Migration Patterns Research Articles

Re-examining Wage Disparities Across Segments of the Indian Labor Market

This article examines income disparities by considering both employer and employee perspectives of informality to scrutinize labor market segmentation in India. Additionally, the research investigates the impacts of varying degrees of urbanization, migration patterns, and industrial structures on formal and informal employment in the labor force. Utilizing data from the National Sample Survey Employment and Unemployment Survey rounds, specifically the 2004–2005 (61st) and 2011–2012 (68th) rounds, along with the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2018–2019 round, quantile regression models and the Recentred Influence Function decomposition method were employed to analyze wage inequality. A selection-corrected wage equation and its estimate were also presented by applying Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand’s model-based selection correction. The study’s findings indicate that by 2019, the labor market had divided into two groups: organized formal workers and others. Further, the study reports wage convergence at lower quantiles and a widening gap at higher quantiles between organized formal and unorganized informal workers. Organized formal workers witness rising earnings, indicating positive wage growth, yet their share in overall employment remains small, which is significant given low job creation and high educated unemployment. At higher wage quantiles, there is a premium for being an informal worker in the organized sector compared to the unorganized sector, indicating a queue for formal employment opportunities in the organized sector. Despite the service sector’s significant role in Indian growth, it lags in creating formal job opportunities, unlike the manufacturing and construction sectors, which emphasize their substantial contribution to formal job generation. This study underlines that categorizing a firm as merely organized or a worker as formally employed is insufficient. Upgrades in these classifications should be accompanied by premiums, with wages being a key consideration. JEL Classification J31, J42, J62, J71

Ukrainian students on the global map of academic migration

Considering the loss of talented youth in Ukraine caused by migration, there is a growing need to investigate how to attract and retain students. The study aims to identify the peculiarities of Ukrainian student migration against the background of global patterns of academic migration, focusing on factors of countries’ attractiveness for the students. The typology of countries by the level of inbound and outbound academic migration is developed based on variation analysis. The correlation analysis is used to identify the factors that influence countries’ attractiveness to students. The analysis of educational policies of the most attractive countries for Ukrainian students is fulfilled using the contextual analysis of legislative norms on academic mobility. In the global dimension, the variation of both inbound and outbound academic mobility is closely related to a country’s economic level, measured by GNI per capita. However, the correlation analysis did not confirm the higher migration attractiveness of countries with a high level of economic development (correlation with GNI per capita is –0.147). The impact of employment and social and economic resilience of an economy was relatively significant, with the correlation coefficients of 0.426 and 0.371. The analysis of educational policies of host countries showed the active use of language integration tools, the combined use of financial mechanisms, and the involvement of universities in career development. Implementation of the best practices of educational management in Ukraine is critical for restoring demographic and intellectual capital. AcknowledgmentThis study is funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine under the project “Higher education in the conditions of war and post-war recovery: Determinants of development to overcome threats to the restoring of human capital” (State registration number 0124U000351).

Migration, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in Rural China: Retrospect and Prospects

Abstract Rural-to-urban migration is a transformative force in economic development and the unprecedented scale of China's experience offers valuable insight for other countries. We draw comparisons with international findings as we review empirical evidence on the impacts of migration on rural migrant-sending communities. We begin by examining how institutional factors, particularly household registration systems and land tenure policies, shape migration decisions. Next, the discussion turns to methodological challenges in studying migration, presents long-term trends, and reviews the impacts of migration on rural household earnings, consumption, and the risk of falling into poverty. We then explore the global phenomenon of “left behind” populations, comparing China's experience with other countries regarding the impact of migration on children's well-being, women's empowerment, and care for older people. Throughout, we highlight the way China's internal migration patterns both align with and diverge from international experiences. We conclude by identifying key research gaps.

Migratory movements of bats are shaped by barrier effects, sex-biased timing and the adaptive use of winds

BackgroundMigratory bats perform seasonal movements between their summer and winter areas. When crossing ecological barriers, like the open sea, they are exposed to an increased mortality risk due to energetically demanding long-distance flights and unexpected inclement weather events. How such barriers affect bat migratory movements is still poorly known.MethodsTo study bat migration patterns in response to an ecological barrier, we tagged 44 Nathusius’ pipistrelles Pipistrellus nathusii with radio-transmitters on the East coast of the United Kingdom (UK) in spring 2021 and 2022. Subsequently, we assessed their movements to continental Europe using the MOTUS Wildlife Tracking System. We investigated route selection, timing of migration, overall migration speed and the influence of wind on airspeed, groundspeed and flight altitude during migratory overseas flights.ResultsBarrier effects cause migratory movements along the coast, and crossings over sea are shortened by deviating from the general migration direction. Males depart from the UK later in the season compared to females. The overall migration speed of females was 61 km/day and 88 km/day after their last detection in the UK. Our estimated airspeeds during oversea flights correspond well with airspeeds measured in a wind tunnel. Bats use wind adaptively to reduce airspeed when flying under tailwind and increase airspeed when flying under crosswind conditions. Departures over sea coincidence with tailwinds, enabling bats to more than double their airspeed, reaching ground speeds of up to 16.8 m/s (60.5 km/h). Our analysis suggests that bats select altitudes with favourable wind conditions and that they seek altitudes of several hundred meters, possibly extending up to 2,500 m. Low-altitude migration occurs when wind conditions are less favourable.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that bat migratory movements are highly influenced by barrier effects, sex-biased timing of migration and the adaptive use of winds. The results of our study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the decision-making process and adaptations bats employ during their migration. Elucidating bat migration patterns will enable us to develop effective conservation measures, for example in relation to the development and operation of coastal and offshore wind farms.

Using population register data and capture-recapture models to estimate over-coverage in Sweden

Over-coverage occurs when individuals who reside in a country leave or pass away, and this demographic event is not recorded in population registers, leading to population size overestimation. This problem can have important policy and decision-making consequences. With the increased reliance on incomplete but overlapping official registers for documenting whole populations or subgroups of populations, there is a need for more sophisticated modelling techniques that reliably estimate population size, and hence over-coverage, from such registers. Previous approaches have considered multiple systems estimation (MSE) for monitoring over-coverage, but MSE does not naturally extend to cases where individuals are followed over time. In this paper, motivated by the case study of Sweden, we develop a capture-recapture (CR) modelling framework for population registers that allows us to estimate the population size each year, the probability of presence for each individual in the population, conditional on their records, each year and to quantify the effect of demographic characteristics on the probability of emigration and re-immigration, amongst other parameters. Our results suggest that the CR approach, which accounts for the whole time series for each individual, gives a more realistic estimate of the population size compared to existing, deterministic approaches, especially when considering the subgroup of newly arrived individuals, and that it provides new insights on individual behaviour in terms of migration patterns than existing MSE approaches.

Generational Wanderers

After the start World War, the United States found that manpower for agricultural work was limited, and thus began to outsource its seasonal labor to migrant farm workers. Despite the hardship of moving from place to place, and American citizen's prickly acceptance of migrant families, these laborers all over the country during harvest seasons, often leaving their homes for months at a time. Drawing from the oral history of Natividad “Nati” Castillo, his families migration around the United States during the spring and summer months became a generational pilgrimage. Ultimately three generations of Castillos would follow the same migration pattern with little variation. While Nati’s personal migratory experience ends just before the Agricultural Workers Movement lead by Cesar Chavez, Nati's oral history conceptualizes the migrants necessity of agricultural labor. Nati’s family, like many others, traveled on a seasonal, migrational track that moved out of the dry southern states, to northern states with plentiful crops waiting to be harvested.

The Impact of E-commerce Development on Regional Economy, Household Income, and Population Mobility: An Empirical Study Based on Zhejiang Province from 2000 to 2021

This study explores the impact of e-commerce development on regional economic growth, household income, and population mobility in Zhejiang Province from 2000 to 2021. Using a dynamic panel data model, the paper analyzes the influence of e-commerce, measured by Taobao Villages, on economic performance and migration patterns across counties. The results reveal a significant negative correlation between e-commerce development and economic growth, suggesting that in the short term, the increase in operational costs may outweigh the benefits. However, e-commerce significantly enhances the income of both urban and rural residents and indirectly influences population mobility by attracting labor back to small and medium-sized cities and rural areas. This study provides critical insights for policymakers in balancing the economic impacts of e-commerce and addressing population dynamics.

Future Subnational Population Change in Germany: The Role of Internal and International Migration

ABSTRACTPopulation change in Germany at the subnational level is particularly driven by changes in net international migration and shifts in internal migration flows between urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter‐urbanisation. Official population projections at the county level use a single scenario, thereby omitting uncertainty that arises from changing patterns in the assumed components of demographic change. We use a cohort‐component model that incorporates the spatial distribution of a net number of international migrants and internal migration matrices to provide population projections for 401 counties in Germany until 2070, encompassing nine total international and internal migration scenario combinations. Our results show a full potential outcome space of future subnational population change in Germany and highlight the variability in this possible change in terms of population structure, size, and spatial distribution. Across the scenarios, the total population of Germany is projected to be between 74.25 and 86.84 million people in 2040 (83.4 in 2023). There are also considerable differences in how the total population and its distribution might change spatially, both between urban and rural areas and in age structure. Thus, depending on the assumed absolute level of net international migration and the direction of internal migratory patterns we, highlight how internal and international migration patterns will continue to play a large role in future population development in Germany at the county level.

Migration as a hidden risk factor in seismic fatality: a spatial modeling of the Chi-Chi earthquake and suburban syndrome

Abstract. Suburban areas have experienced disproportionately more fatalities during major earthquakes. Place-based models attribute this spatial disparity to hazard, exposure, and social-vulnerability factors. However, the impact of migration on seismic fatality remains underexplored, primarily due to the challenges of accessing mobility data. In this study, we apply a geospatial method, the radiation model, to estimate migration patterns as a critical component of exposure and vulnerability. Analyzing the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan with Poisson regression across 4052 neighborhoods, we factor in migration inflow (i.e., population traveling from other neighborhoods), income of the migrants' origin, and the indigenous-population percentage among migrants, along with other risk factors proven in previous studies. Our findings indicate that migration inflow significantly correlates with an increased number of fatalities. Furthermore, a lower income in the neighborhood of the migrants' origin is significantly associated with more fatalities at their destination. An elevated proportion of the indigenous population in the migrants' original neighborhood also significantly correlates with an increased number of fatalities, although the impact of the Chi-Chi earthquake does not predominantly affect indigenous jurisdictions. This study underscores the seismic-fatality risk on the outskirts of megacities, where migrants from lower-income and historically marginalized groups are more likely to reside for precarious employment, emphasizing the need for affordable and safe living infrastructure for the migrating population. Addressing migrants' vulnerabilities in housing will not only reduce seismic-fatality risk but also improve preparedness against other disasters and public health emergencies.

The effects of rural -urban migration on service delivery demand increase in South African cities

Service delivery in cities is facing challenges related to high demand service delivery demand as a result of rural-urban migration patterns. This is the flow of people from rural areas to cities looking for better opportunities in relation to jobs and education. Thus, there is high demand for services in cites. The study seeks to assess whether there is high service delivery in cities because of rural-urban migration patterns. The study adopts a quantitative approach with the sample comprising 350 respondents, purposively selected through non- probability sampling, and required to complete a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The researcher assisted in terms of questionnaire administration. The completed questionnaire provided the quantitative data for statistical analysis, using SPSS version 28.0. Study findings indicate that, among other factors, problems related to illegal water connection, pit latrine, high electricity demand in urban areas which indicates more demand. The findings suggest a need for urban planning to harness the good aspects of rural- urban migration, providing key pointers for sustainable growth in local government, as well as to address the high urban crime rate, unemployment, delays in hospitals. This study activates proactive urban planning and community involvement through public participation channels and the need for urban municipalities to create bi-laws that will proactively dela with rural to urban migration.

STUDI TATANAN TERITORIAL PADA RUANG HUNIAN PARA PENGRAJIN PERAK DI CELUK, SUKAWATI

This research explores the territorial transformation in the residential spaces of silver artisans in Celuk Village, Sukawati, Gianyar, Bali, an area undergoing changes amidst a decline in the number of traditional silver craftsmen. The study aims to understand how socio-economic dynamics and urbanization affect residential spaces and silver crafting practices. This research employs a territorial analysis approach to evaluate changes in demographics, economics, and migration patterns of artisans and to map how these factors interact with the traditional values and cultural identity of the artisan community. The study's findings are expected to provide strategic insights for the preservation efforts of silver craftsmanship in Celuk, highlighting the need for more inclusive and sustainable urban planning. This research also investigates the shift from traditional workshop spaces to commercial spaces, offering insights into how adaptations to market demands and economic trends impact the lives and work of the artisan community. These overall findings are crucial to supporting local government strategies and stakeholders in promoting the sustainability of the silver craft industry while preserving the rich cultural heritage of Celuk Village. The results reveal that most houses originally used as silver workshops have been repurposed into other businesses, such as general commercial enterprises and banks. This indicates significant economic diversification, with around 46.67% of the houses that were previously silver shops now converted to other uses. Economic factors, such as the declining demand for silver products, are the primary reasons for this change.

Linguistic discrimination in higher education: experiences of North Korean university students in South Korea

ABSTRACT As with many other countries, South Korea is increasingly ethnically and linguistically diverse – the result of changing patterns of migration and transmigration in a globalised world. However, despite these developments, South Korea retains a strong emphasis on public linguistic homogeneity in standard (Seoul-based) Korean, its national language, and related linguistic hierarchies of prestige that privilege this standard at the expense of other Korean language varieties. This combination is demonstrated clearly in the case of North Korean refugees to South Korea. Despite speaking the same language, their dialect and accent are consistently pathologized in South Korean higher education (HE) and the wider society. This article reports on a study of the experiences of linguistic discrimination faced by North Korean refugee students in South Korean HE, its often-negative consequences on North Korean students’ social and academic identities, and their strategies for mitigating and, at times, actively contesting this discrimination. The article concludes that, despite South Korea’s increasing demographic and, related, linguistic diversity, little has been achieved yet in addressing, and changing, the endemic linguistic discrimination that North Koreans face daily in HE and the wider South Korean society.

Migratory Movements: Dissecting the Causes and Patterns from Bihar's Kosi Division

This research paper endeavours to provide a comprehensive analysis of the causes and patterns underlying migratory movements in the Kosi Division of Bihar, India. The Kosi Division, characterized by its unique socio-economic and environmental landscape, has witnessed significant population shifts over the years. This study employs a multi-faceted approach, integrating economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors to unravel the complexities of migration dynamics in the region. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, the study analyses migration patterns from the Kosi Division, distinguishing between rural and urban shifts. In addition, the research evaluates the role of government policies in shaping migration dynamics, considering the impact of both state and national interventions. The study aims to contribute insights that could inform policy recommendations for addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities associated with migration in the Kosi Division. Ultimately, this analytical study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the intricate web of causes and patterns of migratory movements in Bihar's Kosi Division, offering valuable insights for academia, policymakers, and development practitioners alike.

Transboundary Climate-Induced Migration: the Need for a Legally Binding International Framework and a Dispute Settlement Mechanism

Transboundary Climate Migration (‘TCM’) is projected to become an increasingly disconcerting consequence of climate change, with human settlements being displaced erratically. The absence of an international legal regime that systematizes such migratory patterns has the potential to worsen the impacts of climate change on marginalized climate migrants, especially those hailing from the Global South. While multiple suggestions have been made as to the nature of an instrument regulating TCM, these need to be comparatively analysed on the basis of feasibility, efficiency, and adherence to the imperative of ‘international cooperation’ to determine the most appropriate apparatus. Moreover, given that disputes involving nation-states and climate migrants are a foreseeable likelihood, the next important enquiry lies in the type of dispute resolution mechanism that the legal apparatus for regulating TCM should opt for. While the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ’) possesses broad powers in resolving international disputes, including certain landmark environmental disputes, does it have the capacity to delve into fact-intensive and time sensitive disputes emanating from TCM? If not, how suitable can arbitration be in resolving TCM disputes efficiently?

The Importance of Using Movies in EFL Classrooms

This study explores the profound impact of climate change on the indigenous communities of Northern Canada, with a focus on how rapidly changing environmental conditions are altering traditional lifestyles, health outcomes, and socio-economic structures. Indigenous populations, particularly those residing in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, are experiencing heightened vulnerability due to the interconnection between their cultural practices and the natural environment. The paper examines the direct and indirect effects of climate change, including shifts in ice cover, wildlife migration patterns, and extreme weather events, and analyzes how these changes disrupt hunting, fishing, and community cohesion. Additionally, the research delves into the broader implications for indigenous health, including mental health challenges and the exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. By considering both the scientific data and the lived experiences of Indigenous peoples, this study underscores the urgent need for tailored climate adaptation strategies that respect indigenous knowledge systems and promote resilience in these communities. The findings emphasize the importance of inclusive, culturally sensitive approaches to policy-making in order to mitigate the negative effects of climate change and ensure the preservation of Indigenous ways of life.

Migration and wintering of the Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) in SE Hungary

Abstract The migration and wintering of the Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) is the least known of the other common nesting thrushes in Europe. It is also an understudied species in Hungary, detailed studies having been carried out nearly 50 years ago. The aim of the present study was to summarise the data on migration and wintering of this species that have been collected over the last 20 years in Kevermes, southeastern Hungary. There is no breeding population of the species either here or in the surrounding area. The species was observed on 371 of the 2,807 days of field observations. The first individuals typically arrived in the second week of October, but there are also data from late September and early October. Its migration is characterized by several peaks. In spring, it was still migrating intensively in the first half of April, with the last individuals leaving the area by the end of the month. In recent years, they have appeared earlier in the autumn and left later in the spring, which may coincide with the increasing breeding population of the species in Hungary. The number of individuals observed was higher in spring than in autumn and winter, similar to the situation in other parts of the country. The number of birds was high every second or third year. The number of observations in the same seasons of different years showed different patterns as well as the autumn observations did not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the number of observations later in winter and spring. The most important food was the common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), which was protected against the Fieldfares (T. pilaris). Comparing the two species, the migratory patterns were basically similar, but the seasonal abundance of the two species differed in certain years.

Global Origin and Spatiotemporal Spread of Hepatitis C Virus Epidemic Genotypes/Subtypes: A Complete Genome-Based Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Analyses.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a pathogenic virus of global health concern. The phylodynamics of HCV genotypes/subtypes 1a, 1b, 2, and 3 are explored only for specific geographic regions. However, their genome based global origin and detailed spatiotemporal spread, have yet to be extensively studied. To study the global evolution of "epidemic" HCV genotypes/subtypes, we screened all available HCV complete genome sequences (n = 2744) from 27 countries worldwide for over four decades. We used representative sequences (n = 516) for phylodynamic and phylogeographic analyses, examining HCV worldwide origin, transmission, and spatiotemporal spread. We are the first to study the global phylogeography of genotype 2. The evolutionary rates for genotype/subtype 1a, 1b, 2, and 3 are 1.109 × 10-3, 1.096 × 10-3, 5.013 × 10-3 and 1.483 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year respectively. We deduced tMRCAs and origin location of respective HCV genotype/subtype as 1909.21 (United States), 1893.36 (Japan), 981.76 (France), and 1714.89 (India). We estimated their migration pattern with time to and from different continents. The origin location of genotype 2 was estimated to be France instead of previous postulated African origin. This can be related to slave trade, French colonization, and previous studies on specific geographic regions only. HCV genotypes/subtypes showed transmission and expansion due to factors like World War II, iatrogenic infections, "baby boomer" population, inefficient medical screening, intravenous drug use, decline due to antiviral therapy introduction. Our study provides novel and extensive information about the evolutionary history and spatiotemporal spread of the HCV genotypes responsible for most infections worldwide.

Application of machine learning tools to study the synergistic impact of physicochemical properties of peptides and filtration membranes on peptide migration during electrodialysis with filtration membranes

The present study aimed to explore the application of machine learning-based tools to study the impact of physicochemical properties of peptides and filtration membranes (FM) on peptide migration during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM). A total of 14 membranes characterized in terms of 10 physicochemical properties were employed to evaluate the selective migration of cationic and anionic peptides from a tryptic hydrolysate of whey protein isolate well characterized by chemometric and bioinformatic methods. Two machine learning approaches were compared: Decision Tree (DT) and Binary Greedy Network (BGN). Based on the feature selection and model performance results, DT appeared to be the most appropriate approach to generate explanatory models of peptide migration. From the selected DT models, selective migration patterns associated with specific physicochemical properties of peptides and FMs were established for the first time. The migration of anionic peptides was positively affected by higher average peak-to-valley roughness (Rz) values and macropores distribution in the filtrating layer (Mp-FL), where S11N+ and PES300 were the FMs providing the highest recovery of this type of peptides, particularly for those with isoelectric point (pI) values lower than 4.407 (IDALNENK, KYLLFCMENSAEPEQSLACQCLVRTPEVD, SLAMAASDISLLDAQSAPL, SLAMAASDISLLDAQSAPLR, TDYKKYLLFCMENSAEPEQ, TPEVDDEALEK, TPEVDDEALEKFDK, VLVLDTDYK, and VYVEELKPTPEGDLEILLQK) which reached average recovery rates of 16.617 and 4.556%, respectively. Regarding the migration of cationic peptides, this was mainly affected by other membrane characteristics such as volumetric porosity (Vp) and zeta potential (ZP), as well as peptide parameters such as polar residue content, pI, and leucine content. S11, S11SO3-, PES100, and PES300 were the FMs with the highest selective recovery rate for 7 out of 11 cationic peptides (ALPHMIR, IPAVFK, PMHI, PMHIR, TKIPAVF, TKIPAVFK, and VGINYWLAHK) with average values between 2.149 to 4.328%. This novel DT-based approach represents a suitable tool for studying peptide migration, choosing the most appropriate FMs for selective bioactive peptide migration during EDFM, and understanding the phenomena involved in their migration process.

Biogeography of a Global Plant Invader: From the Evolutionary History to Future Distributions.

Biological invasions pose a global challenge, affecting ecosystems worldwide and human societies. Knowledge of the evolutionary history of invasive species is critical to understanding their current invasion success and projecting their future spread. However, to date, few studies have addressed the evolutionary history and potential future spread of invaders simultaneously. In this study, we explored both evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of the distribution of Reynoutria japonica, known as one of the world's worst plant invaders. We analysed 265 R. japonica samples from its current geographical ranges across three continents, using seven chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers to establish the phylogenetic relationships among extant populations. We combined these with ecological niche modelling to infer historical and more recent migration patterns and predict potential future distribution changes under climate change. Our results indicate that climate fluctuations and sea level changes likely facilitated the expansion of R. japonica from southern Japan to continental East Asia in the Pliocene, followed by a contraction in East Asian populations. In the recent Holocene, human activities have then enabled a linage of this species to spread from Japan to Europe and North America, resulting in three major global clades. Future climate scenarios suggest a northward expansion of R. japonica in Europe and North America, but shrinking habitat in China. Our study, thus, demonstrates the complex influences of historical climate-driven migrations, human activities and future climate changes on the global distribution of an invasive species.

Viscoelastic particle focusing and separation in a microfluidic channel with a cruciform section.

Considerable attention has been given to elasto-inertial microfluidics, which are widely applied for the focusing, sorting, and separation of particles/cells. In this work, we propose a novel yet simple fabrication process for a microchannel with a cruciform section, where elasto-inertial particle focusing is explored in a viscoelastic fluid. SU-8 master molds for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures were fabricated via standard photolithography, and then plasma bonding, following self-alignment between two PDMS structures, was performed for the formation of a microchannel with a cruciform section. The particle behaviors inside the fabricated microchannel were experimentally investigated for various flow rates and particle sizes and compared with those inside a microchannel with a square cross section. The experimental results revealed that 3D particle focusing was achieved in the center under viscoelastic fluid flow over a wide range of flow rates without any shear thinning. Even for small particles (∼2 μm), single-line particle focusing was observed in the microchannel with a cruciform section but not in a square microchannel with the same hydraulic diameter (Dh = 75 μm). The effects of four reflex angles (270°) on particle focusing were quantitatively evaluated through numerical simulation. The simulation revealed that the migration pattern of particles is governed by the combined effect of the reflex angles and fluid inertia, leading to characteristic particle focusing behavior within the cross section of the cruciform microchannel. These findings agree well with the experimental results, which highlight the superior capability of the cruciform microchannel for inertial particle focusing across a wide range of particle sizes.