Migration Of Specialists Research Articles

Dating the origin and spread of specialization on human hosts in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

The globally invasive mosquito subspecies Aedes aegypti aegypti is an effective vector of human arboviruses, in part because it specializes in biting humans and breeding in human habitats. Recent work suggests that specialization first arose as an adaptation to long, hot dry seasons in the West African Sahel, where Ae. aegypti relies on human-stored water for breeding. Here, we use whole-genome cross-coalescent analysis to date the emergence of human-specialist populationsand thus further probe the climate hypothesis. Importantly, we take advantage of the known migration of specialists out of Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade to calibrate the coalescent clock and thus obtain a more precise estimate of the older evolutionary event than would otherwise be possible. We find that human-specialist mosquitoes diverged rapidly from ecological generalists approximately 5000 years ago, at the end of the African Humid Period-a time when the Sahara dried and water stored by humans became a uniquely stable, aquatic niche in the Sahel. We also use population genomic analyses to date a previously observed influx of human-specialist alleles into major West African cities. The characteristic length of tracts of human-specialist ancestry present on a generalist genetic background in Kumasi and Ouagadougou suggests the change in behavior occurred during rapid urbanization over the last 20-40 years. Taken together, we show that the timing and ecological context of two previously observed shifts towards human biting in Ae. aegypti differ; climate was likely the original driver, but urbanization has become increasingly important in recent decades.

(Migration of Specialists in the Context of the In-Country Migration of Russians)

Russian Abstract: Считается, что существующий уровень пространственной мобильности в России низок, что негативно влияет на социально-экономическое развитие страны. На разных уровнях – федеральном и региональном – предпринимаются меры по содействию гражданам в переезде в другую местность, но эффективны ли они? В ходе фокус-групп, интервью с управленцами и мигрантами мы пытались изучить распространенные практики внутристрановой миграции, выявить основные барьеры, препятствующие ей, и сформулировать меры, которые бы способствовали расширению возможности свободного перемещения граждан в целях более полной реализации индивидуального человеческого капитала. English Abstract: It is believed that the existing level of spatial mobility in Russia is low, which negatively affects the country's socio-economic development. At different levels - federal and regional - measures are being taken to help citizens move to other areas, but are they effective? During the focus groups, interviews with managers and migrants, we tried to study the widespread practices of in-country migration, identify the main barriers to it, and formulate measures that would enhance the possibility of free movement of citizens for a better realization of individual human capital.

The aimed or feared professional future of medical students at the Univesity of Witten/Herdecke.

The current challenges of educational policy seem to be associated to changes of the health care system, to counteract concerns regarding the lack of physicians, supply shortage and migration of specialists. Therefore, expectations, wishes and concerns relevant to the anticipated everyday life as a physician of medical students at the Witten/Herdecke University (UWH) were acquired with an online questionnaire. Useful for a direct comparison the results of the online survey ‘Medical Study and Future’ throughout Germany have been used. Findings from this survey are common characteristics regarding the choice of the profession and planning of an establishment as a general practitioner and clear differences in reflecting on future issues in the occupational field.

FACTORS IN CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT BUILDING IN INDRA IN THE 1920-30s

The region of Latgale, which borders the big, expansive neighbour Russia, Poland, Belorussia and Lithuania, has survived the most difficult years of subjection to foreign states. An almost 300-year-long administrative isolation from the other regions of Latvian culture has caused a specific development of language and social traditions in a multinational area. In 2007, the project „Field studies in the rural municipality of Indra in the region of Kraslava – traditions, language, cultural environment” was developed at Rēzekne University College for the research of this topic. It was based on ethnolinguistic data obtained through interviews with the population of Indra municipality. This article addresses the following questions: 1) What are the historic origins of this population, and when and from where did these people come to this rural municipality to settle permanently? 2) How did the newcomers influence the formation of a cultural environment in Indra and why was that important? The objective of the paper is to reveal the specifics and the typical features of the cultural environment of Indra in the context of Latgale. According to historical data and the memories of Benita Drozdova, the Latvian language was already in the 1930s the link that brought together different nationalities for common public work in Indra municipality. State policies in the field of education, local training of Latgalian specialists in Rezekne and Daugavpils, and the migration of specialists from other regions with no official language problems were some of the reasons which contributed to a better education of society and an increase in prosperity, which made Latgale move closer to the other regions of Latvia. This is illuminated by the visual materials attached to the analysis, which show that the border station of Indra was a vibrant cultural environment in the end of the 30’s where a local intelligentsia representing different professions had been formed.