Migration Decision-making Process Research Articles

Optimizing Network Service Continuity with Quality-Driven Resource Migration

Despite advances in security technology, it is impractical to entirely prevent intrusion threats. Consequently, developing effective service migration strategies is crucial to maintaining the continuity of network services. Current service migration strategies initiate the migration process only upon detecting a loss of service functionality in the nodes, which increases the risk of service interruptions. Moreover, the migration decision-making process has not adequately accounted for the alignment between tasks and node resources, thereby amplifying the risk of system overload. To address these shortcomings, we introduce a Quality-Driven Resource Migration Strategy (QD-RMS). Specifically, QD-RMS initiates the migration process at an opportune moment, determined through an analysis of service quality. Subsequently, it employs a method combining Pareto optimality and the simulated annealing algorithm to identify the node most suitable for migration. This approach not only guarantees seamless service continuity but also ensures optimal resource distribution and load balancing. The experiments demonstrate that, in comparison with conventional migration strategies, QD-RMS achieves superior service quality and an approximate 20% increase in maximum task capacity. This substantiates the strategic superiority and technological advancement of the proposed strategy.

An Efficient Hybrid Optimizer for Resource Reuse in a Cloud Environment

In a cloud context, merging complimentary numerous virtual machines (VMs) on an existing physical machine (PM) is the primary method for optimizing physical resources. One well-known area of research concentrates on making better use of VM migration resources when taking into account the dynamically changing resource demands of VMs. Finding the ideal balance between the complexity and performance of the VM migration optimization is the problem here. On the one hand, effective resource reuse is achieved through VM migration planning, and on the other, VM migration frequency is decreased to improve migration efficiency. On the other hand, a cloud data centre’s enormous PM and VM population typically makes migration planning more challenging, which impedes the VM migration decision-making process. By reducing the number of VM migration options to make VM migration planning easier and address these issues, this study recommend a hybrid Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithm (AGO) resource pool architecture. Then, establishing this model as a base, we develop the hybrid resource-reuse optimization method, which maximizes resource utilization with a minimal number of VM migrations. Finally, we evaluate hybrid AGO using simulation testing and real-world trials on a working cloud platform. Compared to similar methods, the findings show that hybrid AGO increases average resource utilization by 15%, reduces the use of PMs by 15%, and decreases the average number of migrations by 30%.

Gender or Gendered Demand of Care? Migration Decision-Making Processes of Nepali Care Workers

The increasing demand for care workers in the global North has spurred the migration of the care workforce, especially of female nurses from the global South. This development is redefining women’s roles as breadwinners and the instigators of family migration. However, the migration of nurses from the global South-to-North needs further investigation into how these women are empowered to lead the migration process and the factors that influence the decision. I will explore the roles of migrants’ individual skills and competencies along with the demand for care workers in the UK’s labour market. This study is based on data from 49 in-depth qualitative interviews with Nepali care workers in the UK and their parents in Nepal. I argue that in the case of the migration of trained nurses from the global South to the North, individual and contextual factors become more important and influential than gender and power relations in the family in the decision-making processes. As a step towards addressing human resource shortages in the health and social care sectors, the UK has recently reached a bilateral agreement with Nepal to recruit Nepali nurses. While the migration of Nepali nurses is likely to increase, empowerment to migrants and adherence to ethical recruitment could be mutually beneficial for participating countries, migrants and their families.

Migration Decision-Making Process: Dialectic Contradictions Experienced by Asylum-Seeking Women

ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of migrants have fled human rights abuses, seeking refugee status. This study, involving semi-structured interviews with 12 African asylum-seeking women in Israel, explores their decision to leave home, journey to, and enter Israel without legal authorization. It further examines their retrospective view of leaving home amidst their experiences in Israel. Guided by a qualitative descriptive approach, the analysis reveals contradictory themes: autonomy/absence of autonomy in migration decision-making and positive/negative sentiments about life in Israel. We discuss these findings in relation to international migration determinant theories, relational dialectic theory, and research on communicative tensions experienced by refugees.

COVID-19 responses restricted abilities and aspirations for mobility and migration: insights from diverse cities in four continents

Research on the impacts of COVID-19 on mobility has focused primarily on the increased health vulnerabilities of involuntary migrant and displaced populations. But virtually all migration flows have been truncated and altered because of reduced economic and mobility opportunities of migrants. Here we use a well-established framework of migration decision-making, whereby individual decisions combine the aspiration and ability to migrate, to explain how public responses to the COVID-19 pandemic alter migration patterns among urban populations across the world. The principal responses to COVID-19 pandemic that affected migration are: 1) through travel restrictions and border closures, 2) by affecting abilities to move through economic and other means, and 3) by affecting aspirations to move. Using in-depth qualitative data collected in six cities in four continents (Accra, Amsterdam, Brussels, Dhaka, Maputo, and Worcester), we explore how populations with diverse levels of education and occupations were affected in their current and future mobility decisions. We use data from interviews with sample of internal and international migrants and non-migrants during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to identify the mechanisms through which the pandemic affected their mobility decisions. The results show common processes across the different geographical contexts: individuals perceived increased risks associated with further migration, which affected their migration aspirations, and had reduced abilities to migrate, all of which affected their migration decision-making processes. The results also reveal stark differences in perceived and experienced migration decision-making across precarious migrant groups compared to high-skilled and formally employed international migrants in all settings. This precarity of place is particularly evident in low-income marginalised populations.

“You’re Better Being Poor Here”: Migration Decision-Making and Political and Lifestyle Considerations Among Qualified Brazilians in Portugal

This article looks at the migration of qualified Brazilians to Portugal, with reference to the impact of political developments in Brazil on migration decision-making processes and their lifestyle aspirations in the host society. Original fieldwork consists of twenty in-depth interviews conducted with qualified Brazilians in the Lisbon area during 2019. These interviews illustrate how political and economic instability in Brazil contributed to establishing a strong migration imperative. In this scenario, Portugal is chosen as a destination due to its perceived social stability and emergence as a fashionable destination for skilled workers, with the promise of a “cosmopolitan” life. In conclusion, we emphasise the need to consider how political conditions in a sending society and lifestyle considerations interact in the migration decision-making of skilled migrants. This approach confronts assumptions that serve to disguise the precariousness of many Brazilian migrants in Portugal due to their relatively high skill levels and raising long-term concerns regarding the sustainability of lifestyle-oriented migration.

Non-salary employment conditions as a factor shaping migration decision-making: an example of workers from Ukraine in Poland

The paper studies non-salary employment conditions as a factor affecting labour migrants’ choice the host country and a particular employer. It argues that the extant literature, focusing mainly on wage levels offered by employers, is insufficient to understand the decisions taken by migrants, especially if there is persistently low unemployment and high demand for foreign labour in a given market. A secondary analysis of the results of two empirical studies conducted in Poland in the period 2017–2019, focusing on various categories of Ukrainian workers, was used to shed a light on the role of non-salary employment conditions in the migration decision-making process. At that time, Poland encountered both low levels of unemployment and persistent demand for foreign workers, as well as liberal immigration regulations for labour immigration from selected Eastern European countries. Therefore, it met the conditions of the so-called migration laboratory.

Does the association between internal migration and personality traits hold in different countries?

The association between personality traits and migration has received growing attention, but differences in survey instruments, analytical methods, definitions of migration and observation periods make it difficult to ascertain and generalise the role of personality traits in the migration decision-making process. To address these limitations, this paper uses comparable retrospective migration histories collected in 17 European countries as part of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in 2017. Regression analysis reveals that openness is positively and most consistently associated with migration. The restrictive effect of conscientiousness was found in only four countries. Results for other personality traits are inconsistent. The role of macro contextual factors in shaping the interaction between personality traits and migrationwarrants further research.

“Move backward to make a step forward”: Understanding the migration of the highly educated to Sorong City, West Papua, Indonesia

Highly educated people are mainly concentrated in big cities or metropolitan areas. However, some of them choose to move to less developed regions. Using information from in-depth interviews of 15 highly educated migrants that recently moved to Sorong City, a small city in easternmost Indonesia, this study examines the narratives behind their spatial movements. The findings show that promising career development is a critical factor in their migration decision-making process. Although most of them faced difficulties with the limited living amenities in Sorong city, the migrants managed to improve their employability and accelerate their social mobility. However, some migrants expressed their intentions to remigrate from the city in the future. This situation indicates the lack of migrants’ social integration and the challenges in the human capital accumulation in the region.

Connecting Crises: Young People in Nepal Reflecting on Life Course Transitions and Trajectories during Times of Uncertainty

During certain crises, displacement of populations seeking safe refuge elsewhere can occur without the certainty of a return, if at all. Children and young people in such contexts often face the additional challenge of restrictions or disregard towards engaging their agency in migration decision-making processes. Through 60 in-depth interviews with 30 trans-Himalayan participants (ages of 16–23) and multi-sited ethnography throughout Nepal, this paper investigates multiple experiences of crises experienced by young people and the effects on their life course trajectories. From focusing on the Civil War in 1996–2006, the 2015 earthquake, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper proposes that initial displacements from the Civil War, when connected with other crises later on in a participant’s life course, better prepared them to deal with crises and enabled them to create a landscape of resilience. Furthermore, a landscape of resilience that connects past and present life course experiences during crises prepared some participants for helping their larger communities alleviate certain crises-related tension. Overall, this paper extends analysis on an under-researched group of young migrants by connecting crises that shaped their (im)mobility and life trajectories, rather than approaching crises as singular, isolated experiences.

Environmental Displacement and Mental Well-Being in Banjarnegara, Indonesia.

Background:Residential moves (displacement) owing to climate- and weather-related disasters may significantly impact mental health. Despite the growing risk from climate change, health impacts of environmental-mobility remain understudied.Objectives:We assessed the effects of displacement on the association between landslides and changes in perceived mental well-being in Banjarnegara, Indonesia. We also investigated whether sociodemographics (age, sex, level of education, household-level income, or employment in agriculture) and landslide characteristics (number and severity of landslides) were associated with differing odds of relocation after experiencing landslides.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 420 individuals who experienced landslides between 2014 and 2018 to assess perceived changes in mental well-being, comparing after landslide exposure to before landslide exposure. We used a novel six-item measure that was created in collaboration with the local community to compare perceived changes between those who were displaced by landslides and those who were not displaced, using logistic and multinomial regressions adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. We then assessed whether the odds of displacement differed based on sociodemographic characteristics and landslide exposure characteristics, using logistic regressions.Results:Those who were displaced were more likely than those who were not displaced to report perceived increases in economic stability [; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45, 6.46], optimism (; 95% CI: 1.87, 8.61), safety (; 95% CI: 1.44, 5.10), religiosity (; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.65), and closeness with community (; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.33) after landslides compared with before their first landslide during the study period. More frequent landslide exposures were associated with reduced odds of relocation, but more severe landslides were associated with increased odds of relocation.Discussion:These findings suggest that landslides affect the mental well-being not only of those who are displaced but also of those who are left behind. Further, this work supports the need for community-based participatory research to fully capture the health impacts of environmental mobility. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9391

Children's Behavioral Agency within Families in the Context of Migration: A Systematic Review.

Migration may lead to changing power dynamics between parents and children in families. Children may change their behavior in order to exercise agency to respond to migration of family members or themselves. This systematic review seeks to understand how children exercise agency within families in the context of migration. The authors searched ten databases to collect English-written articles published in academic journals in or after 2010. The studies were coded to generate a quality indicator. 65 Articles with moderate and strong quality were included in this review, including 41 qualitative studies, 16 quantitative studies, and 8 mixed-methods studies. Children and adolescents with demographically and culturally diverse backgrounds were analyzed in these studies. The systematic review shows that children have different levels of behavioral agency in the migration decision-making process; they also exercise agency in different aspects of family life. For example, left-behind children exercise agency in care provision and information nondisclosure, and migrant children in media and language brokering. Children’s behavioral agency is place-specific. Adults working with children need to pay more attention to children’s behavioral agency in order to support children’s healthy development and facilitate their adaptation in the context of migration.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40894-021-00175-0.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND MIGRATION DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES OF INDONESIAN HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRANT IN THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

This research aims to explain the impact of social media on the migration decision-making process of Indonesian highly skilled migrants who used a social media account. In detail, this research will consider the role of social media in the migration decision-making process of highly skilled migrants who emigrated from Indonesia and how they use social media in the context of the migration decision-making process. Methods: The data collected included qualitative data from in-depth interviews. Expectation: 1).Social media help highly skilled migrants on migration decision making process. 2).Highly skilled migrants use social media for searching information about destination area. Result: Highly skilled migrant in the Middle East Countries use their social media to gain information before they choose their destination country. They use social media to making contact with their friends and colleague in the destination country.

COVID-19 DAN PENUNDAAN KEPULANGAN MIGRAN PELAJAR INDONESIA DI LUAR NEGERI

The COVID-19 pandemic is the reason some Indonesian student migrants to delaying their return-home. Various factors that inhibit return migration such as health, security, transportation and local immigration rules make student migrants stay abroad. Objective: This research aims to understand the migration decision-making process of Indonesian student migrants abroad on postponed their return-home to Indonesia on May-December 2020. Methods: The data collected included quantitative from a survey and qualitative data from interviews. Result: The decision-making process for migrant students arises from themselves and strengthened by the family and community, including information from their social networks. The impact of some student migrants who delay their return is the economic situation, especially for students who rely on their scholarships. To relieve the burden on student migrant, the Indonesian government can provide daily need aid. The Indonesian government also need diplomate to educational institutions to reduce their tuition fees and extend residence permit.

The Role of Language Capability in Migration Choice of International Medical Students

Background:An alarming proportion of healthcare workers from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) migrate to foreign countries, especially to high-income countries (HICs), to seek employment. The aim of this study was to explore the role of language capability in migration choice of China-educated international medical students (IMSs), mainly from LMICs in Asia and Africa. Methods:A questionnaire was delivered electronically to final-year IMSs at 4 universities in China from June, 2019 to July, 2019. The questionnaire comprised questions on language capability and migration choices of IMSs. Chi-square test was used to determine whether participants’ English language proficiency, Chinese language proficiency, and capability of speaking multi-languages were associated with their migration choices. Results:A total of 202 valid responses were obtained and 91 (45%) participants showed intention of choosing a foreign country. The intention of staying outside the home country was associated with the capability of speaking multi-languages (speaking at least another non-English foreign language apart from Chinese) by IMSs. Higher-level Chinese proficiency certificate holders were more likely to choose China as the destination country. The capability of speaking a non-English/non-Chinese foreign language did not correspond to the intention of migrating to the country where this language is spoken. Furthermore, the intention of migrating to a non-English/non-Chinese speaking foreign country did not correspond to the capability in the language spoken in this foreign country. Conclusion:The effect of language capability on migration choice of China-educated IMSs was explored in this study. The findings indicate that language capability has played some role in IMSs’ migration choice. However, migration decision-making process is complex and is affected by various factors. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to explore correlations among factors affecting migration choice of IMSs.

Climate Change and Migration: A Case Study of Coastal Household in Delta Mahakam – Kalimantan

Migration in response to climate change should not be seen as a failure to adapt, but as a strategy undertaken to maintains households resilience. Objective: This research aims to explain the migration decision-making process of Delta Mahakam household. In detail, this research will consider the impact of climate change in the migration decision-making process of household who emigrated from their village. The increasing number of household migrating from their village suggests the importance of understanding the reason underline their movements. Methods: The data collected included qualitative data from in-depth interviews. An interview guide was formulated to facilitate in-depth interviews and generate a better understanding of migration behavior. Expectation: Migration is one of the strategies undertaken to maintain the economic resilience of coastal households. Result: Rising seas is one of those climate change impacts in Delta Mahakam. The impact of climate change forces the household to abandon their hometown. Migration decisions of coastal household in Delta Mahakam are complex, involving both economic and non-economic considerations. These results provide an understanding of how climate change will reshape future population distributions. Keywords: environmental migration, household, coastal, decision-making process, climate change, sea-level rise

Transnational marriage in Yiwu, China: trade, settlement and mobility

ABSTRACTThis paper explores intermarriage between Chinese women and foreign Muslim traders in Yiwu, China through a consideration of women’s experience of uncertainty in settlement and decisions regarding migration. In so doing, it argues that intermarriage plays an important role in anchoring trading networks for the traders. However, this anchor is not firm, as such households also face significant uncertainties due to the structural constraints resulting from the unstable nature of informal trade; state migration policies, both internal and border control; and challenges regarding children’s education. Furthermore, migration decision-making processes are equally impacted by personal dimensions of attachment, marriage (in)stability, family orientations and perceived cultural gaps. Women are active agents in negotiating and adapting to new situations but their agency is limited by structural constraints.

Migration decisions and destination choices

We used data collected from a face-to-face interview survey of 395 randomly selected farm households in Central Nepal’s Chitwan district to understand the migration decision-making processes and migration destination choices. This district was chosen because it represents the microcosm of whole Nepal due to the presence of migratory population from all over the country within the tropical and sub-tropical climatic districts. We used probit and multinomial logit regression models to discern the individual and family migration decision-making behaviors and to understand what determines the choice of migration destinations. Results suggested that migration decision-making is based on (a) the presence of a large number of young males in the family; (b) having fewer males with secondary education; (c) having more females with secondary education; and (d) higher household wealth. These ‘a–d’factors positively affect migration decision-making. Destination choice is generally dictated by individual characteristics and the economic potential of a destination site. Young, unmarried, male heads of families with a relatively large number of adult males but relatively low land holdings and wealth status choose Malaysia; older people from families with a fewer number of educated females and low land holdings choose India, and relatively less-educated females from families with less-educated heads of households but higher land holdings choose the Gulf Cooperation Council countries as their migration destination.

International migration and household living arrangements among transnational families in Brazil

ABSTRACT Much has been discussed in the international literature about the relationship between family arrangements and migration decision-making, although few studies have done so through the analysis of quantitative data from migrants’ countries of origin. Based on the theoretical contributions brought by the New Economics of Labor Migration and Transnationalism, we investigate how three intervening factors affect household living arrangements in the migrant’s country of origin: people’s life-cycle stages, migration regimes, and family normative systems. Using as case study the municipality of Governador Valadares, Brazil, the country’s main international emigration hotspot, we draw on a mixed-methods approach that includes the analysis of the Brazilian Census and novel survey data, in addition to 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with migrants’ relatives and returnees. The results point to clear differences between the structure of households with and without international emigrants. The reasons for these differences may be two-fold: (a) international emigration is an important factor leading to the rearrangement of family care systems, and (b) migration decision-making processes are dependent upon particular household structures, family norms and migration regimes.

Migrants in Countries in Crisis: The Experiences of Ghanaian and Nigerien Migrants during the Libyan Crisis of 2011

Using the experiences of Ghanaian and Nigerian migrants who were implicated in the 2011 Libyan crisis as a case study, this paper highlights the importance of examining micro-level factors in explaining migration decision-making processes. It therefore challenges the uncritical use of macro-level factors as exogenous ‘root causes of migration especially in developing country contexts. Adopting mainly qualitative approaches among seventy-five key informants from six distinct categories, the study finds that migration culture, household livelihood aspirations, geographical propinquity, the existence of social networks and migrant smuggling rings motivate migrations to Libya. The paper also challenges scholarship on the 2011 Libyan crisis that treats the experiences of sub-Saharan African (SSA) migrants in the country as an undifferentiated group. The paper concludes that within a developing country context, the political economy of the origin country contributes to the establishment, over time, of a migration culture especially among youth who feel trapped in waithood and are unable to realize basic socio-cultural and economic markers in life. The paper recommends the regionalization of evacuation and repatriation programmes to facilitate the timely extraction of trapped migrants from countries in crisis.