Midpoint Research Articles

Ultrasound biomicroscopy in dogs suggests postoperative ocular hypertension may be associated with ciliary cleft changes related to cataract surgery.

To determine whether novel pre- and postsurgical ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) measurements of the canine ciliary cleft (CC) are associated with postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) following cataract surgery and to explore the relationship between intraocular pressure and CC UBM measurements. Following pharmacologic mydriasis, UBM images were obtained from 31 client-owned dogs before elective cataract surgery, immediately postsurgery, and 4 to 6 hours following surgery or while experiencing POH ≥ 25 mm Hg. Presurgery and the pre- to postsurgery change in CC measurements were assessed for association with POH using individual mixed-effects logistic regression models and forward variable selection models. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the relationship of intraocular pressure to UBM measurements within the same eye across multiple time points. Presurgical measurements were not predictive of POH development. An increase in pectinate ligament distance and CC area from presurgical baseline to immediate postsurgical measurement was associated with reduced odds of developing POH, while increasing CC length (from apex to mid point on the pectinate ligament) from pre- to postsurgery and immature cataracts was associated with increased odds of POH. The change in CC morphology following cataract surgery appears more impactful in the development of POH than individual variations in presurgery CC measurements. Several changes in the CC dimensions following surgery appear associated with POH risk. This understanding of a potential mechanism of POH development opens new avenues for researching preventative measures associated with modifying surgical techniques to influence CC morphology following cataract surgery.

A family of quadrature formulas with their error bounds for convex functions and applications

In numerical analysis, the quadrature formulas serve as a pivotal tool for approximating definite integrals. In this paper, we introduce a family of quadrature formulas and analyze their associated error bounds for convex functions. The main advantage of these new error bounds is that from these error bounds, we can find the error bounds of different quadrature formulas. This work extends the traditional quadrature formulas such as the midpoint formula, trapezoidal formula, Simpson's formula, and Boole's formula. We also use the power mean and Hölder's integral inequalities to find more general and sharp bounds. Furthermore, we give numerical example and applications to quadrature formulas of the newly established inequalities.

Reappraisal of anatomical diversity of lateral circumflex femoral artery with its substantial clinical applicability: cadaveric study.

Studies reveal variations in the in the origin, number, and branching patterns of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). The present study aimed to document such variations and their potential clinical applicability. Thirty-two femoral triangles of 16 embalmed adult human cadavers were dissected to investigate the variation in the origin, number, and branching patterns of LCFA. The main branches of the LCFA were tracked independently for numerical variations in branching pattern. The distance between the origin of LCFA and mid inguinal point (MIP) was also measured in each case. LCFA was most commonly arising from profunda femoris (PF), followed by femoral artery (FA) and common trunk of the femoral artery (CFA). Duplication LCFA was observed in 15 (46.87%) limbs, in 5 (31.25%) cases duplication was only on right side, in 4 (25%) cases duplication was only on left side and in 3 (18.75%), duplication was bilateral. Cases with duplication of LCFA, showed numerical variations with descending pattern being the most common. The average distance of LCFA1 and LCFA2 from mid-inguinal point was 5.77±1.35 cm and 6.14±2.05 cm respectively. Detailed information regarding the occurrence of duplication will be great importance for surgeons, interventional radiologists, and other medical professionals performing procedures in the femoral region. Knowledge of variation of branching pattern of LCFA is utmost important as surgeons use the descending branch of the LCFA in bypass grafting and vascular reconstruction surgeries.

The hormonal profile in women using combined monophasic oral contraceptive pills varies across the pill cycle: a temporal analysis of serum endogenous and exogenous hormones using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy.

Oral contraceptive pills, of all types, are used by approximately 151 million women worldwide; however, a clear understanding of the concentrations of endogenous and exogenous hormones across a 28-day combination monophasic oral contraceptive pill pack is not well described. In our study of 14 female participants taking various combination monophasic oral contraceptive pills, we found significant fluctuations in endogenous and exogenous hormone levels throughout the pill cycle. Our analysis revealed significantly greater levels of ethinyl estradiol on the 20th and 21st days of active pill ingestion, compared with days 1-2 (active) and days 27-28 (inactive pill ingestion). Conversely, estradiol concentrations decreased during active pill consumption, while progestin and progesterone levels remained stable. During the 7 days of inactive pill ingestion, estradiol levels rose sharply and were significantly higher at days 27-28 compared with the mid and late active phase time points, while ethinyl estradiol declined and progestin did not change. These findings challenge the previous assumption that endogenous and exogenous hormones are stable throughout the 28-day pill cycle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results from this study have wide-ranging implications for research and treatment in women's health including considerations in research design and interpretation for studies including women taking oral contraceptives, the potential for more precise and personalized methods of dosing to reduce unwanted side effects and adverse events, and the potential treatment of a variety of disorders ranging from musculoskeletal to neurological with exogenous hormones.

Quality Assessment of Igue Calcite Deposit for Industrial Applications

Calcite is one of the primary components of marble and limestone, they made up a significant amount of the crust of the Earth. The goal of the study is to characterize the Igue calcite deposit. Samples were sourced from five different pits, which were homogenized and eventually weighed five kilograms. Of that amount, one kilogram was set aside for laboratory testing and analysis. The sample was first crushed to a size of 1400 µm and then further reduced to 1100 µm using a ball mill. 100 grams of the sample was riffled out for sieve analysis, the particles were classified into 1000µm, 710µm, 500µm, 355µm, 250µm, 180µm, 125µm, 90µm, 63µm, and -63µm, and 125 µm sieve size was sampled out for chemical analysis using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The particle size distribution methods that were employed were the Gates Gaudin Schumann Method and the Rosin Rammler Method. The economic and actual liberation size is at sieve 180µm and 125µm respectively, according to the sieve analysis result mid points is at 49.26% which is the equilibrium point on the graph. The results of the chemical study indicate that the Igue white calcite deposit contains the following elements: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, W, Au, Ag, and Rb with the mean concentrations of the following: 0.0000, 0.4257, 0.6757, 0.2845, 0.4199, 0.0000, 67.9587, 0.0000, 0.0009, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.1958, 0.0061, 0.0090, 0.0175, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0005 and 0.0000 respectively and intensities of : 0.0000, 0.0014, 0.0076, 0.006, 0.0059, 0.0000, 0.6923, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0012,0.0002, 0.0005, 0.0006, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, Igue white calcite has a good calcium content and intensity, with calcium being the predominant element in the sample and having the following intensity of 0.6923 and content of 67.9587.

Some Inequalities for Differentiable Functions on a Generalization of Hermite-Hadamard Inequality with Applications

The main identity of midpoint type inequalities is generalized and using this identity some composite midpoint type inequalities are estimated. Moreover, applications to some special means and some error estimates for the composite midpoint formula are discussed.

Using word evolution to predict drug repurposing

BackgroundTraditional literature based discovery is based on connecting knowledge pairs extracted from separate publications via a common mid point to derive previously unseen knowledge pairs. To avoid the over generation often associated with this approach, we explore an alternative method based on word evolution. Word evolution examines the changing contexts of a word to identify changes in its meaning or associations. We investigate the possibility of using changing word contexts to detect drugs suitable for repurposing.ResultsWord embeddings, which represent a word’s context, are constructed from chronologically ordered publications in MEDLINE at bi-monthly intervals, yielding a time series of word embeddings for each word. Focusing on clinical drugs only, any drugs repurposed in the final time segment of the time series are annotated as positive examples. The decision regarding the drug’s repurposing is based either on the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), or semantic triples extracted using SemRep from MEDLINE.ConclusionsThe annotated data allows deep learning classification, with a 5-fold cross validation, to be performed and multiple architectures to be explored. Performance of 65% using UMLS labels, and 81% using SemRep labels is attained, indicating the technique’s suitability for the detection of candidate drugs for repurposing. The investigation also shows that different architectures are linked to the quantities of training data available and therefore that different models should be trained for every annotation approach.

IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY USING MID POINT TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUE

The project titled "Image Steganography using Mid-Point Transformation Technique" aims to explore and implement a novel approach to concealing information within digital images while preserving their visual integrity. Steganography is an age-old technique for covert communication, and this project leverages the mid-point transformation method to embed data seamlessly into images. The mid-point transformation technique involves the subtle alteration of pixel values based on the midpoint of neighboring pixels. This process ensures that the changes made to the image are imperceptible to the human eye, allowing for effective data hiding without compromising the overall visual quality. The project will focus on the development of an algorithm to encode and decode hidden information within images using the mid-point transformation technique. Implementation will be carried out using a programming language suitable for image processing, and the project aims to provide a user-friendly interface for ease of use. Key objectives include understanding the theoretical foundations of steganography, implementing the mid-point transformation algorithm, evaluating the effectiveness of the technique in terms of data capacity and visual impact, and comparing the results with existing steganographic methods. Key Words: Image Steganography, Mid Point Transformation, Steganography Techniques, Digital Image Security, Data Hiding, Information Security.

POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES OF ILIZAROV FRAME FIXATION IN THE LOWER LIMB: AN EVALUATION OF PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES AND ALIGNMENT

IntroductionBy utilising the inherent variability achievable with circular frames, surgeons can manage a wide spectrum of complex injuries, and can deal with deformity at multiple levels, in multiple planes. The aim of this study was to assess functional outcomes utilising patients reported outcome measures (PROMs) of patients being treated with circular (Ilizarov) frame fixation for complex lower limb injuries and assess these results in conjunction with the observed postoperative alignment of the patients’ limbs.Materials & MethodsCases were identified using a prospectively collected database of adult patients presenting between July 2018 and August 2021. Functional outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ5D5L), the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (LKSS), the Olerud-Molendar Ankle Score (OMAS), and the Tegner Activity Scale (TAS). Postoperative radiographs were analysed for fracture union and to quantify malunion (as described in Dror Paleys Principles of Deformity Correction).ResultsThe mean AOFAS, EQ5D5L, LKSS and OMAS scores showed an initial drop from pre-op to early time points and then steady increase over the early, mid, late and frame-off time points, with a resultant score higher than pre-op. Malunion was found in 35 (41.7%) patients, 7 patients had a malunion within 5 degrees of normal, 15 from 5–10 degrees of normal, 12 from 10–15 degrees of normal and 2 out with 15 degrees of normal.ConclusionsCircular frame fixation is an attractive option in complex lower limb trauma where alternative fixation methods are unsuitable. Whilst post-operative success to the surgeon might be determined radiographically, patient reported outcomes give a functionally important, objective measure of the success of the surgery to the patient.

Eyelid Malposition, the Basic Examination

Abstract
 Introduction & Objectives : Eyelid malposition is when the eyelids become abnormally positioned due to various causes. The disorder is not aesthetically-pleasing and can lead to visual and ocular problems, which can be serious. The main cause of eyelid malposition is aging, as the tissues surrounding the eyes relax as we age. It can also occur as a result of paralysis of the facial nerve (Bell's palsy), trauma, scarring, and surgery
 Methods : The types of eyelid malposition are: 1)Ptosis, a drooping upper eyelid, with difficulty in opening the eyelid voluntarily. In some cases, it is so severe that the eyelid covers the axis of the pupil and hinders correct vision in the affected eye. 2)Entropion, inward turning of the eyelid towards itself. It may be the lower eyelid or the upper eyelid, causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea and eye surface, and 3)Ectropion, is the rotation towards the outside of the lower eyelid. Very often, it causes the tears to build up at the mid point without being able to drain and the patient notices their eye watering.
 Results : There are some examination for each type eyelid malpositions, like for ptosis: fissure palpebral vertical, fissure palpebral horizontal, levator function, margin limbal distance, margin reflex distance, and bell’s phenomenon. Examination for entropion and ectropion including squeeze test, distraction test, snap and snap-back test, medial and lateral canthal laxity.
 Conclusion : Careful examination is required to diagnose and manage eyelid malposition.

Association of Diaphragmatic Thickness and Peripheral Muscle Thickness using Ultrasonography in Extubation Outcome

Introduction Patients in icu who are critically sick require basic life support in form of mechanical ventilator. Ventilator associated complication are common in them . Prediction of icu acquired weakness can prevent extubation failure, decrease in hospital mortality and increase icu free day. Thereby decreasing financial burden . Both central and peripheral muscle thickness play role in predicting extubation success. Aim/Objective :Aim is to measure muscle strength of diaphragm and quadriceps muscle using ultrasonography and to find if central and peripheral muscle strength can be used as a predictor for patients’ extubation outcome. Study design : Prospective crossectional single centred observational study . Place and duration of the study : The study was carried out in PCCM department of Kgmu from January 2023 to October 2023. Methodology: Diaphragm excursion , diaphragm thickness at inspiration and expiration was measured using ultrasonography on right side at 8 th and 9th intercostal space between anterior and mid axillary lines. Quadriceps thickness was also measured at mid point between the anterior superior Iliac spine to patella and was compared with the outcome of the intubated patient . Results : Out of 42 patients 52% were male(n=22) and 48% were female (n=20). The study showed that the diaphragmatic excursion ( p value <0.001 ) and diaphragmatic thickness at inspiration (p value 0.007 ) was significant in predicting outcome of the patient from mechanical ventilator but quadriceps thickness had no significance( pvalue 0.012). The excursion of the patient <7 , 7-11 and >11 has extubation success of .0%, 46.2 % and 53.8 % respectively. The diaphragmatic inspiration thickness of <1.65 , 1.65 - 3.7 >3.7 has successfull weaning of 0% , 100% and 0% respectively. Conclusion: Diaphragm excursion plays strong role in predicting the success of extubation and preventing icu acquired weakness. The study reflect the role of diaphragmatic thickness in better outcomes. Quadriceps muscle couldn't be related much with weaning and extubation.

Effect of Phase Shift Definition on Power Characterization of Isolated DC–DC Converter Under PWM Plus Phase Shift Modulation

PWM plus phase shift (PPS) modulation is a popular modulation technique for the current fed dual active bridge (CFDAB) converter. Power transfer characteristics for any modulation technique are important for converters. However, in the literature, different power characteristics of CFDAB are presented for PPS modulation. This disparity in power transfer behavior creates confusion and ambiguity to the readers. This brief reveals the reason for such disparity. This is primarily due to the definition of the phase shift considered. When the phase shift is considered between the rising edges of high frequency voltages, asymmetric power transfer characteristics are obtained. On the contrary, symmetric power transfer characteristics are obtained if phase shift is considered between the mid point of high level of high frequency voltage signals. Thus the latter provides useful features and universal conditions for power reversal and peak power transmission individually. Steady state power under different modulation is obtained from unified model of CFDAB. The analytical results and experimental investigations are in agreement with each other.

Quality Assessment of Ikpeshi White Calcite Deposit

The research is to assess the quality of calcite deposit from GOPEX quarries. Samples were collected from five different pits and homogenized; 5 kilograms were gotten and 1 kilogram for laboratory test work and analysis. The sample was crushed to a size of 1400µm and was further reduced using ball mill to 1100µm. 100gram was riffled out for sieve analysis using set of sieves and mechanical sieve shaker and sieve size of 125µm was sampled out for chemical analysis using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, from which measure elements were analyzed. The set of sieves used are 1000µm, 710µm, 500µm, 355µm, 250µm, 180µm, 125µm, 90µm, 63 µm, and (-63µm), using Gates Gaudin Schumann Method of particles size distribution and Rosin Rammler Method of particles size distribution. The result from sieve analysis shows that the economic liberation size of GOPEX calcite is at sieve number of 180µm to 63µm, showing the following mid points 6.52% to 7.82%. The equilibrium points from the graph show 50%, which signifies the existence of some if not all of these elements from the chemical analysis in the sample of GOPEX, quarries: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, W, Au, Ag, and Rb with the following mean concentrations to be 0.5217, 1.2314, 2.7804, 0.2573, 0.5684, 0.0000, 61.2238, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0015, 0.000, 0.9938, 0.0089, 0.0117, 0.0220, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0272, 0.0025 and 0.0015 respectively, with calcium which is the major element in the sample having the following intensities 0.6241 and content of 61.2238. The limestone deposits in these location is rich in calcite which can be useful in production of cement, in agriculture and in chemical/industrial uses.

Geodesics of multivariate normal distributions and a Toda lattice type Lax pair

We study geodesics of multivariate normal distributions with respect to the Fisher metric. First it will be shown that a computational formula for geodesics can be understood using the block Cholesky decomposition and a natural Riemannian submersion. Next a mid point algorithm for geodesics will be obtained. And finally a new Toda lattice type Lax pair will be derived from the geodesic and the block Cholesky decomposition.

Fixed Point Results Using Implicit Mid Point Rule Iterative Process

Fixed Point Results Using Implicit Mid Point Rule Iterative Process

Comparing the impact of two occupational therapy interventions on academic learning outcomes for children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

INTRODUCTION: The strong association between perinatal HIV infection and poor performance in academic learning is further challenged by various barriers to learning in the South African context of basic education. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel play-informed, caregiver-implemented, home-based intervention (PICIHBI) for improving academic learning in HIV-positive children METHODOLOGY: A single-blinded, randomised comparison group design was selected to compare PICHIBI with conventional one-on-one occupational therapy interventions. Children with HIV aged 5 to 8 years old on ART and their primary caregiver (N=23) were randomly allocated to an intervention group. The primary outcome of academic learning was measured using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised and the short form Beery-Buktenica Visual Motor Integration test, 5th edition at baseline, mid (5 months) and post-intervention (after 10 months RESULTS: At baseline, the total sample (n=23) presented with below-average performance in all assessed academic learning outcomes. Between-group differences for all academic learning outcomes were not significant at mid or post-test assessment points. A statistically significant within-group change in visual motor integration was noted in the PICIHBI from baseline to mid-test (p=.019). In the conventional group, there were statistically significant changes in visual perception from baseline to mid (p=.001) and baseline to post-test (p=.009). The sub scale Performance in the conventional group improved significantly from baseline to mid-test (p=.027 CONCLUSION: While improvements were noted, children in both groups continued to present with academic learning concerns at post-test. These concerns motivate the need for continued monitoring and further investigation into the feasibility and effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions targeting the academic learning challenges of this population Implications for practice This paper adds to an emerging body of evidence aiming to demonstrate the effect of occupational therapy interventions on occupational outcomes for children with perinatal HIV infection. The paper presents a detailed overview of the conceptualisation of learning as an occupational outcome. The paper further presents consideration of the practical challenges linked to the implementation of, adherence to and sustainability of rehabilitation interventions in low to middle-income countries.

Esthetic outcomes of immediate implants placement following immediate restoration: Controlled clinical trial

The aim of this controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the variation in the thickness of the buccal bone plate and the position of the gingival margin in single implants installed in extraction socket and in healed ridges, both with immediate loading in aesthetic region. Materials and Methods: individuals in group 1 (n=7) were treated with minimally invasive tooth extraction, cone morse implant (Neodent®), xenogene bone “gap” filling (Bio Oss®) and cementation of provisional crown. Individuals in group 2 (n=3), in edentulous unitary ridges, received a cone morse implant (Neodent®) and provisional crown cementation. The coronal (C), mid (M) and apical (A) points of the buccal bone plate (BBP) were measured by means of computed tomography and, with the aid of a probing guide, the measurements of the position of the gingival margin (PGM) were performed at the mesial (M), vestibular (V) and distal (D) points, both analyzes were assessed in the preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1) and six months postoperatively (T2). Results: in the analysis of buccal bone plate (BBP), no statistical differences were observed in the interaction of period and group factors, the same happened when comparing only the different periods. Group 1, when compared to group 2 in T1, presented higher averages in the buccal bone plate (p <0.05), and this statistical difference was significant. In the PGM analysis, there was no significant statistical difference between the groups and periods interaction, the same could be observed when comparing the groups with each other (p> 0.05). A statistical difference between time T0 and T2 was observed, with time T2 having a mean of the measurements greater than the time T0 in both groups. Conclusions: the treatment conferred in group 1 was shown to be a reliable option, with results of vestibular bone thickness and gingival level stable in the observed periods, when compared with group 2 treatment. With similar results between groups, the advantages of immediate implant as reduction of postoperative morbidity, reduction of medication use and maintenance of the perimplant framework become attractive for indication of the technique tested

Assessment of Soil Quality Conditions for the Cultivation of Upland Rice in Bwari Area Council, Abuja Nigeria

1 2., 3 & 4 Department of Geography and Natural Resource Management University of Uyo Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Phones: 1+234802-303-3114, 2+234803-781-0411; 4+234803-104-9807 Email: 1meansa1@yahoo.com; 2uwemituen@gmail.com; 4udyudofia07@gmail.com ABSTRACT This study examined the suitability of the soil chemical properties in selected communities of Bwari Area Council, FCT, Nigeria for the cultivation of upland rice. The communities which include Igu, Gyeyidna, Kuchiko, Piawe, Dutse, Jikoko, Shere, Piko, Ushafa and Jigo, were selected as non-contiguous pair from five geographical wards (Igu, kuduru, Dutse, Shere and Ushafa) in the Area Council. They were purposively selected using the criteria of 500 metres and above elevation (upland condition) and agricultural preponderance. The soil samples were collected from farmland in each of the communities using systematic sampling techniques, which involved measuring out a 100 by 100 metres quadrat and dividing it into sixteen equal grid squares with a dimension of 25 by 25 metres. Soil samples were taken at the mid points of each grid square at a depth of 0 – 30cm. The sixteen soil samples for each quadrat were uniformly mixed into one bulk composite sample for each community. The soil results were compared with the standard land quality requirements for upland rice cultivation for Southern Guinea Savanna. To the first study objective, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were assessed. Results show that there was no significant difference between the soil quality of the study area and standard soil quality requirements for the cultivation of upland rice. Based on these, it was concluded that the chemical soil properties of the sampled communities in Bwari Area Council will support the cultivation of upland rice, even though there are spatial variation in the soil chemical properties of the study area. Some strategic recommendation were made such as: the need to reduce the soil pH of the study area from its fairly alkaline state to moderately acidic level suitable for upland rice cultivation in Bwari Area Council. Keywords: Soil, Quality, Condition, Upland, Rice, Cultivation, Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria Aims Research Journal Reference Format: 1Ansa, Iniubong E. 2Ituen, Uwem J., 3Igomah, Maxwell M. & 4Udofia, Uduak-Obong O. (2023): Additive Manufacturing: A Paradigm Shift For Industrialization In Africa . Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 9. No. 2, Pp 1–16. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V9N2P1

A structure-preserving integrator for incompressible finite elastodynamics based on a grad-div stabilized mixed formulation with particular emphasis on stretch-based material models

We present a structure-preserving scheme based on a recently-proposed mixed formulation for incompressible hyperelasticity formulated in principal stretches. Although there exist several different Hamiltonians introduced for quasi-incompressible elastodynamics based on different multifield variational formulations, there is not much study on the fully incompressible materials in the literature. The adopted mixed formulation can be viewed as a finite-strain generalization of Herrmann variational formulation, and it naturally provides a new Hamiltonian for fully incompressible elastodynamics. Invoking the discrete gradient and scaled mid-point formulas, we are able to design fully-discrete schemes that preserve the Hamiltonian and momenta. Our analysis and numerical evidence also reveal that the scaled mid-point formula is non-robust numerically. The generalized Taylor–Hood element based on the spline technology conveniently provides a higher-order, robust, and inf-sup stable spatial discretization option for finite strain analysis. To enhance the element performance in volume conservation, the grad-div stabilization, a technique initially developed in computational fluid dynamics, is introduced here for elastodynamics. It is shown that the stabilization term does not impose additional restrictions for the algorithmic stress to respect the invariants, leading to an energy-decaying and momentum-conserving fully discrete scheme. A set of numerical examples is provided to justify the claimed properties. The grad-div stabilization is found to enhance the discrete mass conservation effectively. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional algorithms based on Cardano’s formula and perturbation techniques, the spectral decomposition algorithm developed by Scherzinger and Dohrmann is robust and accurate to ensure the discrete conservation laws and is thus recommended for stretch-based material modeling.

Morphometric Comparison of the Maxillary Alveolar Ridge Profile at Lateral Incisor and Premolar Tooth Regions Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study

Comprehensive pre-surgical evaluation, proper radiographic examination and careful surgical intervention are necessary for long-term success of implants. This study highlights the importance of assessment of morphometric dimensions of alveolar ridge profile at the maxillary lateral incisor and premolar using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) thereby reducing the complications during the clinical procedures like implant placement, mini-implants in orthodontic anchorage, para-endodontic surgeries.
 A total of 58 CBCT scans were included in the study and divided into two groups. (group-A, 20-35 years; group-B, 36-50 years). The buccal and palatal thickness of the maxillary alveolar cortical plates were measured at the crest, mid root, mid alveolar housing area, and the apex of the root.
 In the sample of 58 CBCTs, the cortical plate thickness at the crest of the premolars has a significant increased thickness when compared to the lateral incisor in both the age groups. The thickness of mid alveolar housing point of premolars has significant increased thickness than the lateral incisors of age group-B.
 In this study, the recommendations based on the results were beneficial in providing information regarding the buccal and palatal bone thickness at the maxillary lateral incisor and premolar tooth regions in 21-35 years and 36-50 years age groups thereby preventing complications that occur while undergoing dental procedures.