approach. Therefore, it is important to provide education seekers with proper professional and safe learning conditions, which will make it possible to fully and comprehensively provide a comprehensive complex of both theoretical and practical training of future dental specialists. Thanks to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the clear consolidation and mutual cooperation of teachers and students, the learning process not only does not stop, but also continues to develop productively, making it possible to provide and provide a sufficient amount of professional competences under the condition of simultaneous and parallel objective control of the acquisition and consolidation of appropriate level of knowledge of students of all courses and areas of dentistry. The purpose of the study is directed to the organization and implementation of the latest teaching methods with the maximum use of modern equipment and methods while respecting life safety. Materials and methods. The Department of Orthopedic Dentistry of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University implements the educational program "Orthopedic Dentistry, incl. implantation" SPP Dentistry in military time conditions, aimed at students' acquisition of integral, general and professional competencies for the future provision of high-quality dental services. Research results. They indicate the need to introduce the latest actions and methods of training in connection with the constant development of modern technologies in the branch of dentistry. The conclusions of this study indicate the presence of feedback from students who is interested and stimulated by a new approach in studying, combined with real clinical cases and modern methods of their treatment and orthopedic treatment.

The Current State Of Personal Property Taxation

A significant portion of local budget revenues is generated from tax revenues derived from individuals' property tax payments. Thus, the property tax levied on individuals is an important factor influencing the development level of the regions in our country. This article highlights the factors affecting property tax volumes and the tax incentives related to its payment. The theoretical and methodological foundations of taxing individuals on property are examined. The components of the property tax are analysed: the tax on real estate, excluding land plots, transport tax, and land use fees. The mechanism for collecting property tax from individuals is discussed under the Tax Code of Ukraine. The fiscal effectiveness of the existing system of property taxation for individuals in Ukraine is analysed, along with the peculiarities caused by the imposition of martial law. In the context of armed aggression against Ukraine, government budget expenditures have significantly increased. Therefore, studying the fiscal function of the property tax on individuals is a pressing issue. The article presents data on the payment of real estate tax by individuals, excluding land plots, transport tax, and land fees, before and after the onset of military actions in Ukraine. The research has established that the volumes of tax revenues from individuals' property taxes are increasing yearly. The research results confirm that the property tax on individuals, under martial law, is a substantial source of funding for local budgets in Ukraine. This underscores the importance and necessity of further enhancing the fiscal function of this tax. It has also been established that the fiscal potential of the property tax on individuals is not fully utilized due to the deficiencies in the existing taxation system. Brief examples of property taxation for individuals, based on the assessed value of such property in foreign countries, are provided. The prospects for reforming the property taxation system for individuals in Ukraine are discussed. Recommendations for reforming the property tax for individuals are formulated to increase its fiscal function.

Seasonality in Sonoran pronghorn survival and movement within a managed rangeland

AbstractThe endangered Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) has a large portion of its range within a military operations area in southwestern Arizona, USA. Sonoran pronghorn have been actively managed in this region for more than 20 years. Recovery efforts have included release of captive‐born pronghorn into areas both currently and historically occupied by wild pronghorn. These areas provide habitat for federally endangered essential and experimental non‐essential, referred to as 10(j), pronghorn populations. More than 20 years of monitoring efforts have resulted in a large dataset on their spatial occurrence and movement within these areas. To synthesize long‐term trends and seasonality in Sonoran pronghorn movement and mortality, we employed a suite of quantitative analyses that characterized the pronghorns' 1) individual and population‐level home ranges, 2) occurrence near active military targets, 3) trends in seasonal group sizes and composition, 4) sex‐ and group‐specific survivorship, and 5) changes in movement‐based behavior following release from captivity. We found strong seasonal trends throughout, including sex‐specific differences in seasonal movement rates, home ranges, survival, and group composition. Further, captive‐born pronghorn released into the endangered population exhibited markedly higher survival compared to those released in 10(j) areas. Captive‐born pronghorn exhibited significant seasonal use of active military target areas. These analyses, which represent the most comprehensive analysis of Sonoran pronghorn movement and survival to date, have important implications for the future conservation and management of this endangered species. Our results indicate that active management of endangered Sonoran pronghorn has successfully increased survival, and we recommend maintaining or increasing current recovery efforts, such as captive breeding and placement of supplemental resources throughout their range (e.g., freestanding water and supplemental forage), to further boost the survivorship of both wild‐ and captive‐born pronghorn. Moreover, future management efforts could use our seasonality results to create dynamic prediction models of when and where pronghorn are likely to overlap with military activities to best manage interactions. Our methods have added application to other mobile species of conservation interest occurring in disturbed and resource‐limited landscapes.

International commercial arbitration in Ukraine under martial law

It is indicated that International Commercial Arbitration is one of the most effective ways of resolving disputes between participants in international trade, ensuring speed, flexibility and neutrality of the process. However, the activity of arbitration in Ukraine faces a number of new challenges due to the introduction of martial law as a result of large-scale aggression. The hostilities led to significant disruptions to normal economic activity, including making it difficult to enforce contracts, access to justice, and enforce arbitral awards. This raises questions about the ability of arbitration to function effectively in such extraordinary circumstances. The topic is extremely relevant in today’s environment, where Ukraine faces large-scale military aggression that significantly affects all spheres of economic life, including international trade and legal relations between business entities. The article examines the legal and practical aspects of international commercial arbitration during martial law, particularly the impact of military operations on arbitration procedures, the possibility of enforcing arbitral awards, and the problems of their enforcement in a limited legal and economic environment. The main focus is on how arbitration institutions in Ukraine, in particular the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, are adapting to the new realities. The author also considers the issue of enforceability of arbitral awards in the light of military operations, sanctions, economic restrictions, and challenges for the Ukrainian legal system. The challenges related to the organization of the arbitration process, such as logistical difficulties, limited access to resources and documents, as well as the application of sanctions against the parties to the dispute, are explored. Special emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting arbitration hearings in a remote format and the use of modern technologies to ensure the continuity of the process under martial law. The article also examines the prospects for adapting arbitration to the new realities, including the possibility of filing claims for compensation for damages caused by military operations. The study analyses the prospects for the development of international arbitration in Ukraine, including the use of digital technologies, online hearings, and adaptation of the arbitration process to the challenges of wartime. Particular attention is paid to the opportunities for Ukrainian entrepreneurs to protect their rights through arbitration in international disputes, including the issue of compensation for damages caused by military actions.

Conspiratorial Narratives and Ideological Constructs in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict: From the New World Order to the Golden Billion Theories

This article explores the pervasive influence of conspiracy theories, specifically the New World Order (NWO) and Golden Billion theories, within the context of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. These theories form key narrative frameworks in Russian state media and global conspiracy communities, shaping perceptions of geopolitical events. This study dissects four pivotal episodes within the Russia–Ukraine conflict to illustrate how conspiracy theories shape public perception and policy direction, further entrenching ideological divides. In the first episode of the 2022 full-scale invasion, narratives of the Golden Billion were utilised to justify the attack, presenting Russia as a bastion against the Western elite’s plans to dominate the global economy and resources. The second episode examines the attack on Mariupol in 2022, framed by Russian propaganda as a necessary act to thwart the supposed expansion of NATO and the EU, underpinned by the NWO agenda aiming to dilute Russian influence in Eastern Europe. The third episode analyses the Nord Stream pipeline sabotage in 2022, interpreted by some conspiracy theorists as an act by the NWO to destabilise Europe’s energy security, thus consolidating control over energy routes and resources. The fourth episode delves into the 2024 Moscow terrorist attacks, which were seen by some as either a false flag operation conducted by Western powers or as a legitimate repercussion of Western encroachment orchestrated to weaken Russia’s resolve and international standing. Each episode is contextualised within a broader conspiratorial framework, highlighting the dualistic nature of the NWO and Golden Billion theories that paint the conflict not merely as territorial disputes but as a clash between fundamentally opposing worldviews and global orders. This narrative analysis not only underscores the role of conspiracy theories in shaping geopolitical discourse but also demonstrates their utility in mobilising domestic support, framing international criticism, and justifying military actions. Our findings suggest that these conspiratorial narratives provide a resilient, albeit misleading, lens through which supporters of the Kremlin’s policies can rationalise the war, attributing complex sociopolitical dynamics to the malevolent machinations of a global elite. This study contributes to understanding how modern conflicts are interpreted through ancient conspiratorial lenses, impacting national and international policy and public opinion.

Shaping New Identities in the First Intermediate Period (2160–2050 BC): Archers and Warriors in the Iconography of Upper Egypt

The First Intermediate Period was a time of cultural innovation and social competition. The collapse of the monarchy and the cultural productions it sponsored paved the way for the emergence of new artistic and cultural expressions, better adapted to a context of fragile authorities and competing local powers. Warfare between rival regional polities became frequent, so tomb scenes and funerary stelae from Middle and Upper Egypt began depicting military actions and men posing as archers. Moreover, local authorities sought the support of local levies and fellow citizens to strengthen and legitimate their fragile rule. Therefore, many monuments and inscriptions celebrate successful command, effective leadership, and caring about one’s city and its inhabitants. These conditions favoured the emergence of cultural innovations and social values aiming to express new identities. Depicting weapons, mainly bows, was crucial in this respect in some areas of Southern Egypt and echoed comparable phenomena occurring in neighbour regions like Nubia and the Levant.

Exploration of the Extended World of the 13 Characters in Weiliaozi

In addition to the Establishing the first unified empire in East Asia XiHuang (始皇) and HanFei (韩非) active political and military activities, WeiLiao (尉缭) had a great impact on the unification of the six countries of Qin in the late Zhanguo Period with his political purpose and concept of "XingDe (刑德)". This weiliao's military and political rule and its theory were the metric development that later brought about the legalization of territory and system and the perfection of Qin (秦) 18's legal system, which was the driving force for the development of science, technology and civilization. If can grasp the background of the pivotal figures and events in the history of the times and their causes, and rediscover the literature and artifacts with regional characteristics as a scene of a long history, the regions and their boundaries that can be seen in the whole map of the 21st century are not only the territorial boundaries divided and staged. As an integrated media of the behavior product of the human community, its epistemological objects, whether paper or digital, have a great impact on the globalization (the whole area) of the global village.

Propaganda and its Impact on the Security of the State and Citizens: The Case of Military Actions in Ukraine

Propaganda and its Impact on the Security of the State and Citizens: The Case of Military Actions in Ukraine

ЗАЛУЧЕННЯ ІНВЕСТОРІВ У ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОМУ МАРКЕТИНГУ

In the conditions of economic instability caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and military actions by the russian federation on our territory, local government authorities feel the impact of the "belt-tightening" strategy implemented by the central government. Faced with their own financial difficulties, the center reduces transfers, which were previously the main source of funds for supporting infrastructure and overall urban development. Therefore, territorial bodies aspiring to development must actively work on creating a positive image of their territory to diversify sources of capital and attract new investors. In this context, territorial marketing to attract investors is promotion (advertising). In turn, promotion is the fourth element of the implementation of territorial marketing, but it requires utilizing the entire marketing mix (the "4P" concept). When considering the first element of the implementation of territorial marketing, it is worth mentioning that many regions of our country can offer themselves to investors through so-called territories with preferential investment regimes. Thus, the task of forming the "territory for the investor" product will include two main components: the territory as a whole and territories with special regimes. To conduct pricing effectively, it is necessary to have a good understanding of investment projects and possess up-to-date information about the market. "Place" - location or placement - is the most complex and difficult concept in territorial marketing. While the placement of the territory cannot be controlled, the flow of resources passing through this territory, forming growth points, can be managed. Certainly, in business, promotion and advertising activities are more technologically advanced than in the public sector, but this is quite natural. There will be no significant differences because attracting a professional from the advertising market for government or local self-government is easier than a marketer working with the strategic block. However, if private practices and techniques are quite successful, more conceptual issues of promotion significantly lag behind. As in business, in territorial product management, it is advisable to use all available means, even if it is a small budget for advertising and a few exhibitions per year. However, marketing of territorial products, especially in attracting investors, is a complex task that is effectively solved comprehensively and sequentially, guided by the marketing mix.